Effects of Time-Restricted Feeding on Energy Balance: A Cross-Over Trial in Healthy Subjects
Time-restricted feeding (TRF) has been recently reported as an effective dietary intervention for losing body weight, implying a negative energy balance, without restricting nutrient intake. However, the detailed energy balance alteration caused by TRF remains unclear. This study was a randomized co...
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| Published in | Frontiers in endocrinology (Lausanne) Vol. 13; p. 870054 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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Switzerland
Frontiers Media S.A
27.04.2022
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| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1664-2392 1664-2392 |
| DOI | 10.3389/fendo.2022.870054 |
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| Abstract | Time-restricted feeding (TRF) has been recently reported as an effective dietary intervention for losing body weight, implying a negative energy balance, without restricting nutrient intake. However, the detailed energy balance alteration caused by TRF remains unclear. This study was a randomized controlled clinical trial using a within-subject cross-over design. Twelve healthy, normal-weighted volunteers (age: 24 ± 2.3 years; BMI: 21.9 ± 1.71 kg/m
2
; 7 females) were studied under a rigorous control for calorie intakes, physical activities as well as sleep-wake cycle to evaluate the energy balance systematically. Each participant consumed an isocaloric diet within either a 5.5-hour TRF or 11-hour control schedule. All energy intake and excretion were traced and collected and accessed by bomb calorimetry. Energy expenditure and substrates oxidation were monitored in a metabolic chamber. TRF compared with control schedule is associated with a 22.7% increase in fecal energy loss (Δ = 32.25 ± 9.33 Kcal, p = 0.005) and a trend in increasing 14.5% urine energy loss (Δ = 6.67 ± 3.14 Kcal, p = 0.058) without change energy expenditure. In total, a negative energy balance (Δ = -45.95 ± 19.00 Kcal, p = 0.034), which was equal to -2.6% of total energy intake, has been observed during TRF interventions. In the meantime, glycemic profiles, heart rate, respiration rate as well as metabolic flexibility were also improved during TRF intervention. Taken together, our findings unravel the mystery of how TRF regulates energy balance, supporting the use of TRF as an alternative dietary strategy for weight loss. |
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| AbstractList | Time-restricted feeding (TRF) has been recently reported as an effective dietary intervention for losing body weight, implying a negative energy balance, without restricting nutrient intake. However, the detailed energy balance alteration caused by TRF remains unclear. This study was a randomized controlled clinical trial using a within-subject cross-over design. Twelve healthy, normal-weighted volunteers (age: 24 ± 2.3 years; BMI: 21.9 ± 1.71 kg/m
; 7 females) were studied under a rigorous control for calorie intakes, physical activities as well as sleep-wake cycle to evaluate the energy balance systematically. Each participant consumed an isocaloric diet within either a 5.5-hour TRF or 11-hour control schedule. All energy intake and excretion were traced and collected and accessed by bomb calorimetry. Energy expenditure and substrates oxidation were monitored in a metabolic chamber. TRF compared with control schedule is associated with a 22.7% increase in fecal energy loss (Δ = 32.25 ± 9.33 Kcal, p = 0.005) and a trend in increasing 14.5% urine energy loss (Δ = 6.67 ± 3.14 Kcal, p = 0.058) without change energy expenditure. In total, a negative energy balance (Δ = -45.95 ± 19.00 Kcal, p = 0.034), which was equal to -2.6% of total energy intake, has been observed during TRF interventions. In the meantime, glycemic profiles, heart rate, respiration rate as well as metabolic flexibility were also improved during TRF intervention. Taken together, our findings unravel the mystery of how TRF regulates energy balance, supporting the use of TRF as an alternative dietary strategy for weight loss. Time-restricted feeding (TRF) has been recently reported as an effective dietary intervention for losing body weight, implying a negative energy balance, without restricting nutrient intake. However, the detailed energy balance alteration caused by TRF remains unclear. This study was a randomized controlled clinical trial using a within-subject cross-over design. Twelve healthy, normal-weighted volunteers (age: 24 ± 2.3 years; BMI: 21.9 ± 1.71 kg/m 2 ; 7 females) were studied under a rigorous control for calorie intakes, physical activities as well as sleep-wake cycle to evaluate the energy balance systematically. Each participant consumed an isocaloric diet within either a 5.5-hour TRF or 11-hour control schedule. All energy intake and excretion were traced and collected and accessed by bomb calorimetry. Energy expenditure and substrates oxidation were monitored in a metabolic chamber. TRF compared with control schedule is associated with a 22.7% increase in fecal energy loss (Δ = 32.25 ± 9.33 Kcal, p = 0.005) and a trend in increasing 14.5% urine energy loss (Δ = 6.67 ± 3.14 Kcal, p = 0.058) without change energy expenditure. In total, a negative energy balance (Δ = -45.95 ± 19.00 Kcal, p = 0.034), which was equal to -2.6% of total energy intake, has been observed during TRF interventions. In the meantime, glycemic profiles, heart rate, respiration rate as well as metabolic flexibility were also improved during TRF intervention. Taken together, our findings unravel the mystery of how TRF regulates energy balance, supporting the use of TRF as an alternative dietary strategy for weight loss. Time-restricted feeding (TRF) has been recently reported as an effective dietary intervention for losing body weight, implying a negative energy balance, without restricting nutrient intake. However, the detailed energy balance alteration caused by TRF remains unclear. This study was a randomized controlled clinical trial using a within-subject cross-over design. Twelve healthy, normal-weighted volunteers (age: 24 ± 2.3 years; BMI: 21.9 ± 1.71 kg/m2; 7 females) were studied under a rigorous control for calorie intakes, physical activities as well as sleep-wake cycle to evaluate the energy balance systematically. Each participant consumed an isocaloric diet within either a 5.5-hour TRF or 11-hour control schedule. All energy intake and excretion were traced and collected and accessed by bomb calorimetry. Energy expenditure and substrates oxidation were monitored in a metabolic chamber. TRF compared with control schedule is associated with a 22.7% increase in fecal energy loss (Δ = 32.25 ± 9.33 Kcal, p = 0.005) and a trend in increasing 14.5% urine energy loss (Δ = 6.67 ± 3.14 Kcal, p = 0.058) without change energy expenditure. In total, a negative energy balance (Δ = -45.95 ± 19.00 Kcal, p = 0.034), which was equal to -2.6% of total energy intake, has been observed during TRF interventions. In the meantime, glycemic profiles, heart rate, respiration rate as well as metabolic flexibility were also improved during TRF intervention. Taken together, our findings unravel the mystery of how TRF regulates energy balance, supporting the use of TRF as an alternative dietary strategy for weight loss.Time-restricted feeding (TRF) has been recently reported as an effective dietary intervention for losing body weight, implying a negative energy balance, without restricting nutrient intake. However, the detailed energy balance alteration caused by TRF remains unclear. This study was a randomized controlled clinical trial using a within-subject cross-over design. Twelve healthy, normal-weighted volunteers (age: 24 ± 2.3 years; BMI: 21.9 ± 1.71 kg/m2; 7 females) were studied under a rigorous control for calorie intakes, physical activities as well as sleep-wake cycle to evaluate the energy balance systematically. Each participant consumed an isocaloric diet within either a 5.5-hour TRF or 11-hour control schedule. All energy intake and excretion were traced and collected and accessed by bomb calorimetry. Energy expenditure and substrates oxidation were monitored in a metabolic chamber. TRF compared with control schedule is associated with a 22.7% increase in fecal energy loss (Δ = 32.25 ± 9.33 Kcal, p = 0.005) and a trend in increasing 14.5% urine energy loss (Δ = 6.67 ± 3.14 Kcal, p = 0.058) without change energy expenditure. In total, a negative energy balance (Δ = -45.95 ± 19.00 Kcal, p = 0.034), which was equal to -2.6% of total energy intake, has been observed during TRF interventions. In the meantime, glycemic profiles, heart rate, respiration rate as well as metabolic flexibility were also improved during TRF intervention. Taken together, our findings unravel the mystery of how TRF regulates energy balance, supporting the use of TRF as an alternative dietary strategy for weight loss. Time-restricted feeding (TRF) has been recently reported as an effective dietary intervention for losing body weight, implying a negative energy balance, without restricting nutrient intake. However, the detailed energy balance alteration