COVID-19—Zoonosis or Emerging Infectious Disease?
The World Health Organization defines a zoonosis as any infection naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans. The pandemic of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been classified as a zoonotic disease, however, no animal reservoir has yet been found, so this classif...
Saved in:
| Published in | Frontiers in public health Vol. 8; p. 596944 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Switzerland
Frontiers Media S.A
26.11.2020
|
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
Cover
Loading…
| Abstract | The World Health Organization defines a zoonosis as any infection naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans. The pandemic of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been classified as a zoonotic disease, however, no animal reservoir has yet been found, so this classification is premature. We propose that COVID-19 should instead be classified an “
emerging infectious disease (EID) of probable animal origin
.” To explore if COVID-19 infection fits our proposed re-categorization vs. the contemporary definitions of zoonoses, we reviewed current evidence of infection origin and transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 virus and described this in the context of known zoonoses, EIDs and “spill-over” events. Although the initial one hundred COVID-19 patients were presumably exposed to the virus at a seafood Market in China, and despite the fact that 33 of 585 swab samples collected from surfaces and cages in the market tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, no virus was isolated directly from animals and no animal reservoir was detected. Elsewhere, SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in animals including domesticated cats, dogs, and ferrets, as well as captive-managed mink, lions, tigers, deer, and mice confirming zooanthroponosis. Other than circumstantial evidence of zoonotic cases in mink farms in the Netherlands, no cases of natural transmission from wild or domesticated animals have been confirmed. More than 40 million human COVID-19 infections reported appear to be exclusively through human-human transmission. SARS-CoV-2 virus and COVID-19 do not meet the WHO definition of zoonoses. We suggest SARS-CoV-2 should be re-classified as an EID of probable animal origin. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | The World Health Organization defines a zoonosis as any infection naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans. The pandemic of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been classified as a zoonotic disease, however, no animal reservoir has yet been found, so this classification is premature. We propose that COVID-19 should instead be classified an “
emerging infectious disease (EID) of probable animal origin
.” To explore if COVID-19 infection fits our proposed re-categorization vs. the contemporary definitions of zoonoses, we reviewed current evidence of infection origin and transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 virus and described this in the context of known zoonoses, EIDs and “spill-over” events. Although the initial one hundred COVID-19 patients were presumably exposed to the virus at a seafood Market in China, and despite the fact that 33 of 585 swab samples collected from surfaces and cages in the market tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, no virus was isolated directly from animals and no animal reservoir was detected. Elsewhere, SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in animals including domesticated cats, dogs, and ferrets, as well as captive-managed mink, lions, tigers, deer, and mice confirming zooanthroponosis. Other than circumstantial evidence of zoonotic cases in mink farms in the Netherlands, no cases of natural transmission from wild or domesticated animals have been confirmed. More than 40 million human COVID-19 infections reported appear to be exclusively through human-human transmission. SARS-CoV-2 virus and COVID-19 do not meet the WHO definition of zoonoses. We suggest SARS-CoV-2 should be re-classified as an EID of probable animal origin. The World Health Organization defines a zoonosis as any infection naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans. The pandemic of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been classified as a zoonotic disease, however, no animal reservoir has yet been found, so this classification is premature. We propose that COVID-19 should instead be classified an " ." To explore if COVID-19 infection fits our proposed re-categorization vs. the contemporary definitions of zoonoses, we reviewed current evidence of infection origin and transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 virus and described this in the context of known zoonoses, EIDs and "spill-over" events. Although the initial one hundred COVID-19 patients were presumably exposed to the virus at a seafood Market in China, and despite the fact that 33 of 585 swab samples collected from surfaces and cages in the market tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, no virus was isolated directly from animals and no animal reservoir was detected. Elsewhere, SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in animals including domesticated