Non-surface Attached Bacterial Aggregates: A Ubiquitous Third Lifestyle

Bacteria are now generally believed to adopt two main lifestyles: planktonic individuals, or surface-attached biofilms. However, in recent years medical microbiologists started to stress that suspended bacterial aggregates are a major form of bacterial communities in chronic infection sites. Despite...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inFrontiers in microbiology Vol. 11; p. 557035
Main Author Cai, Yu-Ming
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland Frontiers Media S.A 04.12.2020
Subjects
activated sludges
bacterial aggregates
chronic infection
in vitro models
marine gel particles
marine/river/lake snow
Microbiology
marine/river/lake snow
chronic infection
bacterial aggregates
in vitro models
marine gel particles
activated sludges
Online AccessGet full text

Cover

Abstract Bacteria are now generally believed to adopt two main lifestyles: planktonic individuals, or surface-attached biofilms. However, in recent years medical microbiologists started to stress that suspended bacterial aggregates are a major form of bacterial communities in chronic infection sites. Despite sharing many similarities with surface-attached biofilms and are thus generally defined as biofilm-like aggregates, these non-attached clumps of cells in vivo show much smaller sizes and different formation mechanisms. Furthermore, ex vivo clinical isolates were frequently reported to be less attached to abiotic surfaces when compared to standard type strains. While this third lifestyle is starting to draw heavy attention in clinical studies, it has a long history in natural and environmental sciences. For example, marine gel particles formed by bacteria attachment to phytoplankton exopolymers have been well documented in oceans; large river and lake snows loaded with bacterial aggregates are frequently found in freshwater systems; multispecies bacterial “flocs” have long been used in wastewater treatment. This review focuses on non-attached aggregates found in a variety of natural and clinical settings, as well as some recent technical developments facilitating aggregate research. The aim is to summarise the characteristics of different types of bacterial aggregates, bridging the knowledge gap, provoking new perspectives for researchers from different fields, and highlighting the importance of more research input in this third lifestyle of bacteria closely relevant to our daily life.
AbstractList Bacteria are now generally believed to adopt two main lifestyles: planktonic individuals, or surface-attached biofilms. However, in recent years medical microbiologists started to stress that suspended bacterial aggregates are a major form of bacterial communities in chronic infection sites. Despite sharing many similarities with surface-attached biofilms and are thus generally defined as biofilm-like aggregates, these non-attached clumps of cells in vivo show much smaller sizes and different formation mechanisms. Furthermore, ex vivo clinical isolates were frequently reported to be less attached to abiotic surfaces when compared to standard type strains. While this third lifestyle is starting to draw heavy attention in clinical studies, it has a long history in natural and environmental sciences. For example, marine gel particles formed by bacteria attachment to phytoplankton exopolymers have been well documented in oceans; large river and lake snows loaded with bacterial aggregates are frequently found in freshwater systems; multispecies bacterial "flocs" have long been used in wastewater treatment. This review focuses on non-attached aggregates found in a variety of natural and clinical settings, as well as some recent technical developments facilitating aggregate research. The aim is to summarise the characteristics of different types of bacterial aggregates, bridging the knowledge gap, provoking new perspectives for researchers from different fields, and highlighting the importance of more research input in this third lifestyle of bacteria closely relevant to our daily life.Bacteria are now generally believed to adopt two main lifestyles: planktonic individuals, or surface-attached biofilms. However, in recent years medical microbiologists started to stress that suspended bacterial aggregates are a major form of bacterial communities in chronic infection sites. Despite sharing many similarities with surface-attached biofilms and are thus generally defined as biofilm-like aggregates, these non-attached clumps of cells in vivo show much smaller sizes and different formation mechanisms. Furthermore, ex vivo clinical isolates were frequently reported to be less attached to abiotic surfaces when compared to standard type strains. While this third lifestyle is starting to draw heavy attention in clinical studies, it has a long history in natural and environmental sciences. For example, marine gel particles formed by bacteria attachment to phytoplankton exopolymers have been well documented in oceans; large river and lake snows loaded with bacterial aggregates are frequently found in freshwater systems; multispecies bacterial "flocs" have long been used in wastewater treatment. This review focuses on non-attached aggregates found in a variety of natural and clinical settings, as well as some recent technical developments facilitating aggregate research. The aim is to summarise the characteristics of different types of bacterial aggregates, bridging the knowledge gap, provoking new perspectives for researchers from different fields, and highlighting the importance of more research input in this third lifestyle of bacteria closely relevant to our daily life.
Bacteria are now generally believed to adopt two main lifestyles: planktonic individuals, or surface-attached biofilms. However, in recent years medical microbiologists started to stress that suspended bacterial aggregates are a major form of bacterial communities in chronic infection sites. Despite sharing many similarities with surface-attached biofilms and are thus generally defined as biofilm-like aggregates, these non-attached clumps of cells in vivo show much smaller sizes and different formation mechanisms. Furthermore, ex vivo clinical isolates were frequently reported to be less attached to abiotic surfaces when compared to standard type strains. While this third lifestyle is starting to draw heavy attention in clinical studies, it has a long history in natural and environmental sciences. For example, marine gel particles formed by bacteria attachment to phytoplankton exopolymers have been well documented in oceans; large river and lake snows loaded with bacterial aggregates are frequently found in freshwater systems; multispecies bacterial “flocs” have long been used in wastewater treatment. This review focuses on non-attached aggregates found in a variety of natural and clinical settings, as well as some recent technical developments facilitating aggregate research. The aim is to summarise the characteristics of different types of bacterial aggregates, bridging the knowledge gap, provoking new perspectives for researchers from different fields, and highlighting the importance of more research input in this third lifestyle of bacteria closely relevant to our daily life.
Bacteria are now generally believed to adopt two main lifestyles: planktonic individuals, or surface-attached biofilms. However, in recent years medical microbiologists started to stress that suspended bacterial aggregates are a major form of bacterial communities in chronic infection sites. Despite sharing many similarities with surface-attached biofilms and are thus generally defined as biofilm-like aggregates, these non-attached clumps of cells in vivo show much smaller sizes and different formation mechanisms. Furthermore, ex vivo clinical isolates were frequently reported to be less attached to abiotic surfaces when compared to standard type strains. While this third lifestyle is starting to draw heavy attention in clinical studies, it has a long history in natural and environmental sciences. For example, marine gel particles formed by bacteria attachment to phytoplankton exopolymers have been well documented in oceans; large river and lake snows loaded with bacterial aggregates are frequently found in freshwater systems; multispecies bacterial “flocs” have long been used in wastewater treatment. This review focuses on non-attached aggregates found in a variety of natural and clinical settings, as well as some recent technical developments facilitating aggregate research. The aim is to summarise the characteristics of different types of bacterial aggregates, bridging the knowledge gap, provoking new perspectives for researchers from different fields, and highlighting the importance of more research input in this third lifestyle of bacteria closely relevant to our daily life.
Bacteria are now generally believed to adopt two main lifestyles: planktonic individuals, or surface-attached biofilms. However, in recent years medical microbiologists started to stress that suspended bacterial aggregates are a major form of bacterial communities in chronic infection sites. Despite sharing many similarities with surface-attached biofilms and are thus generally defined as biofilm-like aggregates, these non-attached clumps of cells show much smaller sizes and different formation mechanisms. Furthermore, clinical isolates were frequently reported to be less attached to abiotic surfaces when compared to standard type strains. While this third lifestyle is starting to draw heavy attention in clinical studies, it has a long history in natural and environmental sciences. For example, marine gel particles formed by bacteria attachment to phytoplankton exopolymers have been well documented in oceans; large river and lake snows loaded with bacterial aggregates are frequently found in freshwater systems; multispecies bacterial "flocs" have long been used in wastewater treatment. This review focuses on non-attached aggregates found in a variety of natural and clinical settings, as well as some recent technical developments facilitating aggregate research. The aim is to summarise the characteristics of different types of bacterial aggregates, bridging the knowledge gap, provoking new perspectives for researchers from different fields, and highlighting the importance of more research input in this third lifestyle of bacteria closely relevant to our daily life.