caused by TRF remains unclear. This study was a randomized controlled clinical trial using a within-subject cross-over design. Twelve healthy, normal-weighted volunteers (age: 24 ± 2.3 years; BMI: 21.9 ± 1.71 kg/m2; 7 females) were studied under a rigorous control for calorie intakes, physical activities as well as sleep-wake cycle to evaluate the energy balance systematically. Each participant consumed an isocaloric diet within either a 5.5-hour TRF or 11-hour control schedule. All energy intake and excretion were traced and collected and accessed by bomb calorimetry. Energy expenditure and substrates oxidation were monitored in a metabolic chamber. TRF compared with control schedule is associated with a 22.7% increase in fecal energy loss (Δ = 32.25 ± 9.33 Kcal, p = 0.005) and a trend in increasing 14.5% urine energy loss (Δ = 6.67 ± 3.14 Kcal, p = 0.058) without change energy expenditure. In total, a negative energy balance (Δ = -45.95 ± 19.00 Kcal, p = 0.034), which was equal to -2.6% of total energy intake, has been observed during TRF interventions. In the meantime, glycemic profiles, heart rate, respiration rate as well as metabolic flexibility were also improved during TRF intervention. Taken together, our findings unravel the mystery of how TRF regulates energy balance, supporting the use of TRF as an alternative dietary strategy for weight loss. |
| Author | Jiang, Yiran Wang, Weiqing Sun, Yingkai Hong, Jie Bao, Riqiang Ye, Lei |
| AuthorAffiliation | 1 Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine , Shanghai , China 2 Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine , Shanghai , China |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 1 Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine , Shanghai , China – name: 2 Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine , Shanghai , China |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Riqiang surname: Bao fullname: Bao, Riqiang – sequence: 2 givenname: Yingkai surname: Sun fullname: Sun, Yingkai – sequence: 3 givenname: Yiran surname: Jiang fullname: Jiang, Yiran – sequence: 4 givenname: Lei surname: Ye fullname: Ye, Lei – sequence: 5 givenname: Jie surname: Hong fullname: Hong, Jie – sequence: 6 givenname: Weiqing surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Weiqing |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35574029$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1093/ajcn/85.4.981 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.4153 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109543 10.3390/nu11061234 10.1038/s41574-019-0313-4 10.1002/oby.22449 10.1037/amp0000517 10.1016/j.nutres.2019.12.001 10.1056/NEJMsa1909301 10.1002/oby.22756 10.1093/ajcn/40.1.168 10.1016/j.tem.2020.06.002 10.1007/BF02520075 10.1016/S1520-765X(03)90002-2 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60812-X 10.3390/nu11071500 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.07.021 10.1007/s10552-017-0869-z 10.1007/s11883-021-00922-7 10.1002/oby.22518 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.087213 10.3233/NHA-170036 10.3390/nu12123770 10.1080/17461391.2016.1223173 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.06.018 10.1038/s41591-020-0801-z 10.1007/s11357-020-00156-6 10.3390/nu12041126 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.11.004 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.04.010 10.2337/dc19-S003 10.1007/s13679-021-00424-2 10.1186/s12967-016-1044-0 10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30136-0 10.3390/nu12020505 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101161 10.1007/s00125-014-3253-5 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00271-3 10.3390/nu13072164 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.09.005 10.1186/s12933-020-01085-6 |
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| Keywords | energy balance energy expenditure energy excretion time-restricted feeding blood glucose (BG) |
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| License | Copyright © 2022 Bao, Sun, Jiang, Ye, Hong and Wang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
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| SubjectTerms | Adult blood glucose (BG) Cross-Over Studies Endocrinology energy balance energy excretion energy expenditure Energy Intake Energy Metabolism Fasting Female Healthy Volunteers Humans time-restricted feeding Young Adult |
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| Title | Effects of Time-Restricted Feeding on Energy Balance: A Cross-Over Trial in Healthy Subjects |
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