cats, dogs, and ferrets, as well as captive-managed mink, lions, tigers, deer, and mice confirming zooanthroponosis. Other than circumstantial evidence of zoonotic cases in mink farms in the Netherlands, no cases of natural transmission from wild or domesticated animals have been confirmed. More than 40 million human COVID-19 infections reported appear to be exclusively through human-human transmission. SARS-CoV-2 virus and COVID-19 do not meet the WHO definition of zoonoses. We suggest SARS-CoV-2 should be re-classified as an EID of probable animal origin. The World Health Organization defines a zoonosis as any infection naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans. The pandemic of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been classified as a zoonotic disease, however, no animal reservoir has yet been found, so this classification is premature. We propose that COVID-19 should instead be classified an “emerging infectious disease (EID) of probable animal origin.” To explore if COVID-19 infection fits our proposed re-categorization vs. the contemporary definitions of zoonoses, we reviewed current evidence of infection origin and transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 virus and described this in the context of known zoonoses, EIDs and “spill-over” events. Although the initial one hundred COVID-19 patients were presumably exposed to the virus at a seafood Market in China, and despite the fact that 33 of 585 swab samples collected from surfaces and cages in the market tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, no virus was isolated directly from animals and no animal reservoir was detected. Elsewhere, SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in animals including domesticated cats, dogs, and ferrets, as well as captive-managed mink, lions, tigers, deer, and mice confirming zooanthroponosis. Other than circumstantial evidence of zoonotic cases in mink farms in the Netherlands, no cases of natural transmission from wild or domesticated animals have been confirmed. More than 40 million human COVID-19 infections reported appear to be exclusively through human-human transmission. SARS-CoV-2 virus and COVID-19 do not meet the WHO definition of zoonoses. We suggest SARS-CoV-2 should be re-classified as an EID of probable animal origin. The World Health Organization defines a zoonosis as any infection naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans. The pandemic of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been classified as a zoonotic disease, however, no animal reservoir has yet been found, so this classification is premature. We propose that COVID-19 should instead be classified an "emerging infectious disease (EID) of probable animal origin." To explore if COVID-19 infection fits our proposed re-categorization vs. the contemporary definitions of zoonoses, we reviewed current evidence of infection origin and transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 virus and described this in the context of known zoonoses, EIDs and "spill-over" events. Although the initial one hundred COVID-19 patients were presumably exposed to the virus at a seafood Market in China, and despite the fact that 33 of 585 swab samples collected from surfaces and cages in the market tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, no virus was isolated directly from animals and no animal reservoir was detected. Elsewhere, SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in animals including domesticated cats, dogs, and ferrets, as well as captive-managed mink, lions, tigers, deer, and mice confirming zooanthroponosis. Other than circumstantial evidence of zoonotic cases in mink farms in the Netherlands, no cases of natural transmission from wild or domesticated animals have been confirmed. More than 40 million human COVID-19 infections reported appear to be exclusively through human-human transmission. SARS-CoV-2 virus and COVID-19 do not meet the WHO definition of zoonoses. We suggest SARS-CoV-2 should be re-classified as an EID of probable animal origin.The World Health Organization defines a zoonosis as any infection naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans. The pandemic of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been classified as a zoonotic disease, however, no animal reservoir has yet been found, so this classification is premature. We propose that COVID-19 should instead be classified an "emerging infectious disease (EID) of probable animal origin." To explore if COVID-19 infection fits our proposed re-categorization vs. the contemporary definitions of zoonoses, we reviewed current evidence of infection origin and transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 virus and described this in the context of known zoonoses, EIDs and "spill-over" events. Although the initial one hundred COVID-19 patients were presumably exposed to the virus at a seafood Market in China, and despite the fact that 33 of 585 swab samples collected from surfaces and cages in the market tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, no virus was isolated directly from animals and no animal reservoir was detected. Elsewhere, SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in animals including domesticated cats, dogs, and ferrets, as well as captive-managed mink, lions, tigers, deer, and mice confirming zooanthroponosis. Other than circumstantial evidence of zoonotic cases in mink farms in the Netherlands, no cases of natural transmission from wild or domesticated animals have been confirmed. More than 40 million human COVID-19 infections reported appear to be exclusively through human-human transmission. SARS-CoV-2 virus and COVID-19 do not meet the WHO definition of zoonoses. We suggest SARS-CoV-2 should be re-classified as an EID of probable animal origin. |