Author Cai, Yu-Ming
AuthorAffiliation 1 National Biofilms Innovation Centre, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton , Southampton , United Kingdom
2 Biological Sciences, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton , Southampton , United Kingdom
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 2 Biological Sciences, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton , Southampton , United Kingdom
– name: 1 National Biofilms Innovation Centre, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton , Southampton , United Kingdom
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Yu-Ming
  surname: Cai
  fullname: Cai, Yu-Ming
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33343514$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark eNp1kUFP3DAUhC0EKnTLD-BS5dhLtnaenTg9VFpQS5FW7QWk3izHfskaZWOwnUr8-3pZqKASvtiyZ76x3rwnh5OfkJAzRpcAsv3cb53plhWt6FKIhoI4ICesrnkJtPp9-OJ8TE5jvKV58Sym9B05BgAOgvETcvnTT2WcQ68NFquUtNmgLc61SRicHovVMAQcdML4pVgVN527n13ycyyuNy7YYu16jOlhxA_kqNdjxNOnfUFuvn-7vvhRrn9dXl2s1qURwFLJQEpqTAWWVz1qqOqWojVWMouSgahl01up247S1qCsGTTWIpNGIGiqNSzI1Z5rvb5Vd8FtdXhQXjv1eOHDoHRIzoyoTMcNtEwY6FpeV1VreC9sLVjfgYbWZtbXPetu7rb5FziloMdX0Ncvk9uowf9RTcPrWkIGfHoCBH8_50GorYsGx1FPmGekKt4wAZzndhbk48usfyHPTWRBsxeY4GMM2Cvjkk7O76LdqBhVu9rVY-1qV7va156d7D_nM_xtz1_ldbD9
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1099_jmm_0_001643
crossref_primary_10_1038_s42003_024_06698_1
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00203_023_03802_7
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41522_025_00673_2
crossref_primary_10_3390_microorganisms11081934
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41579_024_01098_y
crossref_primary_10_3389_fmats_2023_1206819
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_isci_2022_105532
crossref_primary_10_51847_tN5pejzFHB
crossref_primary_10_3390_microorganisms11071814
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41579_023_00985_0
crossref_primary_10_3389_fmicb_2021_672517
crossref_primary_10_1128_mbio_00038_24
crossref_primary_10_1128_aem_00039_22
crossref_primary_10_1128_jb_00006_24
crossref_primary_10_1038_s42003_023_05281_4
crossref_primary_10_3389_fmicb_2021_760282
crossref_primary_10_3390_microorganisms11051331
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10096_023_04638_1
crossref_primary_10_1111_eve_13525
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10098_024_02947_3
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_matchemphys_2025_130454
crossref_primary_10_3390_biology12030436
crossref_primary_10_3390_microorganisms10061101
crossref_primary_10_3390_microorganisms13040700
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vetmic_2021_109267
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bioflm_2022_100074
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41396_022_01352_2
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pocean_2024_103233
crossref_primary_10_1128_msystems_00770_24
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_biotechadv_2024_108505
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_desal_2022_115647
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ifset_2023_103423
crossref_primary_10_3389_fmicb_2024_1368377
crossref_primary_10_1002_adfm_202306116
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bioflm_2022_100087
crossref_primary_10_3389_fcimb_2023_1335389
crossref_primary_10_3390_microorganisms12020259
crossref_primary_10_3390_microorganisms9030552
crossref_primary_10_1042_BST20200718
crossref_primary_10_3389_frlct_2023_1258155
crossref_primary_10_1021_acsomega_2c07255
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41522_023_00412_5
crossref_primary_10_1128_jb_00318_24
crossref_primary_10_3390_microorganisms12040665
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41545_024_00410_w
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00253_024_13246_8
crossref_primary_10_1093_jambio_lxae280
crossref_primary_10_1111_1758_2229_70025
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_isci_2025_112063
crossref_primary_10_1186_s13567_022_01067_4
crossref_primary_10_3389_fmicb_2023_1260196
crossref_primary_10_3390_molecules26237096
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jenvman_2025_124088
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_aquaculture_2024_741553
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41522_024_00553_1
crossref_primary_10_1093_plphys_kiac398
crossref_primary_10_3390_microorganisms10030526
crossref_primary_10_3168_jds_2024_25554
Cites_doi 10.4319/lo.1993.38.3.0532
10.1038/ngeo1921
10.1172/JCI0213870
10.1128/AEM.63.3.1168-1170.1997
10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01751.x
10.4236/ijg.2013.41013
10.3389/fmicb.2015.00403
10.1002/2014GB005037
10.1016/j.envint.2018.04.045
10.5301/ijao.5000027
10.1016/j.marchem.2009.06.004
10.1073/pnas.92.7.3019
10.1016/j.biortech.2016.09.017
10.1093/jac/dkt420
10.1128/AAC.01336-16
10.3389/fmars.2018.00206
10.1038/s41579-018-0040-1
10.1002/ppul.21011
10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-201498
10.1111/2049-632X.12139
10.1038/nrmicro.2017.28
10.1128/AEM.67.12.5608-5613.2001
10.1007/s10096-015-2323-z
10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.07.003
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.150
10.3389/fmicb.2018.00777
10.1007/s00253-014-5923-0
10.3354/meps182069
10.1128/AEM.02570-14
10.1128/JB.46.1.39-56.1943
10.1073/pnas.1421211111
10.1093/plankt/fbq060
10.1002/aheh.200500640
10.1016/S0032-9592(01)00306-5
10.1093/plankt/fbz022
10.1093/infdis/jiu514
10.1128/IAI.38.3.1056-1059.1982
10.1126/science.aay1790
10.1016/0043-1354(94)00350-G
10.1128/JCM.01395-09
10.1128/AEM.61.2.702-707.1995
10.1093/plankt/18.6.969
10.1128/AAC.03514-14
10.1111/apm.12686
10.1111/j.1524-475X.2007.00321.x
10.1111/j.1741-2358.2011.00595.x
10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.270
10.1164/ajrccm/154.4_pt_2.s155
10.4319/lo.1993.38.5.0924
10.1016/j.tim.2004.07.005
10.1016/S0168-6496(00)00056-8
10.1007/s00253-014-5984-0
10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00880.x
10.1007/s00253-018-8990-9
10.1128/AEM.01374-09
10.3389/fmicb.2017.00770
10.3791/2437
10.1038/s41598-019-55567-z
10.1371/journal.ppat.1007511
10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.08.001
10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00116-9
10.1111/j.1574-695X.2012.00968.x
10.3389/fmicb.2018.01058
10.1016/j.watres.2011.03.046
10.2166/wst.2004.0606
10.1128/mBio.00240-17
10.1128/mBio.01667-14
10.3389/fmicb.2019.00198
10.3389/fmicb.2018.02457
10.1371/journal.pmed.0040329
10.3389/fmicb.2018.01462
10.5194/bg-6-3071-2009
10.1038/ismej.2011.188
10.1128/JB.29.3.239-251.1935
10.1128/IAI.69.7.4572-4579.2001
10.3354/meps189009
10.1038/ismej.2016.186
10.2166/wst.2005.0415
10.1128/AEM.00467-13
10.5194/bg-5-693-2008
10.1128/AEM.68.8.4111-4116.2002
10.1186/1471-2180-10-38
10.1038/s41467-018-05159-8
10.3354/ame015115
10.1016/j.pocean.2012.04.016
10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00138-6
10.3354/meps065205
10.1099/ijs.0.65670-0
10.1016/j.tim.2013.06.002
10.1038/372537a0
10.1128/AEM.62.6.1998-2005.1996
10.1038/ismej.2012.93
10.1128/AAC.27.4.619
10.1016/S1463-5003(02)00062-8
10.1007/s10529-014-1655-6
10.1016/j.watres.2010.07.036
10.4319/lo.2004.49.3.0741
10.1128/JCM.43.10.5247-5255.2005
10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00447-2
10.5194/bg-4-433-2007
10.1093/bioinformatics/btt276
10.3389/fmicb.2017.02369
10.3181/00379727-30-6954
10.4319/lo.2011.56.4.1386
10.1371/journal.pone.0102879
10.1128/AEM.00042-11
10.1039/c8ra01357h
10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00246.x
10.1093/cid/ciu634
10.1101/735423
10.2166/9781780407425
10.1128/mBio.00104-16
10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00291-4
10.1016/S1385-8947(03)00108-6
10.1128/AEM.69.10.6056-6063.2003
10.1038/nchembio.2376
10.1128/IAI.73.12.8298-8305.2005
10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.03.006
10.3354/meps09985
10.1128/IAI.60.8.3072-3078.1992
10.1371/journal.pone.0027943
10.1073/pnas.1611400113
10.3389/fmars.2017.00165
10.1128/mBio.00992-14
10.1002/bit.21755
10.1128/AEM.02274-07
10.1111/omi.12164
10.3354/ame038135
10.1128/mmbr.00029-12
10.1016/S1369-703X(01)00138-3
10.1371/journal.ppat.1000354
10.1038/ismej.2013.178
10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00208-5
10.3390/ijms20143423
10.1128/IAI.48.1.204-210.1985
10.1128/IAI.05339-11
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.083
10.1016/j.dsr.2003.09.001
10.3354/ame015127
10.1016/j.marchem.2008.02.009
10.1016/j.molmed.2008.01.002
10.1002/clen.201300989
10.3389/fmars.2017.00166
10.1128/AAC.02008-12
10.1128/AEM.02311-14
10.1038/s41579-019-0158-9
10.3934/microbiol.2018.1.140
10.5194/bg-13-989-2016
10.1099/jmm.0.019984-0
10.4137/mbi.s4694
10.1007/s00253-015-6726-7
10.1016/j.algal.2017.09.011
10.3354/ame010213
10.1007/s11356-017-0615-9
10.1111/j.1574-695X.2012.00960.x
10.1073/pnas.1806005115
10.1016/0043-1354(93)90147-A
10.1002/lom3.10268
10.1128/aem.00113-17
10.1029/2011JC007342
10.3201/eid0807.010264
10.1016/j.femsim.2004.01.008
10.4319/lo.1980.25.4.0653
10.1016/j.jes.2019.04.006
10.1073/pnas.0308125100
10.4319/lo.1998.43.8.1860
10.1007/s00449-014-1204-7
10.2307/1537438
10.4319/lo.1983.28.5.0858
10.3354/ame046031
10.1016/j.mimet.2013.07.022
10.1099/00221287-146-10-2395
10.1016/S0278-4343(00)00101-1
10.1038/nrmicro3552
10.1016/j.pocean.2016.11.002
10.1016/j.watres.2010.04.027
10.1128/AEM.65.7.3192-3204.1999
10.2166/wst.2018.094
10.1111/j.1462-2920.2004.00736.x
10.1099/jmm.0.45969-0
10.2175/106143096x127938
10.1371/journal.pone.0005513
10.1016/b978-008045405-4.00828-4
10.1371/journal.pone.0221012
10.1016/j.biortech.2013.09.112
10.1007/BF02091995
10.1016/0043-1354(93)90107-S
10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113067
10.1038/ismej.2009.69
10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.088
10.3354/meps236001
10.1007/s00430-012-0277-7
10.1007/bf00393856
10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.131
10.1038/nature02453
10.1038/363248a0
10.2166/wh.2015.032
10.1007/978-94-009-7169-1_3
10.1128/JCM.00501-08
10.4319/lo.1983.28.2.0309
10.3354/ame021085
10.1007/s00253-016-7577-6
10.1002/9780470901243
10.1002/lom3.10251
10.1164/rccm.201312-2142OC
10.1093/plankt/fbz018
10.3389/fmicb.2014.00297
10.1371/journal.pone.0027317
10.1016/j.envint.2018.04.011
10.1016/j.ecss.2009.06.018
10.1021/acs.est.8b07303
10.3389/fmicb.2015.01099
10.1016/S0169-409X(02)00152-7
10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.130
10.1038/nrmicro3270
10.1093/femsec/fiy198
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright Copyright © 2020 Cai.
Copyright © 2020 Cai. 2020 Cai
Copyright_xml – notice: Copyright © 2020 Cai.
