The Comparative Effect of Occupational and Musical Enrichment on Fecal Glucocorticoid Metabolite Levels in a Captive Colony of Stumptail Macaques (Macaca arctoides)
Environmental enrichment improves captive animal welfare by reducing stress-related behaviors. Previous studies in a captive colony of stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides) reported a reduction of aggression, coprophilia, and stereotypic behaviors after an occupational enrichment program; however, t...
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| Published in | Biology (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 13; no. 2; p. 124 |
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| Abstract | Environmental enrichment improves captive animal welfare by reducing stress-related behaviors. Previous studies in a captive colony of stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides) reported a reduction of aggression, coprophilia, and stereotypic behaviors after an occupational enrichment program; however, the effect on stress hormones such as glucocorticoids has not been investigated yet. The goal of this study was to compare the effect of sex, age, and social rank on changes in fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fGCM) after applying two kinds of enrichments (occupational vs. musical) in a captive colony of stumptail macaques. We collected 234 fecal samples from 25 stumptail macaques under the following conditions: (1) basal (no enrichment), (2) three weeks of occupational enrichment, and (3) three weeks of relaxing/classical music. The Generalized Estimated Equation Model showed an increase in fGCM levels after the occupational enrichment only in adult subjects (p = 0.003 compared to basal). The fGCM levels reached by the adults after the occupational enrichment was higher than that of juveniles (p = 0.002) and subadults (p = 0.02). Occupational and musical enrichment decreased fGCM levels only in middle-ranking individuals (p < 0.001 and p = 0.013, respectively). No sex differences were found. In conclusion, there were age and rank differences in individuals’ physiological reactivity to the effects of environmental enrichment which need to be considered when planning enrichment programs. |
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| AbstractList | Environmental enrichment improves captive animal welfare by reducing stress-related behaviors. Previous studies in a captive colony of stumptail macaques (
) reported a reduction of aggression, coprophilia, and stereotypic behaviors after an occupational enrichment program; however, the effect on stress hormones such as glucocorticoids has not been investigated yet. The goal of this study was to compare the effect of sex, age, and social rank on changes in fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fGCM) after applying two kinds of enrichments (occupational vs. musical) in a captive colony of stumptail macaques. We collected 234 fecal samples from 25 stumptail macaques under the following conditions: (1) basal (no enrichment), (2) three weeks of occupational enrichment, and (3) three weeks of relaxing/classical music. The Generalized Estimated Equation Model showed an increase in fGCM levels after the occupational enrichment only in adult subjects (
= 0.003 compared to basal). The fGCM levels reached by the adults after the occupational enrichment was higher than that of juveniles (
= 0.002) and subadults (
= 0.02). Occupational and musical enrichment decreased fGCM levels only in middle-ranking individuals (
< 0.001 and
= 0.013, respectively). No sex differences were found. In conclusion, there were age and rank differences in individuals' physiological reactivity to the effects of environmental enrichment which need to be considered when planning enrichment programs. Environmental enrichment programs (EEP) are necessary to enhance animal welfare; specially, it has been shown that occupational EEP increases behavioral diversity and reduces aggression as well as abnormal behaviors, such as stereotypies. Most primates in the wild live in social groups characterized by dominance hierarchies. However, captive populations of primates, in zoos or laboratories experience problems such as lack of visual stimulus and restricted spaces to interact. So, captivity increases the probability of alterations in normal social behaviors and tends to produce distress, thus reducing the welfare of animals. The present study shows sex, age, and rank variations in the secretion of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fGCM) after introducing novel objects and playing relaxing musical sounds in the enclosures of stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides). After introducing novel objects, adults showed high fGCM levels compared to juveniles and subadults, indicating a higher stress response to the novel stimulus; in contrast, music and occupational enrichment decreased fGCM levels only in middle-ranking macaques, suggesting a probable relaxing effect. Overall, our results highlight the need to consider age and social differences when planning primate enrichment programs. Environmental enrichment improves captive animal welfare by reducing stress-related behaviors. Previous studies in a captive colony of stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides) reported a reduction of aggression, coprophilia, and stereotypic behaviors after an occupational enrichment program; however, the effect on stress hormones such as glucocorticoids has not been investigated yet. The goal of this study was to compare the effect of sex, age, and social rank on changes in fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fGCM) after applying two kinds of enrichments (occupational vs. musical) in a captive colony of stumptail macaques. We collected 234 fecal samples from 25 stumptail macaques under the following conditions: (1) basal (no enrichment), (2) three weeks of