| Author | Yeboah-Manu, Dorothy McHugh, Timothy D. Kock, Richard A. Osman, Abdinasir Yusuf Rushton, Jonathan Haider, Najmul Kapata, Nathan Mboera, Leonard Elton, Linzy Zumla, Alimuddin Thomason, Margaret J. Heymann, David L. Macfarlane-Berry, Laura Rothman-Ostrow, Peregrine Ansumana, Rashid Arruda, Liã Bárbara |
| AuthorAffiliation | 5 Bacteriology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana , Accra , Ghana 1 The Royal Veterinary College, University of London , Hertfordshire , United Kingdom 3 Division of Infection and Immunity, Department of Infection, Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London , London , United Kingdom 7 Zambia National Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health , Lusaka , Zambia 2 Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool , Liverpool , United Kingdom 8 South African Centre for Infectious Diseases Surveillance (SACIDS) Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture , Morogoro , Tanzania 6 Department of Community Medicine, Njala University , Bo , Sierra Leone 4 Epidemiology and One Health, Animal Health Policy Branch, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment , Canberra, ACT , Australia 9 Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School o |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 9 Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , London , United Kingdom – name: 1 The Royal Veterinary College, University of London , Hertfordshire , United Kingdom – name: 5 Bacteriology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana , Accra , Ghana – name: 2 Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool , Liverpool , United Kingdom – name: 4 Epidemiology and One Health, Animal Health Policy Branch, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment , Canberra, ACT , Australia – name: 6 Department of Community Medicine, Njala University , Bo , Sierra Leone – name: 3 Division of Infection and Immunity, Department of Infection, Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London , London , United Kingdom – name: 7 Zambia National Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health , Lusaka , Zambia – name: 10 National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals, National Health Service Foundation Trust , London , United Kingdom – name: 8 South African Centre for Infectious Diseases Surveillance (SACIDS) Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture , Morogoro , Tanzania |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Najmul surname: Haider fullname: Haider, Najmul – sequence: 2 givenname: Peregrine surname: Rothman-Ostrow fullname: Rothman-Ostrow, Peregrine – sequence: 3 givenname: Abdinasir Yusuf surname: Osman fullname: Osman, Abdinasir Yusuf – sequence: 4 givenname: Liã Bárbara surname: Arruda fullname: Arruda, Liã Bárbara – sequence: 5 givenname: Laura surname: Macfarlane-Berry fullname: Macfarlane-Berry, Laura – sequence: 6 givenname: Linzy surname: Elton fullname: Elton, Linzy – sequence: 7 givenname: Margaret J. surname: Thomason fullname: Thomason, Margaret J. – sequence: 8 givenname: Dorothy surname: Yeboah-Manu fullname: Yeboah-Manu, Dorothy – sequence: 9 givenname: Rashid surname: Ansumana fullname: Ansumana, Rashid – sequence: 10 givenname: Nathan surname: Kapata fullname: Kapata, Nathan – sequence: 11 givenname: Leonard surname: Mboera fullname: Mboera, Leonard – sequence: 12 givenname: Jonathan surname: Rushton fullname: Rushton, Jonathan – sequence: 13 givenname: Timothy D. surname: McHugh fullname: McHugh, Timothy D. – sequence: 14 givenname: David L. surname: Heymann fullname: Heymann, David L. – sequence: 15 givenname: Alimuddin surname: Zumla fullname: Zumla, Alimuddin – sequence: 16 givenname: Richard A. surname: Kock fullname: Kock, Richard A. |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33324602$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
| BookMark | eNp1kc1uEzEUhS1UREvoA7BBWbKZcP079gaE0hYiVeoGWLCx_HMndTUZF3tSiR0PwRPyJJ00LWqRWNmy7_mO7jkvycGQByTkNYUF59q86663_nLBgMFCGmWEeEaOGDOqYVLJg0f3Q3Jc6xUAUOACGH1BDjnnTChgR4QvL76tThpq_vz6_T3nIddU57nMTzdY1mlYz1dDh2FMeVvnJ6miq_jhFXneub7i8f05I1_PTr8sPzfnF59Wy4_nTZCcjk30BqKnAWLURoN2kjPlFbQQUHSCciW0ab2OTJk2eNACNPOAHhgaVMhnZLXnxuyu7HVJG1d-2uySvXvIZW1dGVPo0XLnBGrWiY5RIWOnxQQy0kfNTOedn1jv96wptQ3GgMNYXP8E-vRnSJd2nW9s2zLZKjkB3t4DSv6xxTraTaoB-94NOIVjmWhBMSOnvWbkzWOvvyYPqU8D7X4glFxrwc6GNLop5J116i0Fu6vY3lVsdxXbfcWTkv6jfID_X3MLTb2p1g |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2021_618234 crossref_primary_10_35825_2587_5728_2023_7_4_350_365 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11259_022_10016_7 crossref_primary_10_1007_s42398_023_00292_7 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_actatropica_2022_106621 crossref_primary_10_1093_biosci_biac075 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph18062942 