– notice: Copyright © 2020 Cai. 2020 Cai
DBID AAYXX
CITATION
NPM
7X8
5PM
DOA
DOI 10.3389/fmicb.2020.557035
DatabaseName CrossRef
PubMed
MEDLINE - Academic
PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)
DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
PubMed
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList MEDLINE - Academic


PubMed
CrossRef
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: DOA
  name: Directory of Open Access Journals
  url: https://www.doaj.org/
  sourceTypes: Open Website
– sequence: 2
  dbid: NPM
  name: PubMed
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
  sourceTypes: Index Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Biology
EISSN 1664-302X
ExternalDocumentID oai_doaj_org_article_cb4c3915c3b946229c4f5d651fb3a39d
PMC7746683
33343514
10_3389_fmicb_2020_557035
Genre Journal Article
Review
GroupedDBID 53G
5VS
9T4
AAFWJ
AAKDD
AAYXX
ACGFO
ACGFS
ACXDI
ADBBV
ADRAZ
AENEX
AFPKN
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
AOIJS
BAWUL
BCNDV
CITATION
DIK
ECGQY
GROUPED_DOAJ
GX1
HYE
KQ8
M48
M~E
O5R
O5S
OK1
PGMZT
RNS
RPM
IAO
IEA
IHR
IPNFZ
NPM
RIG
7X8
5PM
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c531t-13880cc23d42fea32690edcd81de8135687fd8a9b009ce86137dde18c5e3a0aa3
IEDL.DBID DOA
ISSN 1664-302X
IngestDate Wed Aug 27 01:05:21 EDT 2025
Thu Aug 21 14:01:54 EDT 2025
Fri Jul 11 14:33:50 EDT 2025
Thu Jan 02 22:58:29 EST 2025
Thu Apr 24 23:02:45 EDT 2025
Tue Jul 01 01:12:46 EDT 2025
IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Keywords marine/river/lake snow
chronic infection
bacterial aggregates
in vitro models
marine gel particles
activated sludges
Language English
License Copyright © 2020 Cai.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c531t-13880cc23d42fea32690edcd81de8135687fd8a9b009ce86137dde18c5e3a0aa3
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
ObjectType-Review-3
content type line 23
Edited by: Gordon T. Taylor, Stony Brook University, United States
This article was submitted to Microbiological Chemistry and Geomicrobiology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology
Reviewed by: Yang-Chun Yong, Jiangsu University, China; Tracy Mincer, Florida Atlantic University, United States
OpenAccessLink https://doaj.org/article/cb4c3915c3b946229c4f5d651fb3a39d
PMID 33343514
PQID 2471534470
PQPubID 23479
ParticipantIDs doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_cb4c3915c3b946229c4f5d651fb3a39d
pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_7746683
proquest_miscellaneous_2471534470
pubmed_primary_33343514
crossref_citationtrail_10_3389_fmicb_2020_557035
crossref_primary_10_3389_fmicb_2020_557035
ProviderPackageCode CITATION
AAYXX
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2020-12-04
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2020-12-04
PublicationDate_xml – month: 12
  year: 2020
  text: 2020-12-04
  day: 04
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace Switzerland
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Switzerland
PublicationTitle Frontiers in microbiology
PublicationTitleAlternate Front Microbiol
PublicationYear 2020
Publisher Frontiers Media S.A
Publisher_xml – name: Frontiers Media S.A
References Worlitzsch (B195) 2002; 109
Gothwal (B70) 2015; 43
Høiby (B86) 2017; 125
Arnosti (B10) 2009; 84
Collins (B29) 2015; 29
Long (B110) 1996; 10
Weiss (B188) 1996; 62
Rochelle-Newall (B148) 2010; 32
Stoderegger (B171) 1999; 189
Zäncker (B204) 2019; 41
Briggs (B21) 2020; 367
Malik (B114) 2003; 69
Woodhouse (B194) 2018; 9
Thiele (B179) 2015; 81
Engel (B52) 2004; 428
Lee (B108) 2005; 43
Taylor (B178) 2014; 8
Zhu (B210) 2019; 688
Ortega-Retuerta (B134); 115
Jagmann (B91) 2015; 99
Reiche (B145) 2011; 56
Yang (B200) 2018; 116
Williams (B193) 2012; 67
Zäncker (B203) 2017; 8
Golub (B69) 1985; 48
Heydorn (B85) 2000; 146
Shen (B160) 2015; 37
De Bentzmann (B44) 1996; 154
Kim (B101) 2015; 13
Pabst (B136) 2016; 60
Kara (B100) 2008; 100
Andersson (B6) 2014; 12
Zhang (B206) 2012; 6
Donaldson (B47) 2015; 14
Campbell (B27) 2013; 7
Darch (B42) 2017; 8
Foulston (B61) 2014; 5
Trunk (B181) 2018; 4
Kinnunen (B102) 2016; 221
Zobell (B214) 1933; 30
Azetsu-Scott (B12) 2004; 49
Su (B174) 2011; 45
Alhede (B3) 2011; 6
Huisman (B87) 2018; 16
Zhao (B208) 2014; 98
Rossello-Mora (B151) 1995; 61
Wessel (B189) 2014; 5
Alfiansah (B1) 2018; 9
Sugimoto (B175) 2007; 46
Jung (B96) 2015; 81
Cai (B25) 2014; 9
Deligianni (B45) 2010; 10
Staudinger (B169) 2014; 189
Kirchman (B103) 1983; 28
Secor (B158) 2018; 115
Madsen (B113) 2012; 65
Mulvey (B122) 2001; 69
Mezhoud (B118) 2014; 37
Rosen (B150) 2007; 4
Crump (B34) 1999; 65
Burns (B22) 2019; 41
Bitton (B17) 2010
Crofts (B33) 2017; 5
Cunliffe (B36); 299
Justice (B97) 2004; 101
Raszka (B144) 2006; 34
Zobell (B213) 1943; 46
Gernaey (B66) 2008; 5
Cunliffe (B37) 2011; 35
Sønderholm (B165) 2017; 83
Guo (B76) 2016; 67
Franklin (B62) 2005; 7
Daims (B40) 2006; 8
Foladori (B59) 2010; 44
Mari (B116) 2017; 151
DeLong (B46) 1993; 38
Ivancic (B90) 2018; 94
Ali (B4) 2019; 14
Bjarnsholt (B18) 2013; 21
Wang (B186) 2016; 100
Zhang (B207) 2013; 94
Nielsen (B128) 2004; 49
Ensgraber (B54) 1992; 60
Schleheck (B156) 2009; 4
Schwartz (B157) 2011; 79
Gershey (B67) 1983; 28
Böckelmann (B20) 2000; 33
Wurl (B197) 2011; 116
O’Toole (B135) 2011; 30
Engel (B48) 2004; 51
Gutzeit (B78) 2005; 52
Arcila (B8) 2017; 27
Park (B137) 2017; 13
Rosan (B149) 1982; 38
Yuan (B202) 2019; 84
Kitada (B105) 2012; 29
Hall-Stoodley (B80) 2012; 65
Proia (B142) 2018; 62
Larsen (B107) 2008; 74
Imundo (B88) 1995; 92
Anderson (B5) 2004; 12
Grossart (B74); 15
Passow (B138); 55
Dalton (B41) 2011; 6
Sriramulu (B168) 2005; 54
Mori (B121) 2017; 1
Yamaguchi (B199) 2004; 41
Bergström (B15) 2016; 113
Bittar (B16) 2018; 16
Zobell (B216) 1936; 71
Nnadozie (B129) 2019; 254
Obernosterer (B130) 2008; 5
Markley (B117) 2018; 9
Sieburth (B162) 1983; 108
Johnson (B94) 1980; 25
Stolle (B172) 2011; 77
Wilén (B191) 2003; 37
Gilbertie (B68) 2019; 14
Stocker (B170) 2012; 76
Xia (B198) 2014; 99
Guo (B77) 2018; 117
Nickel (B126) 1985; 27
Nielsen (B127) 2010; 44
Busch (B23) 2017; 4
Quijano (B143) 2017; 35
Lu (B111) 2013; 79
Grossart (B75); 15
Campodónico (B28) 2008; 14
Lee (B109) 2013; 131
Passow (B140) 2012; 470
Zhu (B211) 2017; 2
Świątczak (B176) 2018; 25
Zobell (B215) 1935; 29
Nascimento (B124) 2018; 9
Grassi (B72) 2019; 10
Cunliffe (B35) 2009; 3
Savage (B154) 2013; 57
Fung (B63) 2010; 59
Baugh (B14) 2014; 69
Sanin (B153) 1996; 68
Kaplan (B99) 2011; 34
Flintrop (B58) 2018; 16
Ash (B11) 2002; 8
Van Oostende (B183) 2012; 104
Ollion (B131) 2013; 29
Alhede (B2) 2014; 70
Vandamme (B184) 2014; 151
Engel (B49) 2017; 4
Watters (B187) 2013; 202
Dastghey (B43) 2015; 211
Gram (B71) 2002; 68
Morgan (B120) 2019; 15
Passow (B141) 2001; 21
Stoodley (B173) 2001; 67
Kantha (B98) 2004; 6
Grossart (B73) 1993; 38
Michaels (B119) 1994; 372
Shao (B159) 2009; 59
Flemming (B56) 2016
Wilén (B192) 2018; 102
Enke (B53) 2018; 9
Sambrotto (B152) 1993; 363
Zita (B212) 1997; 63
Corno (B32) 2014; 5
Thornton (B180) 2018; 5
Hartmann (B81) 2019
Ortega-Retuerta (B133); 6
Caceres (B24) 2014; 58
Nancharaiah (B123) 2018; 247
Olsen (B132) 2015; 34
Reid (B146) 1990; 20
Cai (B26) 2019; 9
Galgani (B64) 2013; 4
Jorand (B95) 1995; 29
Herndl (B84) 2013; 6
Hahn (B79) 1997; 192
Wilen (B190) 1999; 33
Zeng (B205) 2015; 6
Wang (B185) 2018; 8
Foladori (B60) 2018; 78
Robino (B147) 2014; 59
Flemming (B57) 2019; 17
Szabó (B177) 2017; 8
Koop (B106) 1989; 55
Zhou (B209) 1998; 43
Urbain (B182) 1993; 27
Ma (B112) 2009; 5
Jin (B93) 2003; 95
Yin (B201) 2019; 20
Andreadakis (B7) 1993; 27
Sponza (B166) 2002; 37
Bjarnsholt (B19) 2009; 44
He (B83) 2016; 214
Sheng (B161) 2010; 28
Mari (B115) 1996; 18
Arnosti (B9) 2005; 38
Cunliffe (B38); 75
Garcia-Medina (B65) 2005; 73
Connell (B30) 2014; 111
James (B92) 2008; 16
Neu (B125) 2000; 21
Schartau (B155) 2007; 4
Wurl (B196) 2008; 110
Passow (B139); 236
Simon (B163) 1990; 65
Conover (B31) 2016; 7
Fazli (B55) 2009; 47
Engel (B51) 1999; 182
Sriramulu (B167) 2010; 3
Bar-Zeev (B13) 2015; 6
Hassett (B82) 2002; 54
Da Motta (B39) 2001; 9
Itzek (B89) 2017; 32
Engel (B50) 2016; 13
Snidaro (B164) 1997; 36
Kirketerp-Møller (B104) 2008; 46
References_xml – volume: 38
  start-page: 532
  year: 1993
  ident: B73
  article-title: Limnetic macroscopic organic aggregates (lake snow): occurrence, characteristics, and microbial dynamics in Lake Constance.
  publication-title: Limnol. Oceanogr.
  doi: 10.4319/lo.1993.38.3.0532
– volume: 6
  start-page: 718
  year: 2013
  ident: B84
  article-title: Microbial control of the dark end of the biological pump.
  publication-title: Nat. Geosci.
  doi: 10.1038/ngeo1921
– volume: 109
  start-page: 317
  year: 2002
  ident: B195
  article-title: Effects of reduced mucus oxygen concentration in airway Pseudomonas infections of cystic fibrosis patients.