occupational enrichment, and (3) three weeks of relaxing/classical music. The Generalized Estimated Equation Model showed an increase in fGCM levels after the occupational enrichment only in adult subjects (p = 0.003 compared to basal). The fGCM levels reached by the adults after the occupational enrichment was higher than that of juveniles (p = 0.002) and subadults (p = 0.02). Occupational and musical enrichment decreased fGCM levels only in middle-ranking individuals (p < 0.001 and p = 0.013, respectively). No sex differences were found. In conclusion, there were age and rank differences in individuals’ physiological reactivity to the effects of environmental enrichment which need to be considered when planning enrichment programs. Simple SummaryEnvironmental enrichment programs (EEP) are necessary to enhance animal welfare; specially, it has been shown that occupational EEP increases behavioral diversity and reduces aggression as well as abnormal behaviors, such as stereotypies. Most primates in the wild live in social groups characterized by dominance hierarchies. However, captive populations of primates, in zoos or laboratories experience problems such as lack of visual stimulus and restricted spaces to interact. So, captivity increases the probability of alterations in normal social behaviors and tends to produce distress, thus reducing the welfare of animals. The present study shows sex, age, and rank variations in the secretion of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fGCM) after introducing novel objects and playing relaxing musical sounds in the enclosures of stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides). After introducing novel objects, adults showed high fGCM levels compared to juveniles and subadults, indicating a higher stress response to the novel stimulus; in contrast, music and occupational enrichment decreased fGCM levels only in middle-ranking macaques, suggesting a probable relaxing effect. Overall, our results highlight the need to consider age and social differences when planning primate enrichment programs.AbstractEnvironmental enrichment improves captive animal welfare by reducing stress-related behaviors. Previous studies in a captive colony of stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides) reported a reduction of aggression, coprophilia, and stereotypic behaviors after an occupational enrichment program; however, the effect on stress hormones such as glucocorticoids has not been investigated yet. The goal of this study was to compare the effect of sex, age, and social rank on changes in fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fGCM) after applying two kinds of enrichments (occupational vs. musical) in a captive colony of stumptail macaques. We collected 234 fecal samples from 25 stumptail macaques under the following conditions: (1) basal (no enrichment), (2) three weeks of occupational enrichment, and (3) three weeks of relaxing/classical music. The Generalized Estimated Equation Model showed an increase in fGCM levels after the occupational enrichment only in adult subjects (p = 0.003 compared to basal). The fGCM levels reached by the adults after the occupational enrichment was higher than that of juveniles (p = 0.002) and subadults (p = 0.02). Occupational and musical enrichment decreased fGCM levels only in middle-ranking individuals (p < 0.001 and p = 0.013, respectively). No sex differences were found. In conclusion, there were age and rank differences in individuals’ physiological reactivity to the effects of environmental enrichment which need to be considered when planning enrichment programs. Environmental enrichment improves captive animal welfare by reducing stress-related behaviors. Previous studies in a captive colony of stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides) reported a reduction of aggression, coprophilia, and stereotypic behaviors after an occupational enrichment program; however, the effect on stress hormones such as glucocorticoids has not been investigated yet. The goal of this study was to compare the effect of sex, age, and social rank on changes in fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fGCM) after applying two kinds of enrichments (occupational vs. musical) in a captive colony of stumptail macaques. We collected 234 fecal samples from 25 stumptail macaques under the following conditions: (1) basal (no enrichment), (2) three weeks of occupational enrichment, and (3) three weeks of relaxing/classical music. The Generalized Estimated Equation Model showed an increase in fGCM levels after the occupational enrichment only in adult subjects (p = 0.003 compared to basal). The fGCM levels reached by the adults after the occupational enrichment was higher than that of juveniles (p = 0.002) and subadults (p = 0.02). Occupational and musical enrichment decreased fGCM levels only in middle-ranking individuals (p < 0.001 and p = 0.013, respectively). No sex differences were found. In conclusion, there were age and rank differences in individuals’ physiological reactivity to the effects of environmental enrichment which need to be considered when planning enrichment programs. Environmental enrichment improves captive animal welfare by reducing stress-related behaviors. Previous studies in a captive colony of stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides) reported a reduction of aggression, coprophilia, and stereotypic behaviors after an occupational enrichment program; however, the effect on stress hormones such as glucocorticoids has not been investigated yet. The goal of this study was to compare the effect of sex, age, and social rank on changes in fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fGCM) after applying two kinds of enrichments (occupational vs. musical) in a captive colony of stumptail macaques. We collected 234 fecal samples from 25 stumptail macaques under the following conditions: (1) basal (no enrichment), (2) three