In vitro and in silico evaluation of synthetic compounds derived from bi-triazoles against asexual and sexual forms of Plasmodium falciparum
Background Despite advances in malaria chemotherapy, the disease continues to claim thousands of lives annually. Addressing this issue requires the discovery of new compounds to counteract resistance threatening the current therapeutic arsenal. In this context, bi-triazoles are substances with diver...
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| Published in | Malaria journal Vol. 24; no. 1; pp. 74 - 14 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
London
BioMed Central
04.03.2025
BioMed Central Ltd BMC |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1475-2875 1475-2875 |
| DOI | 10.1186/s12936-025-05297-7 |
Cover
| Abstract | Background
Despite advances in malaria chemotherapy, the disease continues to claim thousands of lives annually. Addressing this issue requires the discovery of new compounds to counteract resistance threatening the current therapeutic arsenal. In this context, bi-triazoles are substances with diverse biological activities, showing promise as lead compound to fight malaria. Triazoles are heterocyclic structures composed of five members, including three nitrogen atoms and two double bonds. Bi-triazoles, the focus of this study, are derivatives of triazoles consisting of two triazole rings (nitrogen heterocyclic) with isolated nuclei lacking a spacer and two substituents at each end. The goal of the present study was to assess the in vitro and in silico, antimalarial activity of bi-triazole compounds 14c, 14d, 13c, and 13d against asexual and sexual forms of
Plasmodium falciparum
.
Methods
For in silico predictions, the software OSIRIS, Molinspiration, and ADMETlab were employed. To determine the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC
50
) on the asexual forms, the W2 clone was used, while the strain NF54 was used to assess inhibition of sexual forms. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the HepG2 cell line, and haemolysis tests were conducted. Additionally, the selectivity index (SI) of each compound was calculated.
Results
In silico analyses of physicochemical properties revealed that all compounds have favorable potential for drug development. Pharmacokinetics predictions also provided important, novel insights into this chemical class. Antimalarial activity tests showed that compounds 14d and 13d exhibited promising activity, with IC
50
values of 3.1 and 4.4 µM, respectively. Antimalarial activity of compounds 14d and 13d may be related to the presence of methyl acetate in substituent R
2
conjugated to the bi-triazole. None of the compounds demonstrated cytotoxic or haemolytic activity, with SI values above 51 for the three most active compounds, highlighting their selectivity. For the sexual forms, compounds 14c and 14d were classified as having a high potential to block malaria transmission.
Conclusion
Overall, the in vitro and in silico results showed that bi-triazole compounds may guide new biological investigation for malaria, enabling the identification and development of more active and selective antimalarial agents. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Despite advances in malaria chemotherapy, the disease continues to claim thousands of lives annually. Addressing this issue requires the discovery of new compounds to counteract resistance threatening the current therapeutic arsenal. In this context, bi-triazoles are substances with diverse biological activities, showing promise as lead compound to fight malaria. Triazoles are heterocyclic structures composed of five members, including three nitrogen atoms and two double bonds. Bi-triazoles, the focus of this study, are derivatives of triazoles consisting of two triazole rings (nitrogen heterocyclic) with isolated nuclei lacking a spacer and two substituents at each end. The goal of the present study was to assess the in vitro and in silico, antimalarial activity of bi-triazole compounds 14c, 14d, 13c, and 13d against asexual and sexual forms of Plasmodium falciparum.BACKGROUNDDespite advances in malaria chemotherapy, the disease continues to claim thousands of lives annually. Addressing this issue requires the discovery of new compounds to counteract resistance threatening the current therapeutic arsenal. In this context, bi-triazoles are substances with diverse biological activities, showing promise as lead compound to fight malaria. Triazoles are heterocyclic structures composed of five members, including three nitrogen atoms and two double bonds. Bi-triazoles, the focus of this study, are derivatives of triazoles consisting of two triazole rings (nitrogen heterocyclic) with isolated nuclei lacking a spacer and two substituents at each end. The goal of the present study was to assess the in vitro and in silico, antimalarial activity of bi-triazole compounds 14c, 14d, 13c, and 13d against asexual and sexual forms of Plasmodium falciparum.For in silico predictions, the software OSIRIS, Molinspiration, and ADMETlab were employed. To determine the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) on the asexual forms, the W2 clone was used, while the strain NF54 was used to assess inhibition of sexual forms. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the HepG2 cell line, and haemolysis tests were conducted. Additionally, the selectivity index (SI) of each compound was calculated.METHODSFor in silico predictions, the software OSIRIS, Molinspiration, and ADMETlab were employed. To determine the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) on the asexual forms, the W2 clone was used, while the strain NF54 was used to assess inhibition of sexual forms. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the HepG2 cell line, and haemolysis tests were conducted. Additionally, the selectivity index (SI) of each compound was calculated.In silico analyses of physicochemical properties revealed that all compounds have favorable potential for drug development. Pharmacokinetics predictions also provided important, novel insights into this chemical class. Antimalarial activity tests showed that compounds 14d and 13d exhibited promising activity, with IC50 values of 3.1 and 4.4 µM, respectively. Antimalarial activity of compounds 14d and 13d may be related to the presence of methyl acetate in substituent R2 conjugated to the bi-triazole. None of the compounds demonstrated cytotoxic or haemolytic activity, with SI values above 51 for the three most active compounds, highlighting their selectivity. For the sexual forms, compounds 14c and 14d were classified as having a high potential to block malaria transmission.RESULTSIn silico analyses of physicochemical properties revealed that all compounds have favorable potential for drug development. Pharmacokinetics predictions also provided important, novel insights into this chemical class. Antimalarial activity tests showed that compounds 14d and 13d exhibited promising activity, with IC50 values of 3.1 and 4.4 µM, respectively. Antimalarial activity of compounds 14d and 13d may be related to the presence of methyl acetate in substituent R2 conjugated to the bi-triazole. None of the compounds demonstrated cytotoxic or haemolytic activity, with SI values above 51 for the three most active compounds, highlighting their selectivity. For the sexual forms, compounds 14c and 14d were classified as having a high potential to block malaria transmission.Overall, the in vitro and in silico results showed that bi-triazole compounds may guide new biological investigation for malaria, enabling the identification and development of more active and selective antimalarial agents.CONCLUSIONOverall, the in vitro and in silico results showed that bi-triazole compounds may guide new biological investigation for malaria, enabling the identification and development of more active and selective antimalarial agents. Background Despite advances in malaria chemotherapy, the disease continues to claim thousands of lives annually. Addressing this issue requires the discovery of new compounds to counteract resistance threatening the current therapeutic arsenal. In this context, bi-triazoles are substances with diverse biological activities, showing promise as lead compound to fight malaria. Triazoles are heterocyclic structures composed of five members, including three nitrogen atoms and two double bonds. Bi-triazoles, the focus of this study, are derivatives of triazoles consisting of two triazole rings (nitrogen heterocyclic) with isolated nuclei lacking a spacer and two substituents at each end. The goal of the present study was to assess the in vitro and in silico, antimalarial activity of bi-triazole compounds 14c, 14d, 13c, and 13d against asexual and sexual forms of Plasmodium falciparum. Methods For in silico predictions, the software OSIRIS, Molinspiration, and ADMETlab were employed. To determine the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC.sub.50) on the asexual forms, the W2 clone was used, while the strain NF54 was used to assess inhibition of sexual forms. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the HepG2 cell line, and haemolysis tests were conducted. Additionally, the selectivity index (SI) of each compound was calculated. Results In silico analyses of physicochemical properties revealed that all compounds have favorable potential for drug development. Pharmacokinetics predictions also provided important, novel insights into this chemical class. Antimalarial activity tests showed that compounds 14d and 13d exhibited promising activity, with IC.sub.50 values of 3.1 and 4.4 µM, respectively. Antimalarial activity of compounds 14d and 13d may be related to the presence of methyl acetate in substituent R.sub.2 conjugated to the bi-triazole. None of the compounds demonstrated cytotoxic or haemolytic activity, with SI values above 51 for the three most active compounds, highlighting their selectivity. For the sexual forms, compounds 14c and 14d were classified as having a high potential to block malaria transmission. Conclusion Overall, the in vitro and in silico results showed that bi-triazole compounds may guide new biological investigation for malaria, enabling the identification and development of more active and selective antimalarial agents. Keywords: Bi-triazoles, Gametocytes, Transmission blocking, Plasmodium falciparum, In silico Despite advances in malaria chemotherapy, the disease continues to claim thousands of lives annually. Addressing this issue requires the discovery of new compounds to counteract resistance threatening the current therapeutic arsenal. In this context, bi-triazoles are substances with diverse biological activities, showing promise as lead compound to fight malaria. Triazoles are heterocyclic structures composed of five members, including three nitrogen atoms and two double bonds. Bi-triazoles, the focus of this study, are derivatives of triazoles consisting of two triazole rings (nitrogen heterocyclic) with isolated nuclei lacking a spacer and two substituents at each end. The goal of the present study was to assess the in vitro and in silico, antimalarial activity of bi-triazole compounds 14c, 14d, 13c, and 13d against asexual and sexual forms of Plasmodium falciparum. For in silico predictions, the software OSIRIS, Molinspiration, and ADMETlab were employed. To determine the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC ) on the asexual forms, the W2 clone was used, while the strain NF54 was used to assess inhibition of sexual forms. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the HepG2 cell line, and haemolysis tests were conducted. Additionally, the selectivity index (SI) of each compound was calculated. In silico analyses of physicochemical properties revealed that all compounds have favorable potential for drug development. Pharmacokinetics predictions also provided important, novel insights into this chemical class. Antimalarial activity tests showed that compounds 14d and 13d exhibited promising activity, with IC values of 3.1 and 4.4 µM, respectively. Antimalarial activity of compounds 14d and 13d may be related to the presence of methyl acetate in substituent R conjugated to the bi-triazole. None of the compounds demonstrated cytotoxic or haemolytic activity, with SI values above 51 for the three most active compounds, highlighting their selectivity. For the sexual forms, compounds 14c and 14d were classified as having a high potential to block malaria transmission. Overall, the in vitro and in silico results showed that bi-triazole compounds may guide new biological investigation for malaria, enabling the identification and development of more active and selective antimalarial agents. Despite advances in malaria chemotherapy, the disease continues to claim thousands of lives annually. Addressing this issue requires the discovery of new compounds to counteract resistance threatening the current therapeutic arsenal. In this context, bi-triazoles are substances with diverse biological activities, showing promise as lead compound to fight malaria. Triazoles are heterocyclic structures composed of five members, including three nitrogen atoms and two double bonds. Bi-triazoles, the focus of this study, are derivatives of triazoles consisting of two triazole rings (nitrogen heterocyclic) with isolated nuclei lacking a spacer and two substituents at each end. The goal of the present study was to assess the in vitro and in silico, antimalarial activity of bi-triazole compounds 14c, 14d, 13c, and 13d against asexual and sexual forms of Plasmodium falciparum. For in silico predictions, the software OSIRIS, Molinspiration, and ADMETlab were employed. To determine the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC.sub.50) on the asexual forms, the W2 clone was used, while the strain NF54 was used to assess inhibition of sexual forms. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the HepG2 cell line, and haemolysis tests were conducted. Additionally, the selectivity index (SI) of each compound was calculated. In silico analyses of physicochemical properties revealed that all compounds have favorable potential for drug development. Pharmacokinetics predictions also provided important, novel insights into this chemical class. Antimalarial activity tests showed that compounds 14d and 13d exhibited promising activity, with IC.sub.50 values of 3.1 and 4.4 µM, respectively. Antimalarial activity of compounds 14d and 13d may be related to the presence of methyl acetate in substituent R.sub.2 conjugated to the bi-triazole. None of the compounds demonstrated cytotoxic or haemolytic activity, with SI values above 51 for the three most active compounds, highlighting their selectivity. For the sexual forms, compounds 14c and 14d were classified as having a high potential to block malaria transmission. Overall, the in vitro and in silico results showed that bi-triazole compounds may guide new biological investigation for malaria, enabling the identification and development of more active and selective antimalarial agents. Abstract Background Despite advances in malaria chemotherapy, the disease continues to claim thousands of lives annually. Addressing this issue requires the discovery of new compounds to counteract resistance threatening the current therapeutic arsenal. In this context, bi-triazoles are substances with diverse biological activities, showing promise as lead compound to fight malaria. Triazoles are heterocyclic structures composed of five members, including three nitrogen atoms and two double bonds. Bi-triazoles, the focus of this study, are derivatives of triazoles consisting of two triazole rings (nitrogen heterocyclic) with isolated nuclei lacking a spacer and two substituents at each end. The goal of the present study was to assess the in vitro and in silico, antimalarial activity of bi-triazole compounds 14c, 14d, 13c, and 13d against asexual and sexual forms of Plasmodium falciparum. Methods For in silico predictions, the software OSIRIS, Molinspiration, and ADMETlab were employed. To determine the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) on the asexual forms, the W2 clone was used, while the strain NF54 was used to assess inhibition of sexual forms. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the HepG2 cell line, and haemolysis tests were conducted. Additionally, the selectivity index (SI) of each compound was calculated. Results In silico analyses of physicochemical properties revealed that all compounds have favorable potential for drug development. Pharmacokinetics predictions also provided important, novel insights into this chemical class. Antimalarial activity tests showed that compounds 14d and 13d exhibited promising activity, with IC50 values of 3.1 and 4.4 µM, respectively. Antimalarial activity of compounds 14d and 13d may be related to the presence of methyl acetate in substituent R2 conjugated to the bi-triazole. None of the compounds demonstrated cytotoxic or haemolytic activity, with SI values above 51 for the three most active compounds, highlighting their selectivity. For the sexual forms, compounds 14c and 14d were classified as having a high potential to block malaria transmission. Conclusion Overall, the in vitro and in silico results showed that bi-triazole compounds may guide new biological investigation for malaria, enabling the identification and development of more active and selective antimalarial agents. Background Despite advances in malaria chemotherapy, the disease continues to claim thousands of lives annually. Addressing this issue requires the discovery of new compounds to counteract resistance threatening the current therapeutic arsenal. In this context, bi-triazoles are substances with diverse biological activities, showing promise as lead compound to fight malaria. Triazoles are heterocyclic structures composed of five members, including three nitrogen atoms and two double bonds. Bi-triazoles, the focus of this study, are derivatives of triazoles consisting of two triazole rings (nitrogen heterocyclic) with isolated nuclei lacking a spacer and two substituents at each end. The goal of the present study was to assess the in vitro and in silico, antimalarial activity of bi-triazole compounds 14c, 14d, 13c, and 13d against asexual and sexual forms of Plasmodium falciparum . Methods For in silico predictions, the software OSIRIS, Molinspiration, and ADMETlab were employed. To determine the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) on the asexual forms, the W2 clone was used, while the strain NF54 was used to assess inhibition of sexual forms. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the HepG2 cell line, and haemolysis tests were conducted. Additionally, the selectivity index (SI) of each compound was calculated. Results In silico analyses of physicochemical properties revealed that all compounds have favorable potential for drug development. Pharmacokinetics predictions also provided important, novel insights into this chemical class. Antimalarial activity tests showed that compounds 14d and 13d exhibited promising activity, with IC 50 values of 3.1 and 4.4 µM, respectively. Antimalarial activity of compounds 14d and 13d may be related to the presence of methyl acetate in substituent R 2 conjugated to the bi-triazole. None of the compounds demonstrated cytotoxic or haemolytic activity, with SI values above 51 for the three most active compounds, highlighting their selectivity. For the sexual forms, compounds 14c and 14d were classified as having a high potential to block malaria transmission. Conclusion Overall, the in vitro and in silico results showed that bi-triazole compounds may guide new biological investigation for malaria, enabling the identification and development of more active and selective antimalarial agents. |
| ArticleNumber | 74 |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Rossi, Norton Rubens Diunior Lucas Pejara Teles, Carolina Bioni Garcia do Nascimento Martinez, Leandro da Silva, Minelly Azevedo Fialho, Saara Neri dos Santos Ferreira, Amália dos Santos, Ana Paula de Azevedo Almeida, Marcinete Latorre da Silva Araujo, Maisa de Santana, Quelli Larissa Oliveira de Jesus Gouveia, Aurileya do Nascimento, Welington da Silva Paula Kaiser, Carlos Roland Araújo, Natalie Ferreira Ferreira, Sabrina Baptista de Medeiros, Jansen Fernandes |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Leandro surname: do Nascimento Martinez fullname: do Nascimento Martinez, Leandro email: leandro.martinez@fiocruz.br organization: Plataforma de Bioensaios de Malária E Leishmaniose (PBML), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biologia Experimental (PGBIOEXP), Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Centro Universitário São Lucas -PVH/Afya – sequence: 2 givenname: Minelly Azevedo surname: da Silva fullname: da Silva, Minelly Azevedo organization: Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Rondônia – IFRO, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal – BIONORTE – sequence: 3 givenname: Saara Neri surname: Fialho fullname: Fialho, Saara Neri organization: Plataforma de Bioensaios de Malária E Leishmaniose (PBML), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia, Centro Universitário São Lucas -PVH/Afya, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal – BIONORTE – sequence: 4 givenname: Marcinete Latorre surname: Almeida fullname: Almeida, Marcinete Latorre organization: Plataforma de Bioensaios de Malária E Leishmaniose (PBML), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal – BIONORTE – sequence: 5 givenname: Amália surname: dos Santos Ferreira fullname: dos Santos Ferreira, Amália organization: Plataforma de Bioensaios de Malária E Leishmaniose (PBML), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia – sequence: 6 givenname: Aurileya surname: de Jesus Gouveia fullname: de Jesus Gouveia, Aurileya organization: Plataforma de Bioensaios de Malária E Leishmaniose (PBML), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia – sequence: 7 givenname: Welington da Silva Paula surname: do Nascimento fullname: do Nascimento, Welington da Silva Paula organization: Plataforma de Bioensaios de Malária E Leishmaniose (PBML), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal – BIONORTE – sequence: 8 givenname: Ana Paula de Azevedo surname: dos Santos fullname: dos Santos, Ana Paula de Azevedo organization: Centro Universitário São Lucas -PVH/Afya – sequence: 9 givenname: Norton Rubens Diunior Lucas Pejara surname: Rossi fullname: Rossi, Norton Rubens Diunior Lucas Pejara organization: Plataforma de Bioensaios de Malária E Leishmaniose (PBML), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia – sequence: 10 givenname: Jansen Fernandes surname: de Medeiros fullname: de Medeiros, Jansen Fernandes organization: Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biologia Experimental (PGBIOEXP), Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Plataforma de Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM/ Laboratório de Entomologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, UnidadeRondônia, Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental – EpiAmO – sequence: 11 givenname: Natalie Ferreira surname: Araújo fullname: Araújo, Natalie Ferreira organization: LaSOPB – Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica e Prospecção Biológica, InstitutodeQuímica, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro – sequence: 12 givenname: Quelli Larissa Oliveira surname: de Santana fullname: de Santana, Quelli Larissa Oliveira organization: LaSOPB – Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica e Prospecção Biológica, InstitutodeQuímica, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro – sequence: 13 givenname: Carlos Roland surname: Kaiser fullname: Kaiser, Carlos Roland organization: LaSOPB – Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica e Prospecção Biológica, InstitutodeQuímica, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro – sequence: 14 givenname: Sabrina Baptista surname: Ferreira fullname: Ferreira, Sabrina Baptista organization: LaSOPB – Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica e Prospecção Biológica, InstitutodeQuímica, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro – sequence: 15 givenname: Maisa surname: da Silva Araujo fullname: da Silva Araujo, Maisa organization: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal – BIONORTE, Plataforma de Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM/ Laboratório de Entomologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, UnidadeRondônia, Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental – EpiAmO – sequence: 16 givenname: Carolina Bioni Garcia surname: Teles fullname: Teles, Carolina Bioni Garcia organization: Plataforma de Bioensaios de Malária E Leishmaniose (PBML), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biologia Experimental (PGBIOEXP), Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Centro Universitário São Lucas -PVH/Afya, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal – BIONORTE, Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental – EpiAmO |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40038735$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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Despite advances in malaria chemotherapy, the disease continues to claim thousands of lives annually. Addressing this issue requires the discovery... Despite advances in malaria chemotherapy, the disease continues to claim thousands of lives annually. Addressing this issue requires the discovery of new... Background Despite advances in malaria chemotherapy, the disease continues to claim thousands of lives annually. Addressing this issue requires the discovery... Abstract Background Despite advances in malaria chemotherapy, the disease continues to claim thousands of lives annually. Addressing this issue requires the... |
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| SubjectTerms | Antimalarials - chemical synthesis Antimalarials - chemistry Antimalarials - pharmacology Antiparasitic agents Bi-triazoles Biomedical and Life Sciences Biomedicine Chemical properties Computer Simulation Drug therapy Entomology Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid Gametocytes Health aspects Humans In silico Infectious Diseases Inhibitory Concentration 50 Malaria Microbiology Nitrogen Parasitology Physiological aspects Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium falciparum - drug effects Plasmodium falciparum - growth & development Public Health Testing Transmission blocking Triazoles Triazoles - chemical synthesis Triazoles - chemistry Triazoles - pharmacology Tropical Medicine |
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| Title | In vitro and in silico evaluation of synthetic compounds derived from bi-triazoles against asexual and sexual forms of Plasmodium falciparum |
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