  publication-title: J. Clin. Invest.
  doi: 10.1172/JCI0213870
– volume: 63
  start-page: 1168
  year: 1997
  ident: B212
  article-title: Effects of bacterial cell surface structures and hydrophobicity on attachment to activated sludge flocs.
  publication-title: Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1128/AEM.63.3.1168-1170.1997
– volume: 299
  start-page: 248
  ident: B36
  article-title: Dissolved organic carbon and bacterial populations in the gelatinous surface microlayer of a Norwegian fjord mesocosm.
  publication-title: FEMS Microbiol. Lett.
  doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01751.x
– volume: 4
  start-page: 129
  year: 2013
  ident: B64
  article-title: Accumulation of gel particles in the sea-surface microlayer during an experimental study with the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii.
  publication-title: Int. J. Geosci.
  doi: 10.4236/ijg.2013.41013
– volume: 6
  year: 2015
  ident: B13
  article-title: Microbial metabolism of transparent exopolymer particles during the summer months along a eutrophic estuary system.
  publication-title: Front. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00403
– volume: 29
  start-page: 1471
  year: 2015
  ident: B29
  article-title: The multiple fates of sinking particles in the North Atlantic Ocean.
  publication-title: Global Biogeochem. Cycles
  doi: 10.1002/2014GB005037
– volume: 117
  start-page: 107
  year: 2018
  ident: B77
  article-title: The antibiotic resistome of free-living and particle-attached bacteria under a reservoir cyanobacterial bloom.
  publication-title: Environ. Int.
  doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.04.045
– volume: 34
  start-page: 737
  year: 2011
  ident: B99
  article-title: Antibiotic-induced biofilm formation.
  publication-title: Int. J. Artif. Organs
  doi: 10.5301/ijao.5000027
– volume: 115
  start-page: 59
  ident: B134
  article-title: Uncoupled distributions of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and dissolved carbohydrates in the Southern Ocean.
  publication-title: Mar. Chem.
  doi: 10.1016/j.marchem.2009.06.004
– volume: 92
  start-page: 3019
  year: 1995
  ident: B88
  article-title: Cystic fibrosis epithelial cells have a receptor for pathogenic bacteria on their apical surface.
  publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.7.3019
– volume: 221
  start-page: 78
  year: 2016
  ident: B102
  article-title: The effect of low-temperature pretreatment on the solubilization and biomethane potential of microalgae biomass grown in synthetic and wastewater media.
  publication-title: Bioresour. Technol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.09.017
– volume: 69
  start-page: 673
  year: 2014
  ident: B14
  article-title: Inhibition of multidrug efflux as a strategy to prevent biofilm formation.
  publication-title: J. Antimicrob. Chemother.
  doi: 10.1093/jac/dkt420
– volume: 60
  start-page: 6294
  year: 2016
  ident: B136
  article-title: Gel-entrapped Staphylococcus aureus bacteria as models of biofilm infection exhibit growth in dense aggregates, oxygen limitation, antibiotic tolerance, and heterogeneous gene expression.
  publication-title: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
  doi: 10.1128/AAC.01336-16
– volume: 5
  year: 2018
  ident: B180
  article-title: Coomassie stainable particles (CSP): protein containing exopolymer particles in the ocean.
  publication-title: Front. Mar. Sci.
  doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00206
– volume: 16
  start-page: 471
  year: 2018
  ident: B87
  article-title: Cyanobacterial blooms.
  publication-title: Nat. Rev. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1038/s41579-018-0040-1
– volume: 44
  start-page: 547
  year: 2009
  ident: B19
  article-title: Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in the respiratory tract of cystic fibrosis patients.
  publication-title: Pediatr. Pulmonol.
  doi: 10.1002/ppul.21011
– volume: 67
  start-page: 465
  year: 2012
  ident: B193
  article-title: Basic science for the chest physician: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the cystic fibrosis airway.
  publication-title: Thorax
  doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-201498
– volume: 70
  start-page: 339
  year: 2014
  ident: B2
  article-title: Bacterial biofilm formation and treatment in soft tissue fillers.
  publication-title: Pathog. Dis.
  doi: 10.1111/2049-632X.12139
– volume: 5
  start-page: 422
  year: 2017
  ident: B33
  article-title: Next-generation approaches to understand and combat the antibiotic resistome.
  publication-title: Nat. Rev. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.28
– volume: 67
  start-page: 5608
  year: 2001
  ident: B173
  article-title: Growth and detachment of cell clusters from mature mixed-species biofilms.
  publication-title: Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1128/AEM.67.12.5608-5613.2001
– volume: 34
  start-page: 877
  year: 2015
  ident: B132
  article-title: Biofilm-specific antibiotic tolerance and resistance.
  publication-title: Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.
  doi: 10.1007/s10096-015-2323-z
– volume: 35
  start-page: 772
  year: 2017
  ident: B143
  article-title: Microalgal-bacterial aggregates: applications and perspectives for wastewater treatment.
  publication-title: Biotechnol. Adv.
  doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.07.003
– volume: 688
  start-page: 867
  year: 2019
  ident: B210
  article-title: Alternate succession of aggregate-forming cyanobacterial genera correlated with their attached bacteria by co-pathways.
  publication-title: Sci. Total Environ.
  doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.150
– volume: 9
  year: 2018
  ident: B194
  article-title: Cyanobacterial community composition and bacteria-bacteria interactions promote the stable occurrence of particle-associated bacteria.
  publication-title: Front. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00777
– volume: 98
  start-page: 9843
  year: 2014
  ident: B208
  article-title: PPCPs removal by aerobic granular sludge membrane bioreactor.
  publication-title: Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.
  doi: 10.1007/s00253-014-5923-0
– volume: 182
  start-page: 69
  year: 1999
  ident: B51
  article-title: Influence of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) on sinking velocity of Nitzschia closterium aggregates.
  publication-title: Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser
  doi: 10.3354/meps182069
– volume: 81
  start-page: 1463
  year: 2015
  ident: B179
  article-title: Colonization in the photic zone and subsequent changes during sinking determine bacterial community composition in marine snow.
  publication-title: Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1128/AEM.02570-14
– volume: 46
  start-page: 39
  year: 1943
  ident: B213
  article-title: The effect of solid surfaces upon bacterial activity.
  publication-title: J. Bacteriol.
  doi: 10.1128/JB.46.1.39-56.1943
– volume: 111
  start-page: 18255
  year: 2014
  ident: B30
  article-title: Real-time monitoring of quorum sensing in 3D-printed bacterial aggregates using scanning electrochemical microscopy.
  publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.1421211111
– volume: 32
  start-page: 1433
  year: 2010
  ident: B148
  article-title: Sticking properties of transparent exopolymeric particles (TEP) during aging and biodegradation.
  publication-title: J. Plankton Res.
  doi: 10.1093/plankt/fbq060
– volume: 34
  start-page: 411
  year: 2006
  ident: B144
  article-title: The role and significance of extracellular polymers in activated sludge. Part I: literature review.
  publication-title: Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol.
  doi: 10.1002/aheh.200500640
– volume: 37
  start-page: 983
  year: 2002
  ident: B166
  article-title: Extracellular polymer substances and physicochemical properties of flocs in steady- and unsteady-state activated sludge systems.
  publication-title: Process Biochem.
  doi: 10.1016/S0032-9592(01)00306-5
– volume: 41
  start-page: 561
  year: 2019
  ident: B204
  article-title: Bacterial communities associated with individual transparent exopolymer particles (TEP).
  publication-title: J. Plankton Res.
  doi: 10.1093/plankt/fbz022
– volume: 211
  start-page: 641
  year: 2015
  ident: B43
  article-title: Effect of biofilms on recalcitrance of Staphylococcal joint infection to antibiotic treatment.
  publication-title: J. Infect. Dis.
  doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiu514
– volume: 38
  start-page: 1056
  year: 1982
  ident: B149
  article-title: Enhanced saliva-mediated bacterial aggregation and decreased bacterial adhesion in caries-resistant versus caries-susceptible individuals.
  publication-title: Infect. Immun.
  doi: 10.1128/IAI.38.3.1056-1059.1982
– volume: 367
  start-page: 791
  year: 2020
  ident: B21
  article-title: Major role of particle fragmentation in regulating biological sequestration of CO2 by the oceans.
  publication-title: Science
  doi: 10.1126/science.aay1790
– volume: 29
  start-page: 1639
  year: 1995
  ident: B95
  article-title: Chemical and structural (2D) linkage between bacteria within activated sludge flocs.
  publication-title: Water Res.
  doi: 10.1016/0043-1354(94)00350-G
– volume: 47
  start-page: 4084
  year: 2009
  ident: B55
  article-title: Nonrandom distribution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus in chronic wounds.
  publication-title: J. Clin. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1128/JCM.01395-09
– volume: 61
  start-page: 702
  year: 1995
  ident: B151
  article-title: The abundance of Zoogloea ramigera in sewage treatment plants.
  publication-title: Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1128/AEM.61.2.702-707.1995
– volume: 18
  start-page: 969
  year: 1996
  ident: B115
  article-title: Abundance, size distribution and bacterial colonization of transparent exopolymeric particles (TEP) during spring in the Kattegat.
  publication-title: J. Plankton Res.
  doi: 10.1093/plankt/18.6.969
– volume: 58
  start-page: 6851
  year: 2014
  ident: B24
  article-title: Enhanced in vitro formation and antibiotic resistance of nonattached Pseudomonas aeruginosa aggregates through incorporation of neutrophil products.
  publication-title: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
  doi: 10.1128/AAC.03514-14
– volume: 125
  start-page: 272
  year: 2017
  ident: B86
  article-title: A short history of microbial biofilms and biofilm infections.
  publication-title: APMIS
  doi: 10.1111/apm.12686
– volume: 16
  start-page: 37
  year: 2008
  ident: B92
  article-title: Biofilms in chronic wounds.
  publication-title: Wound Repair Regen.
  doi: 10.1111/j.1524-475X.2007.00321.x
– volume: 29
  start-page: e981
  year: 2012
  ident: B105
  article-title: Effect of saliva viscosity on the co-aggregation between oral Streptococci and Actinomyces naeslundii.
  publication-title: Gerodontology
  doi: 10.1111/j.1741-2358.2011.00595.x
– volume: 2
  year: 2017
  ident: B211
  article-title: Continental-scale pollution of estuaries with antibiotic resistance genes.
  publication-title: Nat. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.270
– volume: 154
  start-page: S155
  year: 1996
  ident: B44
  article-title: Receptors in the Pseudomonas aeruginosa adherence to injured and repairing airway epithelium.
  publication-title: Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
  doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/154.4_pt_2.s155
– volume: 38
  start-page: 924
  year: 1993
  ident: B46
  article-title: Phylogenetic diversity of aggregate attached vs. free-living marine bacterial assemblages.