crossref_primary_10_3390_v14040759 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00705_023_05881_9 crossref_primary_10_2147_RMHP_S320880 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2021_694705 crossref_primary_10_1080_13648470_2023_2180259 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11033_022_07957_2 crossref_primary_10_3390_biology11030418 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40588_023_00212_7 crossref_primary_10_3390_ani13030524 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2023_1244084 crossref_primary_10_36852_2695_4427_2022_07_01 crossref_primary_10_1016_S0140_6736_22_01597_5 crossref_primary_10_3390_rel13121146 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40592_024_00204_3 crossref_primary_10_1002_ece3_10655 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_isci_2023_107570 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_scitotenv_2024_176869 crossref_primary_10_1146_annurev_animal_062922_060125 crossref_primary_10_1002_vetr_858 crossref_primary_10_1079_cabionehealth_2023_0012 crossref_primary_10_54328_covm_josvas_2022_111 crossref_primary_10_1079_cabionehealth_2023_0013 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms24076658 crossref_primary_10_3390_microorganisms9040708 crossref_primary_10_4103_ijmr_IJMR_653_21 crossref_primary_10_1080_23144599_2023_2222981 crossref_primary_10_51483_AFJPS_2_1_2022_4_13 crossref_primary_10_1080_01459740_2023_2214950 crossref_primary_10_3390_zoonoticdis4010010 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bjid_2024_103742 crossref_primary_10_3389_fimmu_2022_921483 crossref_primary_10_3389_fvets_2021_647308 crossref_primary_10_7554_eLife_76461 crossref_primary_10_1155_2022_4329423 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2021_627654 crossref_primary_10_1002_jmv_27820 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_gecco_2024_e03110 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jviromet_2023_114837 crossref_primary_10_3390_microorganisms11081963 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12982_024_00159_0 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms222212421 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_onehlt_2023_100595 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijregi_2023_01_011 crossref_primary_10_3389_fevo_2022_879130 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2023_1175835 crossref_primary_10_1051_cagri_2022012 crossref_primary_10_1186_s40249_022_00976_y crossref_primary_10_1186_s44280_023_00035_7 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0295898 crossref_primary_10_3389_fmicb_2022_808499 crossref_primary_10_1016_S0140_6736_22_01596_3 crossref_primary_10_3389_fvets_2023_1181036 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_virusres_2021_198473 crossref_primary_10_2147_HIV_S300055 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_lanepe_2021_100185 crossref_primary_10_1128_jvi_00190_23 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10616_024_00645_y crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph19020893 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_meegid_2022_105217 crossref_primary_10_1139_er_2021_0014 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_envres_2021_111785 crossref_primary_10_15451_ec2022_09_11_28_1_29 crossref_primary_10_1093_femspd_ftae006 crossref_primary_10_1111_zph_12916 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10730_021_09448_6 crossref_primary_10_15212_ZOONOSES_2021_0028 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_biocon_2021_109365 crossref_primary_10_5812_jkums_136619 crossref_primary_10_1186_s42522_023_00086_1 crossref_primary_10_33808_clinexphealthsci_1029009 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_compbiomed_2024_109101 crossref_primary_10_3390_tropicalmed8080398 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_csbj_2022_09_028 crossref_primary_10_1093_pnasnexus_pgac185 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pgph_0000921 crossref_primary_10_15212_bioi_2024_0016 crossref_primary_10_3390_v13091687 crossref_primary_10_1213_ANE_0000000000006198 crossref_primary_10_2105_AJPH_2021_306310 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph191710561 crossref_primary_10_3389_fvets_2021_644414 crossref_primary_10_1002_iid3_683 crossref_primary_10_3390_ani13162672 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_heha_2022_100006 crossref_primary_10_3390_geographies5010005 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph19116549 crossref_primary_10_36899_JAPS_2023_4_0667 crossref_primary_10_1016_S0140_6736_22_01589_6 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ymeth_2021_05_014 |
