Effects of Climate Change on Avalanche Accidents and Survival
Avalanches are major natural hazards in snow-covered mountains, threatening people and infrastructure. With ongoing climate change, the frequency and types of snow avalanches may change, affecting the rates of avalanche burial and survival. With a wetter and warmer snow climate, consequences of buri...
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| Published in | Frontiers in physiology Vol. 12; p. 639433 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Switzerland
Frontiers Media S.A
12.04.2021
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| Abstract | Avalanches are major natural hazards in snow-covered mountains, threatening people and infrastructure. With ongoing climate change, the frequency and types of snow avalanches may change, affecting the rates of avalanche burial and survival. With a wetter and warmer snow climate, consequences of burial may become more severe. In this review, we assess the potential effects of climate change on the frequency and characteristics of avalanches. We then discuss how these changes might affect the survival rates of subjects buried by avalanches and might influence the responses of search and rescue (SAR) teams and health care providers. While climate change is inevitable, the effects on avalanches remain elusive. The frequency of human triggered avalanches may not change, because this depends largely on the number and behavior of winter recreationists. Blunt trauma and secondary injuries will likely become more frequent as terrain roughness is expected to rise and snow cover to become thinner. Higher snow densities in avalanche debris will likely interfere with the respiration of completely buried victims. Asphyxia and trauma, as causes of avalanche death, may increase. It is unlikely that SAR and health care providers involved in avalanche rescue will have to change their strategies in areas where they are already established. The effects of climate change might foster the expansion of mitigation strategies and the establishment of mountain rescue services in areas subject to increased avalanche hazards caused by changes in snow cover and land use. |
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| AbstractList | Avalanches are major natural hazards in snow-covered mountains, threatening people and infrastructure. With ongoing climate change, the frequency and types of snow avalanches may change, affecting the rates of avalanche burial and survival. With a wetter and warmer snow climate, consequences of burial may become more severe. In this review, we assess the potential effects of climate change on the frequency and characteristics of avalanches. We then discuss how these changes might affect the survival rates of subjects buried by avalanches and might influence the responses of search and rescue (SAR) teams and health care providers. While climate change is inevitable, the effects on avalanches remain elusive. The frequency of human triggered avalanches may not change, because this depends largely on the number and behavior of winter recreationists. Blunt trauma and secondary injuries will likely become more frequent as terrain roughness is expected to rise and snow cover to become thinner. Higher snow densities in avalanche debris will likely interfere with the respiration of completely buried victims. Asphyxia and trauma, as causes of avalanche death, may increase. It is unlikely that SAR and health care providers involved in avalanche rescue will have to change their strategies in areas where they are already established. The effects of climate change might foster the expansion of mitigation strategies and the establishment of mountain rescue services in areas subject to increased avalanche hazards caused by changes in snow cover and land use. Avalanches are major natural hazards in snow-covered mountains, threatening people and infrastructure. With ongoing climate change, the frequency and types of snow avalanches may change, affecting the rates of avalanche burial and survival. With a wetter and warmer snow climate, consequences of burial may become more severe. In this review, we assess the potential effects of climate change on the frequency and characteristics of avalanches. We then discuss how these changes might affect the survival rates of subjects buried by avalanches and might influence the responses of search and rescue (SAR) teams and health care providers. While climate change is inevitable, the effects on avalanches remain elusive. The frequency of human triggered avalanches may not change, because this depends largely on the number and behavior of winter recreationists. Blunt trauma and secondary injuries will likely become more frequent as terrain roughness is expected to rise and snow cover to become thinner. Higher snow densities in avalanche debris will likely interfere with the respiration of completely buried victims. Asphyxia and trauma, as causes of avalanche death, may increase. It is unlikely that SAR and health care providers involved in avalanche rescue will have to change their strategies in areas where