  publication-title: Limnol. Oceanogr.
  doi: 10.4319/lo.1993.38.5.0924
– volume: 12
  start-page: 424
  year: 2004
  ident: B5
  article-title: Intracellular bacterial communities of uropathogenic Escherichia coli in urinary tract pathogenesis.
  publication-title: Trends Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2004.07.005
– volume: 33
  start-page: 157
  year: 2000
  ident: B20
  article-title: Characterization of the microbial community of lotic organic aggregates (‘river snow’) in the Elbe River of Germany by cultivation and molecular methods.
  publication-title: FEMS Microbiol. Ecol.
  doi: 10.1016/S0168-6496(00)00056-8
– volume: 99
  start-page: 425
  year: 2014
  ident: B198
  article-title: Microbial community structure and pharmaceuticals and personal care products removal in a membrane bioreactor seeded with aerobic granular sludge.
  publication-title: Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.
  doi: 10.1007/s00253-014-5984-0
– volume: 8
  start-page: 200
  year: 2006
  ident: B40
  article-title: daime, a novel image analysis program for microbial ecology and biofilm research.
  publication-title: Environ. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00880.x
– volume: 102
  start-page: 5005
  year: 2018
  ident: B192
  article-title: The mechanisms of granulation of activated sludge in wastewater treatment, its optimization, and impact on effluent quality.
  publication-title: Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.
  doi: 10.1007/s00253-018-8990-9
– volume: 75
  start-page: 7173
  ident: B38
  article-title: Comparison of bacterioneuston and bacterioplankton dynamics during a phytoplankton bloom in a fjord mesocosm.
  publication-title: Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1128/AEM.01374-09
– volume: 8
  year: 2017
  ident: B177
  article-title: Microbial population dynamics and ecosystem functions of anoxic/aerobic granular sludge in sequencing batch reactors operated at different organic loading rates.
  publication-title: Front. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00770
– volume: 30
  year: 2011
  ident: B135
  article-title: Microtiter dish biofilm formation assay.
  publication-title: J. Vis. Exp.
  doi: 10.3791/2437
– volume: 9
  year: 2019
  ident: B26
  article-title: A novel application of Gini coefficient for the quantitative measurement of bacterial aggregation.
  publication-title: Sci. Rep.
  doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-55567-z
– volume: 15
  year: 2019
  ident: B120
  article-title: Bacterial fitness in chronic wounds appears to be mediated by the capacity for high-density growth, not virulence or biofilm functions.
  publication-title: PLoS Pathog.
  doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007511
– volume: 28
  start-page: 882
  year: 2010
  ident: B161
  article-title: Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of microbial aggregates in biological wastewater treatment systems: a review.
  publication-title: Biotechnol. Adv.
  doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.08.001
– volume: 192
  start-page: 99
  year: 1997
  ident: B79
  article-title: The type-4 pilus is the major virulence-associated adhesin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa - a review.
  publication-title: Gene
  doi: 10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00116-9
– volume: 65
  start-page: 127
  year: 2012
  ident: B80
  article-title: Towards diagnostic guidelines for biofilm-associated infections.
  publication-title: FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2012.00968.x
– volume: 9
  year: 2018
  ident: B117
  article-title: Tetracycline-inactivating enzymes.
  publication-title: Front. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01058
– volume: 45
  start-page: 3351
  year: 2011
  ident: B174
  article-title: Municipal wastewater treatment and biomass accumulation with a wastewater-born and settleable algal-bacterial culture.
  publication-title: Water Res.
  doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.03.046
– volume: 49
  start-page: 51
  year: 2004
  ident: B128
  article-title: Bacterial composition of activated sludge - Importance for floc and sludge properties.
  publication-title: Water Sci. Technol.
  doi: 10.2166/wst.2004.0606
– volume: 8
  year: 2017
  ident: B42
  article-title: Phage inhibit pathogen dissemination by targeting bacterial migrants in a chronic infection model.
  publication-title: mBio
  doi: 10.1128/mBio.00240-17
– volume: 5
  year: 2014
  ident: B61
  article-title: The extracellular matrix of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms comprises cytoplasmic proteins that associate with the cell surface in response to decreasing pH.
  publication-title: mBio
  doi: 10.1128/mBio.01667-14
– volume: 10
  year: 2019
  ident: B72
  article-title: The antimicrobial peptide lin-SB056-1 and its dendrimeric derivative prevent Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation in physiologically relevant models of chronic infections.
  publication-title: Front. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00198
– volume: 9
  year: 2018
  ident: B1
  article-title: Bacterial abundance and community composition in pond water from shrimp aquaculture systems with different stocking densities.
  publication-title: Front. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02457
– volume: 4
  year: 2007
  ident: B150
  article-title: Detection of intracellular bacterial communities in human urinary tract infection.
  publication-title: PLoS Med.
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040329
– volume: 9
  year: 2018
  ident: B124
  article-title: Sewage sludge microbial structures and relations to their sources, treatments, and chemical attributes.
  publication-title: Front. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01462
– volume: 6
  start-page: 3071
  ident: B133
  article-title: Effects of ultraviolet B radiation on (not so) transparent exopolymer particles.
  publication-title: Biogeosciences
  doi: 10.5194/bg-6-3071-2009
– volume: 6
  start-page: 1137
  year: 2012
  ident: B206
  article-title: 454 Pyrosequencing reveals bacterial diversity of activated sludge from 14 sewage treatment plants.
  publication-title: ISME J.
  doi: 10.1038/ismej.2011.188
– volume: 29
  start-page: 239
  year: 1935
  ident: B215
  article-title: The significance of marine bacteria in the fouling of submerged surfaces.
  publication-title: J. Bacteriol.
  doi: 10.1128/JB.29.3.239-251.1935
– volume: 69
  start-page: 4572
  year: 2001
  ident: B122
  article-title: Establishment of a persistent Escherichia coli reservoir during the acute phase of a bladder infection.
  publication-title: Infect. Immun.
  doi: 10.1128/IAI.69.7.4572-4579.2001
– volume: 189
  start-page: 9
  year: 1999
  ident: B171
  article-title: Production of exopolymer particles by marine bacterioplankton under contrasting turbulence conditions.
  publication-title: Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.
  doi: 10.3354/meps189009
– volume: 1
  start-page: 1075
  year: 2017
  ident: B121
  article-title: Sticking together: inter-species aggregation of bacteria isolated from iron snow is controlled by chemical signaling.
  publication-title: ISME J.
  doi: 10.1038/ismej.2016.186
– volume: 52
  start-page: 9
  year: 2005
  ident: B78
  article-title: Bioflocculent algal-bacterial biomass improves low-cost wastewater treatment.
  publication-title: Water Sci. Technol.
  doi: 10.2166/wst.2005.0415
– volume: 79
  start-page: 4272
  year: 2013
  ident: B111
  article-title: Insights into the structure and metabolic function of microbes that shape pelagic iron-rich aggregates (‘Iron snow’).
  publication-title: Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1128/AEM.00467-13
– volume: 5
  start-page: 693
  year: 2008
  ident: B130
  article-title: Biochemical characteristics and bacterial community structure of the sea surface microlayer in the South Pacific Ocean.
  publication-title: Biogeosciences
  doi: 10.5194/bg-5-693-2008
– volume: 68
  start-page: 4111
  year: 2002
  ident: B71
  article-title: Possible quorum sensing in marine snow bacteria: production of acylated homoserine lactones by Roseobacter strains isolated from marine snow.
  publication-title: Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1128/AEM.68.8.4111-4116.2002
– volume: 10
  year: 2010
  ident: B45
  article-title: Pseudomonas aeruginosa cystic fibrosis isolates of similar RAPD genotype exhibit diversity in biofilm forming ability in vitro.
  publication-title: BMC Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-38
– volume: 9
  year: 2018
  ident: B53
  article-title: Microscale ecology regulates particulate organic matter turnover in model marine microbial communities.
  publication-title: Nat. Commun
  doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-05159-8
– volume: 15
  start-page: 115
  ident: B74
  article-title: Significance of limnetic organic aggregates (lake snow) for the sinking flux of particulate organic matter in a large lake.
  publication-title: Aquat. Microb. Ecol.
  doi: 10.3354/ame015115
– volume: 104
  start-page: 1
  year: 2012
  ident: B183
  article-title: Phytoplankton community dynamics during late spring coccolithophore blooms at the continental margin of the Celtic Sea (North East Atlantic, 2006-2008).
  publication-title: Prog. Oceanogr.
  doi: 10.1016/j.pocean.2012.04.016
– volume: 55
  start-page: 287
  ident: B138
  article-title: Transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) in aquatic environments.
  publication-title: Prog. Oceanogr.
  doi: 10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00138-6
– volume: 65
  start-page: 205
  year: 1990
  ident: B163
  article-title: Bacterial carbon dynamics on marine snow.
  publication-title: Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.
  doi: 10.3354/meps065205
– volume: 59
  start-page: 526
  year: 2009
  ident: B159
  article-title: Zoogloea caeni sp. nov., a floc-forming bacterium isolated from activated sludge.
  publication-title: Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.65670-0
– volume: 21
  start-page: 466
  year: 2013
  ident: B18
  article-title: The in vivo biofilm.
  publication-title: Trends Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2013.06.002
– volume: 372
  start-page: 537
  year: 1994
  ident: B119
  article-title: Carbon-cycle imbalances in the Sargasso Sea.
  publication-title: Nature
  doi: 10.1038/372537a0
– volume: 62
  start-page: 1998
  year: 1996
  ident: B188
  article-title: Identification in situ and dynamics of bacteria on limnetic organic aggregates (lake snow).
  publication-title: Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1128/AEM.62.6.1998-2005.1996
– volume: 7
  start-page: 210
  year: 2013
  ident: B27
  article-title: Bacterial diversity, community structure and potential growth rates along an estuarine salinity gradient.
  publication-title: ISME J.
  doi: 10.1038/ismej.2012.93
– volume: 27
  start-page: 619
  year: 1985
  ident: B126
  article-title: Tobramycin resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells growing as a biofilm on urinary catheter material.
  publication-title: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
  doi: 10.1128/AAC.27.4.619
– volume: 6
  start-page: 101
  year: 2004
  ident: B98
  article-title: On the effect of surface gravity waves on mixing in the oceanic mixed layer.
  publication-title: Ocean Model.
  doi: 10.1016/S1463-5003(02)00062-8
– volume: 37
  start-page: 75
  year: 2015
  ident: B160
  article-title: An auto-flocculation strategy for Chlorella vulgaris.
  publication-title: Biotechnol. Lett.
  doi: 10.1007/s10529-014-1655-6
– volume: 44
  start-page: 5070
  year: 2010
  ident: B127
  article-title: A conceptual ecosystem model of microbial communities in enhanced biological phosphorus removal plants.