| Cites_doi | 10.3402/iee.v2i0.18365 10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9 10.2139/ssrn.3542586 10.1101/2020.06.05.098590 10.1016/j.onehlt.2018.100080 10.1128/MRA.00468-20 10.1073/pnas.1711842115 10.1126/science.abb7015 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.45 10.1016/S2666-5247(20)30069-0 10.1111/tbed.13659 10.1101/2020.03.30.015008 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5 10.20506/rst.36.1.2618 10.3390/v11030210 10.1128/JVI.00127-20 10.1126/science.1087139 10.1007/s10393-018-1347-0 10.1016/j.bsheal.2019.10.004 10.1038/nrmicro.2018.11 10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7 10.1002/jmv.25731 10.1038/s41586-020-2334-5 10.1098/rspb.2019.2736 10.1038/ncomms9147 10.1101/2020.06.19.158717 10.1056/NEJMoa2001316 10.12834/VetIt.2173.11599.1 10.31235/osf.io/2p3xt 10.1038/nature06536 10.1186/s40249-020-00646-x 10.1038/nature05775 10.1073/pnas.1208059110 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e51 10.1016/j.onehlt.2017.11.003 10.12834/VetIt.2246.12523.1 10.1073/pnas.2010146117 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31486-0 10.1073/pnas.1701410114 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31472-7 10.1007/s11250-012-0209-y 10.1007/s12250-018-0012-7 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | Copyright © 2020 Haider, Rothman-Ostrow, Osman, Arruda, Macfarlane-Berry, Elton, Thomason, Yeboah-Manu, Ansumana, Kapata, Mboera, Rushton, McHugh, Heymann, Zumla and Kock. Copyright © 2020 Haider, Rothman-Ostrow, Osman, Arruda, Macfarlane-Berry, Elton, Thomason, Yeboah-Manu, Ansumana, Kapata, Mboera, Rushton, McHugh, Heymann, Zumla and Kock. 2020 Haider, Rothman-Ostrow, Osman, Arruda, Macfarlane-Berry, Elton, Thomason, Yeboah-Manu, Ansumana, Kapata, Mboera, Rushton, McHugh, Heymann, Zumla and Kock |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: Copyright © 2020 Haider, Rothman-Ostrow, Osman, Arruda, Macfarlane-Berry, Elton, Thomason, Yeboah-Manu, Ansumana, Kapata, Mboera, Rushton, McHugh, Heymann, Zumla and Kock. – notice: Copyright © 2020 Haider, Rothman-Ostrow, Osman, Arruda, Macfarlane-Berry, Elton, Thomason, Yeboah-Manu, Ansumana, Kapata, Mboera, Rushton, McHugh, Heymann, Zumla and Kock. 2020 Haider, Rothman-Ostrow, Osman, Arruda, Macfarlane-Berry, Elton, Thomason, Yeboah-Manu, Ansumana, Kapata, Mboera, Rushton, McHugh, Heymann, Zumla and Kock |
| DBID | AAYXX CITATION CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM 7X8 5PM DOA |
| DOI | 10.3389/fpubh.2020.596944 |
| DatabaseName | CrossRef Medline MEDLINE MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE MEDLINE PubMed MEDLINE - Academic PubMed Central (Full Participant titles) DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef MEDLINE Medline Complete MEDLINE with Full Text PubMed MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitleList | MEDLINE MEDLINE - Academic CrossRef |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: DOA name: Directory of Open Access Journals url: https://www.doaj.org/ sourceTypes: Open Website – sequence: 2 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 3 dbid: EIF name: MEDLINE url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/medline/basic-search sourceTypes: Index Database |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Public Health |
| EISSN | 2296-2565 |
| ExternalDocumentID | oai_doaj_org_article_3aa4e82f4f2145df84b0e95bd829fbab PMC7725765 33324602 10_3389_fpubh_2020_596944 |
| Genre | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Journal Article |
| GeographicLocations | China |
| GeographicLocations_xml | – name: China |
| GroupedDBID | 53G 5VS 9T4 AAFWJ AAYXX ACGFO ACGFS ACXDI ADBBV ADRAZ AFPKN ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AOIJS BAWUL BCNDV CITATION DIK GROUPED_DOAJ GX1 HYE KQ8 M~E OK1 RNS RPM CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF EMOBN IPNFZ M48 NPM RIG 7X8 5PM |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c531t-db90db1c0dd89808a5326b6070ce4f41364897b8d2697cb084082b0eb02e9e6e3 |
| IEDL.DBID | M48 |
| ISSN | 2296-2565 |
| IngestDate | Wed Aug 27 01:26:13 EDT 2025 Thu Aug 21 18:15:57 EDT 2025 Thu Jul 10 16:59:07 EDT 2025 Thu Apr 03 06:57:33 EDT 2025 Tue Jul 01 00:54:59 EDT 2025 Thu Apr 24 22:52:25 EDT 2025 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | true |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Keywords | COVID-19 spillover emerging infectious disease (EID) zoonoses SARS-CoV-2 |
| Language | English |
| License | Copyright © 2020 Haider, Rothman-Ostrow, Osman, Arruda, Macfarlane-Berry, Elton, Thomason, Yeboah-Manu, Ansumana, Kapata, Mboera, Rushton, McHugh, Heymann, Zumla and Kock. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c531t-db90db1c0dd89808a5326b6070ce4f41364897b8d2697cb084082b0eb02e9e6e3 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Reviewed by: Alberto Alberti, University of Sassari, Italy; Patricia Silveira Martins, Independent Researcher, Belo Horizonte, Brazil This article was submitted to Public Health Education and Promotion, a section of the journal Frontiers in Public Health Edited by: Alessandra Scagliarini, University of Bologna, Italy |
| OpenAccessLink | http://journals.scholarsportal.info/openUrl.xqy?doi=10.3389/fpubh.2020.596944 |
| PMID | 33324602 |
| PQID | 2470629541 |
| PQPubID | 23479 |
| ParticipantIDs | doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_3aa4e82f4f2145df84b0e95bd829fbab pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_7725765 proquest_miscellaneous_2470629541 pubmed_primary_33324602 crossref_citationtrail_10_3389_fpubh_2020_596944 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2020_596944 |
| ProviderPackageCode | CITATION AAYXX |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2020-11-26 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2020-11-26 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 11 year: 2020 text: 2020-11-26 day: 26 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationPlace | Switzerland |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: Switzerland |