weeks of occupational enrichment, and (3) three weeks of relaxing/classical music. The Generalized Estimated Equation Model showed an increase in fGCM levels after the occupational enrichment only in adult subjects (p = 0.003 compared to basal). The fGCM levels reached by the adults after the occupational enrichment was higher than that of juveniles (p = 0.002) and subadults (p = 0.02). Occupational and musical enrichment decreased fGCM levels only in middle-ranking individuals (p < 0.001 and p = 0.013, respectively). No sex differences were found. In conclusion, there were age and rank differences in individuals' physiological reactivity to the effects of environmental enrichment which need to be considered when planning enrichment programs.Environmental enrichment improves captive animal welfare by reducing stress-related behaviors. Previous studies in a captive colony of stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides) reported a reduction of aggression, coprophilia, and stereotypic behaviors after an occupational enrichment program; however, the effect on stress hormones such as glucocorticoids has not been investigated yet. The goal of this study was to compare the effect of sex, age, and social rank on changes in fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fGCM) after applying two kinds of enrichments (occupational vs. musical) in a captive colony of stumptail macaques. We collected 234 fecal samples from 25 stumptail macaques under the following conditions: (1) basal (no enrichment), (2) three weeks of occupational enrichment, and (3) three weeks of relaxing/classical music. The Generalized Estimated Equation Model showed an increase in fGCM levels after the occupational enrichment only in adult subjects (p = 0.003 compared to basal). The fGCM levels reached by the adults after the occupational enrichment was higher than that of juveniles (p = 0.002) and subadults (p = 0.02). Occupational and musical enrichment decreased fGCM levels only in middle-ranking individuals (p < 0.001 and p = 0.013, respectively). No sex differences were found. In conclusion, there were age and rank differences in individuals' physiological reactivity to the effects of environmental enrichment which need to be considered when planning enrichment programs. Environmental enrichment programs (EEP) are necessary to enhance animal welfare; specially, it has been shown that occupational EEP increases behavioral diversity and reduces aggression as well as abnormal behaviors, such as stereotypies. Most primates in the wild live in social groups characterized by dominance hierarchies. However, captive populations of primates, in zoos or laboratories experience problems such as lack of visual stimulus and restricted spaces to interact. So, captivity increases the probability of alterations in normal social behaviors and tends to produce distress, thus reducing the welfare of animals. The present study shows sex, age, and rank variations in the secretion of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fGCM) after introducing novel objects and playing relaxing musical sounds in the enclosures of stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides). After introducing novel objects, adults showed high fGCM levels compared to juveniles and subadults, indicating a higher stress response to the novel stimulus; in contrast, music and occupational enrichment decreased fGCM levels only in middle-ranking macaques, suggesting a probable relaxing effect. Overall, our results highlight the need to consider age and social differences when planning primate enrichment programs. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Estudillo-Mendoza, Gema R. Martín-Guerrero, María Andrea Mayagoitia-Novales, Lilian Borráz-León, Javier I. Cerda-Molina, Ana Lilia Muñoz-Zamudio, Emmanuel |
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| Keywords | primate welfare music enrichment Macaca arctoides fecal glucocorticoid metabolites occupational enrichment enrichment programs |
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| Snippet | Environmental enrichment improves captive animal welfare by reducing stress-related behaviors. Previous studies in a captive colony of stumptail macaques... Environmental enrichment improves captive animal welfare by reducing stress-related behaviors. Previous studies in a captive colony of stumptail macaques ( )... Environmental enrichment programs (EEP) are necessary to enhance animal welfare; specially, it has been shown that occupational EEP increases behavioral... Simple SummaryEnvironmental enrichment programs (EEP) are necessary to enhance animal welfare; specially, it has been shown that occupational EEP increases... |
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| SubjectTerms | adults Age Aggression Animal behavior Animal welfare Animals Behavior Biological Sciences Captivity Corticosteroids Dominance hierarchies Enrichment enrichment programs environmental enrichment equations fecal glucocorticoid metabolites Feces Females Glucocorticoids Juveniles Macaca arctoides Males Metabolites Music music enrichment Music therapy occupational enrichment Physiological aspects Physiology primate welfare Primates Sex differences Social aspects Social behavior Social rank social structure Stereotyped behavior Stress (Psychology) Stress response Visual stimuli Zoo animals Zoos |
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| Title | The Comparative Effect of Occupational and Musical Enrichment on Fecal Glucocorticoid Metabolite Levels in a Captive Colony of Stumptail Macaques (Macaca arctoides) |
| URI | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38392342 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2930561291 https://www.proquest.com/docview/3040391078 https://www.proquest.com/docview/3182879715 https://doaj.org/article/2cba8d0513f74e2c9f159cec8fef19d4 |
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