Liver Cancer Cell of Origin, Molecular Class, and Effects on Patient Prognosis

Primary liver cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide and therefore a major public health challenge. We review hypotheses of the cell of origin of liver tumorigenesis and clarify the classes of liver cancer based on molecular features and how they affect patient prognosi...

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Published inGastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943) Vol. 152; no. 4; pp. 745 - 761
Main Authors Sia, Daniela, Villanueva, Augusto, Friedman, Scott L, Llovet, Josep M
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States Elsevier Inc 01.03.2017
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Abstract Primary liver cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide and therefore a major public health challenge. We review hypotheses of the cell of origin of liver tumorigenesis and clarify the classes of liver cancer based on molecular features and how they affect patient prognosis. Primary liver cancer comprises hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA), and other rare tumors, notably fibrolamellar carcinoma and hepatoblastoma. The molecular and clinical features of HCC versus iCCA are distinct, but these conditions have overlapping risk factors and pathways of oncogenesis. A better understanding of the cell types originating liver cancer can aid in exploring molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis and therapeutic options. Molecular studies have identified adult hepatocytes as the cell of origin. These cells have been proposed to transform directly into HCC cells (via a sequence of genetic alterations), to dedifferentiate into hepatocyte precursor cells (which then become HCC cells that express progenitor cell markers), or to transdifferentiate into biliary-like cells (which give rise to iCCA). Alternatively, progenitor cells also give rise to HCCs and iCCAs with markers of progenitor cells. Advances in genome profiling and next-generation sequencing have led to the classification of HCCs based on molecular features and assigned them to categories such as proliferation–progenitor, proliferation–transforming growth factor β, and Wnt–catenin β1. iCCAs have been assigned to categories of proliferation and inflammation. Overall, proliferation subclasses are associated with a more aggressive phenotype and poor outcome of patients, although more specific signatures have refined our prognostic abilities. Analyses of genetic alterations have identified those that might be targeted therapeutically, such as fusions in the FGFR2 gene and mutations in genes encoding isocitrate dehydrogenases (in approximately 60% of iCCAs) or amplifications at 11q13 and 6p21 (in approximately 30% of HCCs). Further studies of these alterations are needed before they can be used as biomarkers in clinical decision making.
AbstractList Primary liver cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide and therefore a major public health challenge. We review hypotheses of the cell of origin of liver tumorigenesis and clarify the classes of liver cancer based on molecular features and how they affect patient prognosis. Primary liver cancer comprises hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA), and other rare tumors, notably fibrolamellar carcinoma and hepatoblastoma. The molecular and clinical features of HCC versus iCCA are distinct, but these conditions have overlapping risk factors and pathways of oncogenesis. A better understanding of the cell types originating liver cancer can aid in exploring molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis and therapeutic options. Molecular studies have identified adult hepatocytes as the cell of origin. These cells have been proposed to transform directly into HCC cells (via a sequence of genetic alterations), to dedifferentiate into hepatocyte precursor cells (which then become HCC cells that express progenitor cell markers), or to transdifferentiate into biliary-like cells (which give rise to iCCA). Alternatively, progenitor cells also give rise to HCCs and iCCAs with markers of progenitor cells. Advances in genome profiling and next-generation sequencing have led to the classification of HCCs based on molecular features and assigned them to categories such as proliferation-progenitor, proliferation-transforming growth factor β, and Wnt-catenin β1. iCCAs have been assigned to categories of proliferation and inflammation. Overall, proliferation subclasses are associated with a more aggressive phenotype and poor outcome of patients, although more specific signatures have refined our prognostic abilities. Analyses of genetic alterations have identified those that might be targeted therapeutically, such as fusions in the FGFR2 gene and mutations in genes encoding isocitrate dehydrogenases (in approximately 60% of iCCAs) or amplifications at 11q13 and 6p21 (in approximately 15% of HCCs). Further studies of these alterations are needed before they can be used as biomarkers in clinical decision making.
Primary liver cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide and therefore a major public health challenge. We review hypotheses of the cell of origin of liver tumorigenesis and clarify the classes of liver cancer based on molecular features and how they affect patient prognosis. Primary liver cancer comprises hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA), and other rare tumors, notably fibrolamellar carcinoma and hepatoblastoma. The molecular and clinical features of HCC versus iCCA are distinct, but these conditions have overlapping risk factors and pathways of oncogenesis. A better understanding of the cell types originating liver cancer can aid in exploring molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis and therapeutic options. Molecular studies have identified adult hepatocytes as the cell of origin. These cells have been proposed to transform directly into HCC cells (via a sequence of genetic alterations), to dedifferentiate into hepatocyte precursor cells (which then become HCC cells that express progenitor cell markers), or to transdifferentiate into biliary-like cells (which give rise to iCCA). Alternatively, progenitor cells also give rise to HCCs and iCCAs with markers of progenitor cells. Advances in genome profiling and next-generation sequencing have led to the classification of HCCs based on molecular features and assigned them to categories such as proliferation–progenitor, proliferation–transforming growth factor β, and Wnt–catenin β1. iCCAs have been assigned to categories of proliferation and inflammation. Overall, proliferation subclasses are associated with a more aggressive phenotype and poor outcome of patients, although more specific signatures have refined our prognostic abilities. Analyses of genetic alterations have identified those that might be targeted therapeutically, such as fusions in the FGFR2 gene and mutations in genes encoding isocitrate dehydrogenases (in approximately 60% of iCCAs) or amplifications at 11q13 and 6p21 (in approximately 30% of HCCs). Further studies of these alterations are needed before they can be used as biomarkers in clinical decision making.
Author Llovet, Josep M
Sia, Daniela
Friedman, Scott L
Villanueva, Augusto
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– sequence: 2
  fullname: Villanueva, Augusto
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  fullname: Friedman, Scott L
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  fullname: Llovet, Josep M
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28043904$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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2017 AGA Institute
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Issue 4
Keywords hepatitis B virus
mechanistic target of rapamycin
intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
hepatitis C virus
interleukin
HBV
hepatocellular carcinoma
mixed hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma
PSC
IL
next-generation sequencing
HCC-CCA
iCCA
HCC

MTOR
TGF
cholangiolocellular carcinoma
fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma
HCV
CLC
NGS
FLC
transforming growth factor
primary sclerosing cholangitis
Prognosis
Liver Cancer
Molecular Drivers
Targeted Therapies
Language English
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Snippet Primary liver cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide and therefore a major public health challenge. We review hypotheses of the...
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SubjectTerms Animals
Bile Duct Neoplasms - classification
Bile Duct Neoplasms - genetics
Bile Duct Neoplasms - metabolism
Bile Duct Neoplasms - pathology
Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic
Biomarkers, Tumor
Carcinogenesis - pathology
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular - classification
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular - genetics
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular - metabolism
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular - pathology
Cell Dedifferentiation
Cell Proliferation
Cell Transdifferentiation
Cholangiocarcinoma - classification
Cholangiocarcinoma - genetics
Cholangiocarcinoma - metabolism
Cholangiocarcinoma - pathology
Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Hepatocytes - pathology
Humans
Liver Cancer
Liver Neoplasms - classification
Liver Neoplasms - genetics
Liver Neoplasms - metabolism
Liver Neoplasms - pathology
Molecular Drivers
Prognosis
Stem Cells - pathology
Targeted Therapies
Tumor Escape
Title Liver Cancer Cell of Origin, Molecular Class, and Effects on Patient Prognosis
URI https://www.clinicalkey.es/playcontent/1-s2.0-S0016508516355299
https://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.11.048
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28043904
Volume 152
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