| PublicationTitle | Frontiers in public health |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | Front Public Health |
| PublicationYear | 2020 |
| Publisher | Frontiers Media S.A |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Frontiers Media S.A |
| References | Kurpiers (B42) 2015 Huong (B21) 2020 Gollakner (B8) 2020; 56 Sailleau (B30) 2020 Huang (B14) 2020; 395 Bar-On (B39) 2018; 115 Boni (B24) 2020 (B5) 2020 Li (B28) 2020; 92 Wang (B32) 2020; 9 Booth (B57) 2020 Shi (B34) 2020; 368 Grace (B51) 2012; 44 Plowright (B1) 2017; 15 Shaw (B52) 2017; 36 Li (B19) 2019; 1 Bloom (B53) 2017; 114 B35 Perrings (B54) 2018; 15 Gorman (B16) Jakob-Hoff (B47) 2014 Li (B12) 2020; 382 (B22) 2017 Andersen (B26) 2020; 26 (B7) 2020 Santini (B36) 2020; 1 Torgerson (B49) 2018; 5 Adhikari (B15) 2020; 9 (B3) 2020 Hui (B13) 2020; 91 Taylor (B48) 2011 Wolfe (B2) 2007; 447 Wang (B20) 2018; 33 Fan (B45) 2019; 11 O'Connor (B29) 2020 Johnson (B43) 2020; 287 Rushton (B50) 2018; 392 Guan (B17) 2003; 302 Anthony (B46) 2015; 6 (B41) 2020 Zhou (B23) 2020; 579 Damas (B37) 2020; 117 Jones (B6) 2008; 451 Krish (B18) Fisher (B4) 2018; 16 Zhang (B25) 2020; 30 Jones (B10) 2013; 110 Smith (B55) 2019; 7 Yoo (B9) 2020; 21 Sit (B31) 2020; 586 Magwedere (B44) 2012; 2 Lee (B27) 2020 Lorusso (B11) 2020; 56 Grace (B40) 2012 (B38) 2020 (B58) 2020 Wan (B33) 2020; 94 (B56) 2020; 395 |
| References_xml | – volume-title: The Guardian ident: B18 article-title: In Beijing it looked like coronavirus was gone. Now we're living with a second wave – volume: 2 start-page: 18365 year: 2012 ident: B44 article-title: Zoonoses: a potential obstacle to the growing wildlife industry of Namibia publication-title: Infect Ecol Epidemiol. doi: 10.3402/iee.v2i0.18365 – ident: B35 – volume: 26 start-page: 450 year: 2020 ident: B26 article-title: The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2 publication-title: Nat Med. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9 – volume: 30 start-page: 1346 year: 2020 ident: B25 article-title: Probable pangolin origin of SARS-CoV-2 associated with the COVID-19 outbreak publication-title: Curr Biol doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3542586 – start-page: 1 year: 2020 ident: B21 article-title: Coronavirus testing indicates transmission risk increases along wildlife supply chains for human consumption in Viet Nam, 2013-2014 publication-title: bioRxiv doi: 10.1101/2020.06.05.098590 – volume: 7 start-page: 100080 year: 2019 ident: B55 article-title: Infectious disease and economics: the case for considering multi-sectoral impacts publication-title: One Heal. doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2018.100080 – volume: 9 start-page: 1 year: 2020 ident: B32 article-title: Complete genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2 in a tiger from a U.S. Zoological collection publication-title: Microbiol Resour Announc. doi: 10.1128/MRA.00468-20 – volume-title: NIAID Emerging Infectious Diseases/Pathogens year: 2020 ident: B5 – volume: 115 start-page: 6506 year: 2018 ident: B39 article-title: The biomass distribution on earth: supplementary information appendix publication-title: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1711842115 – volume: 368 start-page: 1016 year: 2020 ident: B34 article-title: Susceptibility of ferrets, cats, dogs, and other domesticated animals to SARS–coronavirus 2 publication-title: Science. doi: 10.1126/science.abb7015 – volume: 15 start-page: 502 year: 2017 ident: B1 article-title: Pathways to zoonotic spillover publication-title: Nat Rev Microbiol. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.45 – year: 2020 ident: B41 publication-title: Rabies: Epidemiology and Burden of Disease – volume: 1 start-page: e141 year: 2020 ident: B36 article-title: Host range of SARS-CoV-2 and implications for public health publication-title: Lancet Microbe. doi: 10.1016/S2666-5247(20)30069-0 – start-page: 1 year: 2020 ident: B30 article-title: First detection and genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 in an infected cat in France publication-title: Transbound Emerg Dis doi: 10.1111/tbed.13659 – start-page: 1 year: 2020 ident: B24 article-title: Evolutionary origins of the SARS-CoV-2 sarbecovirus lineage responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic publication-title: bioRxiv doi: 10.1101/2020.03.30.015008 – volume: 395 start-page: 497 year: 2020 ident: B14 article-title: Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China publication-title: Lancet. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5 – volume: 36 start-page: 147 year: 2017 ident: B52 article-title: Dalys, dollars and dogs: how best to analyse the economics of controlling zoonoses publication-title: Rev Sci Tech l'OIE. doi: 10.20506/rst.36.1.2618 – volume-title: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report−177 year: 2020 ident: B58 – volume: 11 start-page: 210 year: 2019 ident: B45 article-title: Bat coronaviruses in China publication-title: Viruses. doi: 10.3390/v11030210 – volume: 94 start-page: e00127 year: 2020 ident: B33 article-title: Receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS coronavirus publication-title: J Virol. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00127-20 – volume: 302 start-page: 276 year: 2003 ident: B17 article-title: Isolation and characterization of viruses related to the SARS coronavirus from animals in Southern China publication-title: Science. doi: 10.1126/science.1087139 – volume: 15 start-page: 241 year: 2018 ident: B54 article-title: The economics of infectious disease, trade and pandemic risk publication-title: Ecohealth. doi: 10.1007/s10393-018-1347-0 – volume: 1 start-page: 84 year: 2019 ident: B19 article-title: Human-animal interactions and bat coronavirus spillover potential among rural residents in Southern China publication-title: Biosaf Heal. doi: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2019.10.004 – volume-title: Mapping of Poverty and Likely Zoonoses Hotspots year: 2012 ident: B40 – volume: 16 start-page: 241 year: 2018 ident: B4 article-title: The spread and evolution of rabies virus: conquering new frontiers publication-title: Nat Rev Microbiol. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2018.11 – volume: 579 start-page: 270 year: 2020 ident: B23 article-title: A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin publication-title: Nature. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7 – volume: 92 start-page: 602 year: 2020 ident: B28 article-title: Evolutionary history, potential intermediate animal host, and cross-species analyses of SARS-CoV-2 publication-title: J Med Virol. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25731 – volume: 586 start-page: 776 year: 2020 ident: B31 article-title: Infection of dogs with SARS-CoV-2 publication-title: Nature doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2334-5 – year: 2020 ident: B38 publication-title: Exposure of Humans or Animals to SARS-CoV-2 from Wild, Livestock, Companion and Aquatic Animals: Qualitative Exposure Assessment – volume-title: Report on Sustainable Development Strategy of China's Wildlife Farming Industry [in Chinese] year: 2017 ident: B22 – volume: 287 start-page: 20192736 year: 2020 ident: B43 article-title: Global shifts in mammalian population trends reveal key predictors of virus spillover risk publication-title: Proc R Soc B Biol Sci. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2736 – volume-title: Prioritizing Diseases for Research and Development in Emergency Contexts year: 2020 ident: B7 – volume: 6 start-page: 8147 year: 2015 ident: B46 article-title: Non-random patterns in viral diversity publication-title: Nat Commun. doi: 10.1038/ncomms9147 – start-page: 1 year: 2020 ident: B27 article-title: No evidence of coronaviruses or other potentially zoonotic viruses in Sunda pangolins (Manis javanica) entering the wildlife trade via Malaysia publication-title: bioRxiv doi: 10.1101/2020.06.19.158717 – volume: 382 start-page: 1199 year: 2020 ident: B12 article-title: Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia publication-title: N Engl J Med. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001316 – volume: 56 start-page: 5 year: 2020 ident: B11 article-title: Novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic: a veterinary perspective publication-title: Vet Ital doi: 10.12834/VetIt.2173.11599.1 – volume-title: A Rapid Review of Evidence of Infection of Pets and Livestock with Human Associated Coronavirus Diseases, SARS, MERS, and COVID-19, and Evidence of the Fomite Potential of Pets and Livestock year: 2020 ident: B29 – volume-title: A Value Chain Approach to Animal Diseases Risk Management – Technical Foundations and Practical Framework for Field Application year: 2011 ident: B48 – year: 2020 ident: B57 publication-title: Managing Wildlife Trade for Sustainable Development Outcomes After COVID-19. SocArXiv doi: 10.31235/osf.io/2p3xt – volume: 451 start-page: 990 year: 2008 ident: B6 article-title: Global trends in emerging infectious diseases publication-title: Nature. doi: 10.1038/nature06536 – volume: 9 start-page: 29 year: 2020 ident: B15 article-title: Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review publication-title: Infect Dis Poverty doi: 10.1186/s40249-020-00646-x – volume: 447 start-page: 279 year: 2007 ident: B2 article-title: Origins of major human infectious diseases publication-title: Nature. doi: 10.1038/nature05775 – volume: 110 start-page: 8399 year: 2013 ident: B10 article-title: Zoonosis emergence linked to agricultural intensification and environmental change publication-title: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1208059110 – volume: 21 start-page: e51 year: 2020 ident: B9 article-title: COVID-19 and veterinarians for one health, zoonotic- and reverse-zoonotic transmissions publication-title: J Vet Sci. doi: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e51 – volume: 5 start-page: 40 year: 2018 ident: B49 article-title: zDALY: an adjusted indicator to estimate the burden of zoonotic diseases publication-title: One Heal. doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2017.11.003 – volume-title: Manual of Procedures for Wildlife Disease Risk Analysis year: 2014 ident: B47 – volume: 56 start-page: 7 year: 2020 ident: B8 article-title: Is COVID-19 the first pandemic that evolves into a panzootic? publication-title: Vet Ital. doi: 10.12834/VetIt.2246.12523.1 – volume: 117 start-page: 22311 year: 2020 ident: B37 article-title: Broad host range of SARS-CoV-2 predicted by comparative and structural analysis of ACE2 in vertebrates publication-title: Proc Natl Acad Sci doi: 10.1073/pnas.2010146117 – start-page: 507 volume-title: Problematic Wildlife year: 2015 ident: B42 article-title: Bushmeat and emerging infectious diseases: lessons from Africa – volume: 91 start-page: 264 year: 2020 ident: B13 article-title: The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health — the latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China publication-title: Int J Infect Dis. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009 – volume: 395 start-page: 1469 year: 2020 ident: B56 article-title: Zoonoses: beyond the human–animal–environment interface publication-title: Lancet doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31486-0 – volume-title: Health Topics: Zoonoses year: 2020 ident: B3 – volume: 114 start-page: 4055 year: 2017 ident: B53 article-title: Emerging infectious diseases: a proactive approach publication-title: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1701410114 – volume-title: New York Times ident: B16 article-title: China's ban on wildlife trade a big step, but has loopholes, conservationists say – volume: 392 start-page: 538 year: 2018 ident: B50 article-title: Initiation of global burden of animal diseases programme publication-title: Lancet. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31472-7 – volume: 44 start-page: 67 year: 2012 ident: B51 article-title: The multiple burdens of zoonotic disease and an ecohealth approach to their assessment publication-title: Trop Anim Health Prod. doi: 10.1007/s11250-012-0209-y – volume: 33 start-page: 104 year: 2018 ident: B20 article-title: Serological evidence of bat SARS-related coronavirus infection in humans, China publication-title: Virol Sin. doi: 10.1007/s12250-018-0012-7 |
| SSID | ssj0001034021 |
| Score | 2.5014725 |
| Snippet | The World Health Organization defines a zoonosis as any infection naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans. The pandemic of Coronavirus... |
| SourceID | doaj pubmedcentral proquest pubmed crossref |
| SourceType | Open Website Open Access Repository Aggregation Database Index Database Enrichment Source |
| StartPage | 596944 |
| SubjectTerms | Animals Animals, Wild China Communicable Diseases, Emerging - classification Communicable Diseases, Emerging - transmission Communicable Diseases, Emerging - virology COVID-19 COVID-19 - classification emerging infectious disease (EID) Humans Public Health SARS-CoV-2 SARS-CoV-2 - classification spillover World Health Organization zoonoses Zoonoses - classification Zoonoses - transmission Zoonoses - virology |
| SummonAdditionalLinks | – databaseName: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals dbid: DOA link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV1La9wwEBZlT4US0lfivnChp4AbrSTLmlNpsw1JD82lW0IvwnqRhWCX7OaeH5Ff2F_SGctZdktpLr3aEhbfSJ4Zzcw3jL1T0rWe17xKaB1XquGmMi6JSvnaQ2y0k3HItviqT-bqy3l9vtHqi3LCMj1wBu5Qtq2KRiSViFM7JKMcj1C7YAQk1zr6-6LO23CmhtsVLtExmuYwJnphcEjlVhR8EPx9DRqU2lJEA1__34zMP3MlN5TP8S7bGa3G8mNe7WP2IHZP2KN85VbmSqKnTB6dfT-dVVP4dXP7o--7frlYlv1VSfdO1IqoPB0Tr66X5SzHZT48Y_Pjz9-OTqqxJ0Ll8bSsquCABzf1PAQDhpu2RvvLaTy4PqqEGkkrA40zQWhovOOGGkojYo6LCFFH-ZxNur6L-6wE4xuuISVwLZW7QTBKRpGgjaFJhheM3wFk_UgYTn0rLi06DoSpHTC1hKnNmBbsYD3lZ2bL-NfgT4T6eiARXQ8PUPx2FL-9T_wFe3snM4sHg6IdbRcRSCtw42mKYk4LtpdluP6UlGhHai4K1mxJd2st22-6xcVAvo3eCLpo9Yv_sfiX7CHhQaWNQr9ik9XVdXyNNs7KvRm28281nvq4 priority: 102 providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals |
| Title | COVID-19—Zoonosis or Emerging Infectious Disease? |
| URI | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33324602 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2470629541 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC7725765 https://doaj.org/article/3aa4e82f4f2145df84b0e95bd829fbab |
| Volume | 8 |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV1Lb9QwEB6VckFCVXk2pVRB4oSU4rUdxz6gqrRULRJwYVHFxYpfUKlK2t2tVG79EfxCfgkzSXbFohUnromtON94NO8ZgJdSuNqzkhUJteNCVkwX2iVeSF96EyvlROyyLT6qk7F8f1aercF8vNUA4HSlaUfzpMaTi72bqx_7yPBvyOJEefuaKqkorsDZXmmUkfIO3EXBVNFAgw-Dtt-5XJhAa2nUxzZX71ySTl0T_1Wa598JlH9IpONN2BhUyfygp_0DWIvNQ7jf--HyvrzoEYjDT19Oj4qR-XX782vbNu30fJq3k5ycUTSfKD8dsrGup_lRH6zZfwzj43efD0-KYVBC4ZGFZkVwhgU38iwEbTTTdYlKmVPIzT7KhGJKSW0qpwNXpvKOaZoy7Vh0jEcTVRRPYL1pm7gFudG-YsqkZFxNNXAmaCkiT6aOoUqaZcDmAFk_dBGnYRYXFq0JwtR2mFrC1PaYZvBqseWyb6Hxr8VvCfXFQup-3T1oJ9_swExW1LWMmieZqM96SFriz5jSBc1NcrXL4MWcZha5hUIgdRMRSMvxNioKbY4yeNrTcPEpIVC5VIxnUC1Rd-ksy2-a8-9dR240UdBuK7f_x-GfwT3Cg-odudqB9dnkOj5HxWfmdjuHwW53qX8DLMIDhQ |
| linkProvider | Scholars Portal |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=COVID-19%E2%80%94Zoonosis+or+Emerging+Infectious+Disease%3F&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+public+health&rft.au=Najmul+Haider&rft.au=Peregrine+Rothman-Ostrow&rft.au=Abdinasir+Yusuf+Osman&rft.au=Li%C3%A3+B%C3%A1rbara+Arruda&rft.date=2020-11-26&rft.pub=Frontiers+Media+S.A&rft.eissn=2296-2565&rft.volume=8&rft_id=info:doi/10.3389%2Ffpubh.2020.596944&rft.externalDBID=DOA&rft.externalDocID=oai_doaj_org_article_3aa4e82f4f2145df84b0e95bd829fbab |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2296-2565&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2296-2565&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2296-2565&client=summon |