  publication-title: Water Res.
  doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.07.036
– volume: 49
  start-page: 741
  year: 2004
  ident: B12
  article-title: Ascending marine particles: significance of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) in the upper ocean.
  publication-title: Limnol. Oceanogr
  doi: 10.4319/lo.2004.49.3.0741
– volume: 43
  start-page: 5247
  year: 2005
  ident: B108
  article-title: Heterogeneity of biofilms formed by nonmucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from patients with cystic fibrosis.
  publication-title: J. Clin. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1128/JCM.43.10.5247-5255.2005
– volume: 36
  start-page: 313
  year: 1997
  ident: B164
  article-title: Characterization of activated sludge flocs structure.
  publication-title: Water Sci. Technol.
  doi: 10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00447-2
– volume: 4
  start-page: 433
  year: 2007
  ident: B155
  article-title: Modelling carbon overconsumption and the formation of extracellular particulate organic carbon.
  publication-title: Biogeosciences
  doi: 10.5194/bg-4-433-2007
– volume: 29
  start-page: 1840
  year: 2013
  ident: B131
  article-title: TANGO: a generic tool for high-throughput 3D image analysis for studying nuclear organization.
  publication-title: Bioinformatics
  doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btt276
– volume: 8
  year: 2017
  ident: B203
  article-title: Variations of the organic matter composition in the sea surface microlayer: a comparison between open ocean, coastal, and upwelling sites off the Peruvian coast.
  publication-title: Front. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02369
– volume: 30
  start-page: 1409
  year: 1933
  ident: B214
  article-title: Attachment of marine bacteria to submerged slides.
  publication-title: Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.
  doi: 10.3181/00379727-30-6954
– volume: 56
  start-page: 1386
  year: 2011
  ident: B145
  article-title: Pelagic boundary conditions affect the biological formation of iron-rich particles (iron snow) and their microbial communities.
  publication-title: Limnol. Oceanogr.
  doi: 10.4319/lo.2011.56.4.1386
– volume: 9
  year: 2014
  ident: B25
  article-title: Bacterial community composition of size-fractioned aggregates within the phycosphere of cyanobacterial blooms in a eutrophic freshwater lake.
  publication-title: PLoS One
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102879
– volume: 77
  start-page: 3726
  year: 2011
  ident: B172
  article-title: Bacterioneuston community structure in the southern baltic sea and its dependence on meteorological conditions.
  publication-title: Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1128/AEM.00042-11
– volume: 8
  start-page: 18284
  year: 2018
  ident: B185
  article-title: Removal of tetracycline by aerobic granular sludge and its bacterial community dynamics in SBR.
  publication-title: RSC Adv.
  doi: 10.1039/c8ra01357h
– volume: 35
  start-page: 233
  year: 2011
  ident: B37
  article-title: Microbiology of aquatic surface microlayers.
  publication-title: FEMS Microbiol. Rev.
  doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00246.x
– volume: 59
  start-page: e158
  year: 2014
  ident: B147
  article-title: Intracellular bacteria in the pathogenesis of Escherichia coli urinary tract infection in children.
  publication-title: Clin. Infect. Dis.
  doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu634
– year: 2019
  ident: B81
  article-title: BiofilmQ, a software tool for quantitative image analysis of microbial biofilm communities.
  publication-title: bioRxiv
  doi: 10.1101/735423
– year: 2016
  ident: B56
  article-title: The perfect slime: microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS)
  publication-title: Water Intelligence Online
  doi: 10.2166/9781780407425
– volume: 7
  year: 2016
  ident: B31
  article-title: Metabolic requirements of Escherichia coli in intracellular bacterial communities during urinary tract infection pathogenesis.
  publication-title: mBio
  doi: 10.1128/mBio.00104-16
– volume: 37
  start-page: 3632
  year: 2003
  ident: B191
  article-title: Impacts of structural characteristics on activated sludge floc stability.
  publication-title: Water Res.
  doi: 10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00291-4
– volume: 95
  start-page: 221
  year: 2003
  ident: B93
  article-title: A comprehensive insight into floc characteristics and their impact on compressibility and settleability of activated sludge.
  publication-title: Chem. Eng. J.
  doi: 10.1016/S1385-8947(03)00108-6
– volume: 69
  start-page: 6056
  year: 2003
  ident: B114
  article-title: Coaggregation among nonflocculating bacteria isolated from activated sludge.
  publication-title: Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1128/AEM.69.10.6056-6063.2003
– volume: 13
  start-page: 730
  year: 2017
  ident: B137
  article-title: Plasticity, dynamics, and inhibition of emerging tetracycline resistance enzymes.
  publication-title: Nat. Chem. Biol.
  doi: 10.1038/nchembio.2376
– volume: 73
  start-page: 8298
  year: 2005
  ident: B65
  article-title: Pseudomonas aeruginosa acquires biofilm-like properties within airway epithelial cells.
  publication-title: Infect. Immun.
  doi: 10.1128/IAI.73.12.8298-8305.2005
– volume: 67
  start-page: 303
  year: 2016
  ident: B76
  article-title: Ralstonia insidiosa induces cell aggregation of Listeria monocytogenes.
  publication-title: Food Control
  doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.03.006
– volume: 470
  start-page: 249
  year: 2012
  ident: B140
  article-title: The biological pump in a high CO2 world.
  publication-title: Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.
  doi: 10.3354/meps09985
– volume: 60
  start-page: 3072
  year: 1992
  ident: B54
  article-title: A 66-kilodalton heat shock protein of Salmonella typhimurium is responsible for binding of the bacterium to intestinal mucus.
  publication-title: Infect. Immun.
  doi: 10.1128/IAI.60.8.3072-3078.1992
– volume: 6
  year: 2011
  ident: B3
  article-title: Phenotypes of non-attached Pseudomonas aeruginosa aggregates resemble surface attached biofilm.
  publication-title: PLoS One
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027943
– volume: 113
  start-page: 13833
  year: 2016
  ident: B15
  article-title: Gram-positive bacteria are held at a distance in the colon mucus by the lectin-like protein ZG16.
  publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.1611400113
– volume: 4
  year: 2017
  ident: B49
  article-title: The ocean’s vital skin: toward an integrated understanding of the sea surface microlayer.
  publication-title: Front. Mar. Sci.
  doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00165
– volume: 5
  year: 2014
  ident: B189
  article-title: Oxygen limitation within a bacterial aggregate.
  publication-title: mBio
  doi: 10.1128/mBio.00992-14
– volume: 100
  start-page: 231
  year: 2008
  ident: B100
  article-title: Monovalent cations and their influence on activated sludge floc chemistry, structure, and physical characteristics.
  publication-title: Biotechnol. Bioeng.
  doi: 10.1002/bit.21755
– volume: 74
  start-page: 1517
  year: 2008
  ident: B107
  article-title: Amyloid-like adhesins produced by floc-forming and filamentous bacteria in activated sludge.
  publication-title: Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1128/AEM.02274-07
– volume: 32
  start-page: 197
  year: 2017
  ident: B89
  article-title: Effect of salivary agglutination on oral streptococcal clearance by human polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes.
  publication-title: Mol. Oral Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1111/omi.12164
– volume: 38
  start-page: 135
  year: 2005
  ident: B9
  article-title: Patterns of extracellular enzyme activities among pelagic marine microbial communities: implications for cycling of dissolved organic carbon.
  publication-title: Aquat. Microb. Ecol.
  doi: 10.3354/ame038135
– volume: 76
  start-page: 792
  year: 2012
  ident: B170
  article-title: Ecology and physics of bacterial chemotaxis in the Ocean.
  publication-title: Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev.
  doi: 10.1128/mmbr.00029-12
– volume: 9
  start-page: 165
  year: 2001
  ident: B39
  article-title: Characterisation of activated sludge by automated image analysis.
  publication-title: Biochem. Eng. J.
  doi: 10.1016/S1369-703X(01)00138-3
– volume: 5
  year: 2009
  ident: B112
  article-title: Assembly and development of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm matrix.
  publication-title: PLoS Pathog.
  doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000354
– volume: 8
  start-page: 245
  year: 2014
  ident: B178
  article-title: Seasonal microbial community dynamics correlate with phytoplankton-derived polysaccharides in surface coastal waters.
  publication-title: ISME J.
  doi: 10.1038/ismej.2013.178
– volume: 33
  start-page: 391
  year: 1999
  ident: B190
  article-title: Effect of dissolved oxygen concentration on the structure, size and size distribution of activated sludge flocs.
  publication-title: Doktorsavhandlingar Chalmers Tek. Hogsk.
  doi: 10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00208-5
– volume: 20
  year: 2019
  ident: B201
  article-title: Biofilms: the microbial “protective clothing” in extreme environments.
  publication-title: Int. J. Mol. Sci.
  doi: 10.3390/ijms20143423
– volume: 48
  start-page: 204
  year: 1985
  ident: B69
  article-title: A comparison of bacterial aggregation induced by saliva, lysozyme, and zinc.
  publication-title: Infect. Immun.
  doi: 10.1128/IAI.48.1.204-210.1985
– volume: 79
  start-page: 4250
  year: 2011
  ident: B157
  article-title: Population dynamics and niche distribution of uropathogenic Escherichia coli during acute and chronic urinary tract infection.
  publication-title: Infect. Immun.
  doi: 10.1128/IAI.05339-11
– volume: 62
  start-page: 453
  year: 2018
  ident: B142
  article-title: Antibiotic resistance along an urban river impacted by treated wastewaters.
  publication-title: Sci. Total Environ.
  doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.083
– volume: 51
  start-page: 83
  year: 2004
  ident: B48
  article-title: Distribution of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) in the northeast Atlantic Ocean and their potential significance for aggregation processes.
  publication-title: Deep. Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap.
  doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2003.09.001
– volume: 15
  start-page: 127
  ident: B75
  article-title: Bacterial colonization and microbial decomposition of limnetic organic aggregates (lake snow).
  publication-title: Aquat. Microb. Ecol.
  doi: 10.3354/ame015127
– volume: 110
  start-page: 89
  year: 2008
  ident: B196
  article-title: The gelatinous nature of the sea-surface microlayer.
  publication-title: Mar. Chem.
  doi: 10.1016/j.marchem.2008.02.009
– volume: 14
  start-page: 120
  year: 2008
  ident: B28
  article-title: Airway epithelial control of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis.
  publication-title: Trends Mol. Med.
  doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2008.01.002
– volume: 43
  start-page: 479
  year: 2015
  ident: B70
  article-title: Antibiotic pollution in the environment: a review.
  publication-title: Clean Soil Air Water
  doi: 10.1002/clen.201300989
– volume: 4
  year: 2017
  ident: B23
  article-title: Bacterial colonization and vertical distribution of marine gel particles (TEP and CSP) in the arctic Fram Strait.
