Causes and Consequences of Coronavirus Spike Protein Variability

Coronaviruses are a large family of enveloped RNA viruses found in numerous animal species. They are well known for their ability to cross species barriers and have been transmitted from bats or intermediate hosts to humans on several occasions. Four of the seven human coronaviruses (hCoVs) are resp...

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Published inViruses Vol. 16; no. 2; p. 177
Main Authors Zech, Fabian, Jung, Christoph, Jacob, Timo, Kirchhoff, Frank
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland MDPI AG 25.01.2024
MDPI
Subjects
Animals
Causes of
Coronavirus 229E, Human
Coronaviruses
COVID-19
COVID-19 infection
COVID-19 vaccines
Disease resistance
Disease transmission
human population
Humans
immune evasion
Infections
Infectivity
manifestation
Middle East respiratory syndrome
Mutation
Pandemics
Pathogenicity
pathogens
Peptides
Physiological aspects
Proteins
Public health
Review
RNA
RNA viruses
Sarbecoviruses
SARS-CoV-2
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Spike
Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus - genetics
Spike protein
therapeutics
Viral proteins
Virus research
Viruses
Zoonoses
Germany
Spike
mutation
SARS-CoV-2
manifestation
immune evasion
zoonoses
Sarbecoviruses
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Abstract Coronaviruses are a large family of enveloped RNA viruses found in numerous animal species. They are well known for their ability to cross species barriers and have been transmitted from bats or intermediate hosts to humans on several occasions. Four of the seven human coronaviruses (hCoVs) are responsible for approximately 20% of common colds (hCoV-229E, -NL63, -OC43, -HKU1). Two others (SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV) cause severe and frequently lethal respiratory syndromes but have only spread to very limited extents in the human population. In contrast the most recent human hCoV, SARS-CoV-2, while exhibiting intermediate pathogenicity, has a profound impact on public health due to its enormous spread. In this review, we discuss which initial features of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and subsequent adaptations to the new human host may have helped this pathogen to cause the COVID-19 pandemic. Our focus is on host forces driving changes in the Spike protein and their consequences for virus infectivity, pathogenicity, immune evasion and resistance to preventive or therapeutic agents. In addition, we briefly address the significance and perspectives of broad-spectrum therapeutics and vaccines.
AbstractList Coronaviruses are a large family of enveloped RNA viruses found in numerous animal species. They are well known for their ability to cross species barriers and have been transmitted from bats or intermediate hosts to humans on several occasions. Four of the seven human coronaviruses (hCoVs) are responsible for approximately 20% of common colds (hCoV-229E, -NL63, -OC43, -HKU1). Two others (SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV) cause severe and frequently lethal respiratory syndromes but have only spread to very limited extents in the human population. In contrast the most recent human hCoV, SARS-CoV-2, while exhibiting intermediate pathogenicity, has a profound impact on public health due to its enormous spread. In this review, we discuss which initial features of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and subsequent adaptations to the new human host may have helped this pathogen to cause the COVID-19 pandemic. Our focus is on host forces driving changes in the Spike protein and their consequences for virus infectivity, pathogenicity, immune evasion and resistance to preventive or therapeutic agents. In addition, we briefly address the significance and perspectives of broad-spectrum therapeutics and vaccines.
Coronaviruses are a large family of enveloped RNA viruses found in numerous animal species. They are well known for their ability to cross species barriers and have been transmitted from bats or intermediate hosts to humans on several occasions. Four of the seven human coronaviruses (hCoVs) are responsible for approximately 20% of common colds (hCoV-229E, -NL63, -OC43, -HKU1). Two others (SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV) cause severe and frequently lethal respiratory syndromes but have only spread to very limited extents in the human population. In contrast the most recent human hCoV, SARS-CoV-2, while exhibiting intermediate pathogenicity, has a profound impact on public health due to its enormous spread. In this review, we discuss which initial features of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and subsequent adaptations to the new human host may have helped this pathogen to cause the COVID-19 pandemic. Our focus is on host forces driving changes in the Spike protein and their consequences for virus infectivity, pathogenicity, immune evasion and resistance to preventive or therapeutic agents. In addition, we briefly address the significance and perspectives of broad-spectrum therapeutics and vaccines.Coronaviruses are a large family of enveloped RNA viruses found in numerous animal species. They are well known for their ability to cross species barriers and have been transmitted from bats or intermediate hosts to humans on several occasions. Four of the seven human coronaviruses (hCoVs) are responsible for approximately 20% of common colds (hCoV-229E, -NL63, -OC43, -HKU1). Two others (SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV) cause severe and frequently lethal respiratory syndromes but have only spread to very limited extents in the human population. In contrast the most recent human hCoV, SARS-CoV-2, while exhibiting intermediate pathogenicity, has a profound impact on public health due to its enormous spread. In this review, we discuss which initial features of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and subsequent adaptations to the new human host may have helped this pathogen to cause the COVID-19 pandemic. Our focus is on host forces driving changes in the Spike protein and their consequences for virus infectivity, pathogenicity, immune evasion and resistance to preventive or therapeutic agents. In addition, we briefly address the significance and perspectives of broad-spectrum therapeutics and vaccines.
Audience Academic
Author Kirchhoff, Frank
Jacob, Timo
Jung, Christoph
Zech, Fabian
AuthorAffiliation 2 Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; christoph.jung@kit.edu (C.J.); timo.jacob@uni-ulm.de (T.J.)
3 Helmholtz-Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage, 89081 Ulm, Germany
4 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
1 Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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– name: 4 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
– name: 2 Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; christoph.jung@kit.edu (C.J.); timo.jacob@uni-ulm.de (T.J.)
– name: 1 Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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manifestation
immune evasion
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Snippet Coronaviruses are a large family of enveloped RNA viruses found in numerous animal species. They are well known for their ability to cross species barriers and...
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SubjectTerms Animals
Causes of
Coronavirus 229E, Human
Coronaviruses
COVID-19
COVID-19 infection
COVID-19 vaccines
Disease resistance
Disease transmission
human population
Humans
immune evasion
Infections
Infectivity
manifestation
Middle East respiratory syndrome
Mutation
Pandemics
Pathogenicity
pathogens
Peptides
Physiological aspects
Proteins
Public health
Review
RNA
RNA viruses
Sarbecoviruses
SARS-CoV-2
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Spike
Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus - genetics
Spike protein
therapeutics
Viral proteins
Virus research
Viruses
Zoonoses
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Title Causes and Consequences of Coronavirus Spike Protein Variability
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Volume 16
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