they are already established. The effects of climate change might foster the expansion of mitigation strategies and the establishment of mountain rescue services in areas subject to increased avalanche hazards caused by changes in snow cover and land use.Avalanches are major natural hazards in snow-covered mountains, threatening people and infrastructure. With ongoing climate change, the frequency and types of snow avalanches may change, affecting the rates of avalanche burial and survival. With a wetter and warmer snow climate, consequences of burial may become more severe. In this review, we assess the potential effects of climate change on the frequency and characteristics of avalanches. We then discuss how these changes might affect the survival rates of subjects buried by avalanches and might influence the responses of search and rescue (SAR) teams and health care providers. While climate change is inevitable, the effects on avalanches remain elusive. The frequency of human triggered avalanches may not change, because this depends largely on the number and behavior of winter recreationists. Blunt trauma and secondary injuries will likely become more frequent as terrain roughness is expected to rise and snow cover to become thinner. Higher snow densities in avalanche debris will likely interfere with the respiration of completely buried victims. Asphyxia and trauma, as causes of avalanche death, may increase. It is unlikely that SAR and health care providers involved in avalanche rescue will have to change their strategies in areas where they are already established. The effects of climate change might foster the expansion of mitigation strategies and the establishment of mountain rescue services in areas subject to increased avalanche hazards caused by changes in snow cover and land use. |
| Author | Strapazzon, Giacomo Brugger, Hermann Brodmann Maeder, Monika Chiambretti, Igor Schweizer, Jürg Zafren, Ken |
| AuthorAffiliation | 5 Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital University Hospital Bern and Bern University , Bern , Switzerland 7 Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center , Stanford, CA , United States 2 International Commission for Mountain Emergency Medicine (ICAR MedCom) , Zürich , Switzerland 1 Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research , Bolzano , Italy 3 WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF , Davos , Switzerland 6 Department of Emergency Medicine, Alaska Native Medical Center , Anchorage, AK , United States 4 AINEVA Interregional Association for Coordination and Documentation of Snow and Avalanche Problems , Trento , Italy |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 7 Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center , Stanford, CA , United States – name: 2 International Commission for Mountain Emergency Medicine (ICAR MedCom) , Zürich , Switzerland – name: 3 WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF , Davos , Switzerland – name: 5 Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital University Hospital Bern and Bern University , Bern , Switzerland – name: 1 Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research , Bolzano , Italy – name: 4 AINEVA Interregional Association for Coordination and Documentation of Snow and Avalanche Problems , Trento , Italy – name: 6 Department of Emergency Medicine, Alaska Native Medical Center , Anchorage, AK , United States |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Giacomo surname: Strapazzon fullname: Strapazzon, Giacomo – sequence: 2 givenname: Jürg surname: Schweizer fullname: Schweizer, Jürg – sequence: 3 givenname: Igor surname: Chiambretti fullname: Chiambretti, Igor – sequence: 4 givenname: Monika surname: Brodmann Maeder fullname: Brodmann Maeder, Monika – sequence: 5 givenname: Hermann surname: Brugger fullname: Brugger, Hermann – sequence: 6 givenname: Ken surname: Zafren fullname: Zafren, Ken |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33912070$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Copyright | Copyright © 2021 Strapazzon, Schweizer, Chiambretti, Brodmann Maeder, Brugger and Zafren. Copyright © 2021 Strapazzon, Schweizer, Chiambretti, Brodmann Maeder, Brugger and Zafren. 2021 Strapazzon, Schweizer, Chiambretti, Brodmann Maeder, Brugger and Zafren |
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| Keywords | trauma hypoxia search and rescue avalanche snow climate change |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 ObjectType-Review-3 content type line 23 Edited by: Martin Burtscher, University of Innsbruck, Austria This article was submitted to Environmental, Aviation and Space Physiology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Physiology Reviewed by: Gloria Rakita Leon, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, United States; Satoshi Iwase, Aichi Medical University, Japan; Markus Eckerstorfer, Norwegian Research Institute (NORCE), Norway |
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| Title | Effects of Climate Change on Avalanche Accidents and Survival |
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