  publication-title: Front. Mar. Sci.
  doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00166
– volume: 57
  start-page: 1968
  year: 2013
  ident: B154
  article-title: Staphylococcus aureus biofilms promote horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance.
  publication-title: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
  doi: 10.1128/AAC.02008-12
– volume: 81
  start-page: 211
  year: 2015
  ident: B96
  article-title: Embedded biofilm, a new biofilm model based on the embedded growth of bacteria.
  publication-title: Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1128/AEM.02311-14
– volume: 17
  start-page: 247
  year: 2019
  ident: B57
  article-title: Bacteria and archaea on Earth and their abundance in biofilms.
  publication-title: Nat. Rev. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1038/s41579-019-0158-9
– volume: 4
  start-page: 140
  year: 2018
  ident: B181
  article-title: Bacterial autoaggregation.
  publication-title: AIMS Microbiol.
  doi: 10.3934/microbiol.2018.1.140
– volume: 13
  start-page: 989
  year: 2016
  ident: B50
  article-title: The organic sea-surface microlayer in the upwelling region off the coast of Peru and potential implications for air-sea exchange processes.
  publication-title: Biogeosciences
  doi: 10.5194/bg-13-989-2016
– volume: 59
  start-page: 1089
  year: 2010
  ident: B63
  article-title: Gene expression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a mucin-containing synthetic growth medium mimicking cystic fibrosis lung sputum.
  publication-title: J. Med. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.019984-0
– volume: 3
  start-page: 17
  year: 2010
  ident: B167
  article-title: Amino acids enhance adaptive behaviour of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the Cystic Fibrosis lung environment.
  publication-title: Microbiol. Insights
  doi: 10.4137/mbi.s4694
– volume: 99
  start-page: 8285
  year: 2015
  ident: B91
  article-title: Cells of Escherichia coli are protected against severe chemical stress by co-habiting cell aggregates formed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
  publication-title: Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.
  doi: 10.1007/s00253-015-6726-7
– volume: 27
  start-page: 190
  year: 2017
  ident: B8
  article-title: Influence of solar irradiance levels on the formation of microalgae-bacteria aggregates for municipal wastewater treatment.
  publication-title: Algal Res.
  doi: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.09.011
– volume: 10
  start-page: 213
  year: 1996
  ident: B110
  article-title: Abundant protein-containing particles in the sea.
  publication-title: Aquat. Microb. Ecol.
  doi: 10.3354/ame010213
– volume: 25
  start-page: 1655
  year: 2018
  ident: B176
  article-title: Performance and microbial characteristics of biomass in a full-scale aerobic granular sludge wastewater treatment plant.
  publication-title: Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res.
  doi: 10.1007/s11356-017-0615-9
– volume: 65
  start-page: 183
  year: 2012
  ident: B113
  article-title: The interconnection between biofilm formation and horizontal gene transfer.
  publication-title: FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2012.00960.x
– volume: 115
  start-page: 10780
  year: 2018
  ident: B158
  article-title: Entropically driven aggregation of bacteria by host polymers promotes antibiotic tolerance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
  publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.1806005115
– volume: 27
  start-page: 829
  year: 1993
  ident: B182
  article-title: Bioflocculation in activated sludge: an analytic approach.
  publication-title: Water Res.
  doi: 10.1016/0043-1354(93)90147-A
– volume: 16
  start-page: 621
  year: 2018
  ident: B16
  article-title: An updated method for the calibration of transparent exopolymer particle measurements.
  publication-title: Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods
  doi: 10.1002/lom3.10268
– volume: 83
  year: 2017
  ident: B165
  article-title: Pseudomonas aeruginosa aggregate formation in an alginate bead Model system exhibits in vivo-like characteristics.
  publication-title: Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1128/aem.00113-17
– volume: 116
  year: 2011
  ident: B197
  article-title: Production and fate of transparent exopolymer particles in the ocean.
  publication-title: J. Geophys. Res. Ocean
  doi: 10.1029/2011JC007342
– volume: 8
  start-page: 713
  year: 2002
  ident: B11
  article-title: Antibiotic resistance of gram-negative bacteria in rivers, United States.
  publication-title: Emerg. Infect. Dis.
  doi: 10.3201/eid0807.010264
– volume: 41
  start-page: 101
  year: 2004
  ident: B199
  article-title: Human salivary aggregation in Streptococcus intermedius type g strains: relationship with IgA.
  publication-title: FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.femsim.2004.01.008
– volume: 25
  start-page: 653
  year: 1980
  ident: B94
  article-title: Organic particle and aggregate formation resulting from the dissolution of bubbles in seawater.
  publication-title: Limnol. Oceanogr.
  doi: 10.4319/lo.1980.25.4.0653
– volume: 84
  start-page: 144
  year: 2019
  ident: B202
  article-title: Strategies to improve aerobic granular sludge stability and nitrogen removal based on feeding mode and substrate.
  publication-title: J. Environ. Sci. (China)
  doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.04.006
– volume: 101
  start-page: 1333
  year: 2004
  ident: B97
  article-title: Differentiation and developmental pathways of uropathogenic Escherichia coli in urinary tract pathogenesis.
  publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.0308125100
– volume: 43
  start-page: 1860
  year: 1998
  ident: B209
  article-title: The role of surface-active carbohydrates in the formation of transparent exopolymer particles by bubble adsorption of seawater.
  publication-title: Limnol. Oceanogr.
  doi: 10.4319/lo.1998.43.8.1860
– volume: 37
  start-page: 2271
  year: 2014
  ident: B118
  article-title: The effects of temperature and light intensity on growth, reproduction and EPS synthesis of a thermophilic strain related to the genus Graesiella.
  publication-title: Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng.
  doi: 10.1007/s00449-014-1204-7
– volume: 71
  start-page: 324
  year: 1936
  ident: B216
  article-title: Observations on the multiplication of bacteria in different volumes of stored sea water and the influence of oxygen tension and solid surfaces.
  publication-title: Biol. Bull.
  doi: 10.2307/1537438
– volume: 28
  start-page: 858
  year: 1983
  ident: B103
  article-title: The production of bacteria attached to particles suspended in a freshwater pond.
  publication-title: Limnol. Oceanogr.
  doi: 10.4319/lo.1983.28.5.0858
– volume: 46
  start-page: 31
  year: 2007
  ident: B175
  article-title: Bacterial contributions to formation of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and seasonal trends in coastal waters of Sagami Bay.
  publication-title: Japan. Aquat. Microb. Ecol.
  doi: 10.3354/ame046031
– volume: 94
  start-page: 367
  year: 2013
  ident: B207
  article-title: A simple method for quantifying biomass cell and polymer distribution in biofilms.
  publication-title: J. Microbiol. Methods
  doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2013.07.022
– volume: 146
  start-page: 2395
  year: 2000
  ident: B85
  article-title: Quantification of biofilm structures by the novel computer program COMSTAT.
  publication-title: Microbiology
  doi: 10.1099/00221287-146-10-2395
– volume: 21
  start-page: 327
  year: 2001
  ident: B141
  article-title: The origin of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and their role in the sedimentation of particulate matter.
  publication-title: Cont. Shelf Res.
  doi: 10.1016/S0278-4343(00)00101-1
– volume: 14
  start-page: 20
  year: 2015
  ident: B47
  article-title: Gut biogeography of the bacterial microbiota.
  publication-title: Nat. Rev. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1038/nrmicro3552
– volume: 151
  start-page: 13
  year: 2017
  ident: B116
  article-title: Transparent exopolymer particles: effects on carbon cycling in the ocean.
  publication-title: Prog. Oceanogr
  doi: 10.1016/j.pocean.2016.11.002
– volume: 44
  start-page: 3807
  year: 2010
  ident: B59
  article-title: Direct quantification of bacterial biomass in influent, effluent and activated sludge of wastewater treatment plants by using flow cytometry.
  publication-title: Water Res.
  doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.04.027
– volume: 65
  start-page: 3192
  year: 1999
  ident: B34
  article-title: Phylogenetic analysis of particle-attached and free-living bacterial communities in the Columbia River, its estuary, and the adjacent coastal ocean.
  publication-title: Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1128/AEM.65.7.3192-3204.1999
– volume: 78
  start-page: 174
  year: 2018
  ident: B60
  article-title: Enhanced nitrogen removal and energy saving in a microalgal-bacterial consortium treating real municipal wastewater.
  publication-title: Water Sci. Technol.
  doi: 10.2166/wst.2018.094
– volume: 7
  start-page: 723
  year: 2005
  ident: B62
  article-title: Bacterial diversity in the bacterioneuston (sea surface microlayer): the bacterioneuston through the looking glass.
  publication-title: Environ. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2004.00736.x
– volume: 54
  start-page: 667
  year: 2005
  ident: B168
  article-title: Microcolony formation: a novel biofilm model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa for the cystic fibrosis lung.
  publication-title: J. Med. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.45969-0
– volume: 68
  start-page: 927
  year: 1996
  ident: B153
  article-title: Synthetic sludge: a physical/chemical model in understanding bioflocculation.
  publication-title: Water Environ. Res.
  doi: 10.2175/106143096x127938
– volume: 4
  year: 2009
  ident: B156
  article-title: Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 preferentially grows as aggregates in liquid batch cultures and disperses upon starvation.
  publication-title: PLoS One
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005513
– volume: 5
  start-page: 3705
  year: 2008
  ident: B66
  article-title: Wastewater Treatment Models.
  publication-title: Encycl. Ecol.
  doi: 10.1016/b978-008045405-4.00828-4
– volume: 14
  year: 2019
  ident: B68
  article-title: Equine or porcine synovial fluid as a novel ex vivo model for the study of bacterial free-floating biofilms that form in human joint infections.
  publication-title: PLoS One
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221012
– volume: 151
  start-page: 383
  year: 2014
  ident: B184
  article-title: Floc characteristics of Chlorella vulgaris: influence of flocculation mode and presence of organic matter.
  publication-title: Bioresour. Technol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.09.112
– volume: 20
  start-page: 185
  year: 1990
  ident: B146
  article-title: Bacterial aggregation in sepsis.
  publication-title: Curr. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1007/BF02091995
– volume: 27
  start-page: 1707
  year: 1993
  ident: B7
  article-title: Physical and chemical properties of activated sludge floc.
  publication-title: Water Res.
  doi: 10.1016/0043-1354(93)90107-S
– volume: 254
  year: 2019
  ident: B129
  article-title: Freshwater environments as reservoirs of antibiotic resistant bacteria and their role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes.
  publication-title: Environ. Pollut.
  doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113067
– volume: 3
  start-page: 1001
  year: 2009
  ident: B35
  article-title: The sea-surface microlayer is a gelatinous biofilm.
  publication-title: ISME J.
  doi: 10.1038/ismej.2009.69
– volume: 214
  start-page: 1
  year: 2016
  ident: B83
  article-title: Microbial population dynamics during sludge granulation in an A/O/A sequencing batch reactor.
  publication-title: Bioresour. Technol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.088
– volume: 236
  start-page: 1
  ident: B139
  article-title: Production of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) by phyto- and bacterioplankton.
  publication-title: Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.
  doi: 10.3354/meps236001
– volume: 202
  start-page: 131
  year: 2013
  ident: B187
  article-title: Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms perturb wound resolution and antibiotic tolerance in diabetic mice.
  publication-title: Med. Microbiol. Immunol.
  doi: 10.1007/s00430-012-0277-7
– volume: 55
  start-page: 277
  year: 1989
  ident: B106
  article-title: Aggregation of 27 oral bacteria by human whole saliva.
  publication-title: Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek
  doi: 10.1007/bf00393856
– volume: 247
  start-page: 1128
  year: 2018
  ident: B123
  article-title: Aerobic granular sludge technology: mechanisms of granulation and biotechnological applications.
  publication-title: Bioresour. Technol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.131
– volume: 428
  start-page: 929
  year: 2004
  ident: B52
  article-title: Polysaccharide aggregation as a potential sink of marine dissolved organic carbon.
  publication-title: Nature
  doi: 10.1038/nature02453
– volume: 363
  start-page: 248
  year: 1993
  ident: B152
  article-title: Elevated consumption of carbon relative to nitrogen in the surface ocean.
  publication-title: Nature
  doi: 10.1038/363248a0
– volume: 13
  start-page: 1085
  year: 2015
  ident: B101
  article-title: Antibiotic resistance among aquatic bacteria in natural freshwater environments of Korea.
  publication-title: J. Water Health
  doi: 10.2166/wh.2015.032
– volume: 108
  start-page: 121
  year: 1983
  ident: B162
  article-title: Microbiological and organic-chemical processes in the surface and mixed layers.
  publication-title: Airsea Exch. Gases Part
  doi: 10.1007/978-94-009-7169-1_3
– volume: 46
  start-page: 2717
  year: 2008
  ident: B104
  article-title: Distribution, organization, and ecology of bacteria in chronic wounds.
  publication-title: J. Clin. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1128/JCM.00501-08
– volume: 28
  start-page: 309
  year: 1983
  ident: B67
  article-title: Characterization of seawater organic matter carried by bubble-generated aerosols.
  publication-title: Limnol. Oceanogr.
  doi: 10.4319/lo.1983.28.2.0309
– volume: 21
  start-page: 85
  year: 2000
  ident: B125
  article-title: In situ cell and glycoconjugate distribution in river snow studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy.
  publication-title: Aquat. Microb. Ecol.
  doi: 10.3354/ame021085
– volume: 100
  start-page: 8213
  year: 2016
  ident: B186
  article-title: Removal of pharmaceuticals from synthetic wastewater in an aerobic granular sludge membrane bioreactor and determination of the bioreactor microbial diversity.
  publication-title: Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.
  doi: 10.1007/s00253-016-7577-6
– year: 2010
  ident: B17
  publication-title: Wastewater Microbiology
  doi: 10.1002/9780470901243
– volume: 16
  start-page: 339
  year: 2018
  ident: B58
  article-title: Embedding and slicing of intact in situ collected marine snow.
  publication-title: Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods
  doi: 10.1002/lom3.10251
– volume: 189
  start-page: 812
  year: 2014
  ident: B169
  article-title: Conditions associated with the cystic fibrosis defect promote chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.
  publication-title: Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
  doi: 10.1164/rccm.201312-2142OC
– volume: 41
  start-page: 349
  year: 2019
  ident: B22
  article-title: Enhanced formation of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) under turbulence during phytoplankton growth.
  publication-title: J. Plankton Res.
  doi: 10.1093/plankt/fbz018
– volume: 5
  year: 2014
  ident: B32
  article-title: Antibiotics promote aggregation within aquatic bacterial communities.
  publication-title: Front. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00297
– volume: 6
  year: 2011
  ident: B41
  article-title: An in vivo polymicrobial biofilm wound infection model to study interspecies interactions.
  publication-title: PLoS One
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027317
– volume: 116
  start-page: 60
  year: 2018
  ident: B200
  article-title: Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in global lakes: a review and meta-analysis.
  publication-title: Environ. Int
  doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.04.011
– volume: 84
  start-page: 202
  year: 2009
  ident: B10
  article-title: Enzyme activities in the water column and in shallow permeable sediments from the northeastern Gulf of Mexico.
  publication-title: Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci.
  doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2009.06.018
– volume: 14
  start-page: 8291
  year: 2019
  ident: B4
  article-title: Importance of species sorting and immigration on the bacterial assembly of different-sized aggregates in a full-scale aerobic granular sludge Plant.
  publication-title: Environ. Sci. Technol.
  doi: 10.1021/acs.est.8b07303
– volume: 6
  year: 2015
  ident: B205
  article-title: Functional bacterial amyloid increases Pseudomonas biofilm hydrophobicity and stiffness.
  publication-title: Front. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01099
– volume: 54
  start-page: 1425
  year: 2002
  ident: B82
  article-title: Anaerobic metabolism and quorum sensing by Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in chronically infected cystic fibrosis airways: rethinking antibiotic treatment strategies and drug targets.
  publication-title: Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.
  doi: 10.1016/S0169-409X(02)00152-7
– volume: 131
  start-page: 195
  year: 2013
  ident: B109
  article-title: Microalgae-associated bacteria play a key role in the flocculation of Chlorella vulgaris.
  publication-title: Bioresour. Technol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.130
– volume: 12
  start-page: 465
  year: 2014
  ident: B6
  article-title: Microbiological effects of sublethal levels of antibiotics.
  publication-title: Nat. Rev. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1038/nrmicro3270
– volume: 94
  year: 2018
  ident: B90
  article-title: Seasonal variations in extracellular enzymatic activity in marine snow-associated microbial communities and their impact on the surrounding water.
  publication-title: FEMS Microbiol. Ecol.
  doi: 10.1093/femsec/fiy198
SSID ssj0000402000
Score 2.50875
SecondaryResourceType review_article
Snippet Bacteria are now generally believed to adopt two main lifestyles: planktonic individuals, or surface-attached biofilms. However, in recent years medical...
SourceID doaj
pubmedcentral
proquest
pubmed
crossref
SourceType Open Website
Open Access Repository
Aggregation Database
Index Database
Enrichment Source
StartPage 557035
SubjectTerms activated sludges
bacterial aggregates
chronic infection
in vitro models
marine gel particles
marine/river/lake snow
Microbiology
SummonAdditionalLinks – databaseName: Scholars Portal Journals: Open Access
  dbid: M48
  link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV1La9tAEB7SlEIvpa-kSh-okFNBYa1dSbuFUpzSNJQkpxhyW_aZCIzcyDbU_z4zkmzqYnrqVdpFwzc7O9-spG8AjlkVY1TCZsGFmAkuyswiK8gsN4pJYRg3dA55eVWeT8TPm-JmD9btrQYA5ztLO-onNWmnJ7_vV18x4L9QxYn5Fj1QO4ulXs5OOkGp4hE8xsRUUZxeDmy_25ipVmLDu83dM7eyUyfiv4t5_v0B5R8Z6ew5PBuoZDruff8C9kLzEp70zSVXr-DH1azJ5ss2GhfS8WJBys0-Pe3VmWneLZbadIg2_5yO04mt75cY3ct5en1Xtz69qCMas5qG1zA5-3797Twb2iZkDgOKmstjTDqXcy_yGAzyM8XQVI_MNMgRL0pZRS8NiSEqFyTm8wr3uJF0ReCGGcMPYL-ZNeENpDwGW8ggRCwqEX2UTqkYBXK-aPyosAmwNVzaDZri1NpiqrG2IIR1h7AmhHWPcAKfNlN-9YIa_xp8Sj7YDCQt7O7CrL3VQ2hpZ4UjmXvHrRJlniuH5vqyGEVccFz5BD6uPagxduiFiGkC4qlzzMwFSR6yBA57j24exTkX9JdDAtWWr7ds2b7T1HedPjcy6rKU_Oh_GP8WnhIe3Qc04h3sL9pleI80aGE_dIv7AdNQB7w
  priority: 102
  providerName: Scholars Portal
Title Non-surface Attached Bacterial Aggregates: A Ubiquitous Third Lifestyle
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33343514
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2471534470
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC7746683
https://doaj.org/article/cb4c3915c3b946229c4f5d651fb3a39d
Volume 11
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV1LT9wwELYQUiUuVYGWBgoKUk-VAk5sJ3ZvuxUsQsCJlfZm-VkiodDu48C_ZyYJq12E4MIlh8RORt-MPTO28w0hP2kVY1TcZsGFmHHGy8xCVJBZZhSV3FBmcB3y-qa8GPPLiZislPrCM2EdPXAH3Kmz3CGJuWNW8bIolONR-FLkEV7HlMfZF3zeSjLVzsGYFtF-GxOyMAVqqp2FfLCgJy3rlFhzRC1f_2tB5suzkivO5_wL-dxHjemgk3abbIRmh3zq6kg-7pLRzUOTzRbTaFxIB_M5kjT7dNgRMWO_v5BV43rZ7Hc6SMe2_r-AgbyYpbd39dSnV3UEYR7vw1cyPj-7_XOR9RUSMgdjB-vIw_BzrmCeFzEYCMUUBVE9BKFB5kyUsopeGuQ9VC5IcN0VTGe5dCIwQ41h38hm89CE7yRlMVghAwd0Kx59lE6pGDmEd9H4XNiE0Ge4tOvpw7GKxb2GNAIR1i3CGhHWHcIJ-bXs8q_jznir8RB1sGyItNftDTAG3RuDfs8YEnL8rEENwwT3PkwTAE9dgBMWyG5IE7LXaXT5KcYYxx8aElKt6XpNlvUnTX3XUnFD8FyWku1_hPAHZAvxaM_K8B9kcz5dhEOIeOb2qDVuuI4mOVyvuXwCN6kBUA
linkProvider Directory of Open Access Journals
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Non-surface+Attached+Bacterial+Aggregates%3A+A+Ubiquitous+Third+Lifestyle&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+microbiology&rft.au=Yu-Ming+Cai&rft.au=Yu-Ming+Cai&rft.date=2020-12-04&rft.pub=Frontiers+Media+S.A&rft.eissn=1664-302X&rft.volume=11&rft_id=info:doi/10.3389%2Ffmicb.2020.557035&rft.externalDBID=DOA&rft.externalDocID=oai_doaj_org_article_cb4c3915c3b946229c4f5d651fb3a39d
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1664-302X&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1664-302X&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1664-302X&client=summon