Disruption of CCR5 signaling to treat COVID-19-associated cytokine storm: Case series of four critically ill patients treated with leronlimab - Agresti, Nicholas; Lalezari, Jacob P.; Amodeo, Phillip P.; Mody, Kabir; Mosher, Steven F.; Seethamraju, Harish; Kelly, Scott A.; Pourhassan, Nader Z.; Sudduth, C. David; Bovinet, Christopher; ElSharkawi, Ahmed E.; Patterson, Bruce K.; et al. (Journal of translational autoimmunity (Online), 2021)
Keywords: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); Leronlimab (PRO 140); Review article; SARS-CoV-2; CDC; DVT; SARS-CoV; regulated on activation; ALT; hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis; TGF- α; CXCL2; immunoglobulin G4; COVID-19; interleukin 6; SARS-CoV-2; natural killer; Leronlimab (PRO 140); Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); eIND; per os (taken by mouth); intensive care unit; National Early Warning Score; CCR5; monocyte chemoattractant protein; ARDS; WHO; interferon gamma; positive end-expiratory pressure; platelet-derived growth factor AA/BB; letter of authorization; RT–PCR; VEGF-A; ACE2; Hydroxychloroquine; pulmonary nodular amyloidosis; RO; Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); CRP; T-reg RO; FDA; Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus; macrophage Inflammatory Proteins 1-beta; DPP4; Fi02, fraction of inspired oxygen; macrophage Inflammatory Proteins 1-alpha; CCL5; CCL4; CCL3; CCL2; WBC; monokine induced by IFN-γ (interferon gamma); BID; macrophage colony-stimulating factor encoded by the CCL22 gene; CCR1; obstructive sleep apnea; AST; interferon gamma-inducible protein (IP) 10 or CXCL10; not applicable; platelet-derived growth factor AA; Tregs; CK; EDTA; macrophage colony stimulating factor; CXCL10; interleukin 1 beta; TNF-α; TNF-β; hypertension; COPD; natural killer, OSA; platelet-derived growth factor AA, PDGF-AA/BB; EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; Fi02, fraction of inspired oxygen, IgG4; CDC, Centers for Disease Control; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; T-reg RO, regulatory T cells – receptor occupancy; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; macrophage colony-stimulating factor encoded by the CCL22 gene, MERS-CoV; Hydroxychloroquine, HLH; platelet-derived growth factor AA/BB, PEEP; VEGF-A, vascular endothelial growth factor A; SARS-CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus; pulmonary nodular amyloidosis, po; monokine induced by IFN-γ (interferon gamma), MIP-1α; RT–PCR, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; National Early Warning Score, NK; interleukin 1 beta, IFN-ƴ; CCR5, C–C chemokine receptor type 5; intensive care unit, IL-1β; CCL5, chemokine C–C motif ligand 5; not applicable, NEWS2; CCL2, chemokine C–C motif ligand 2; Tregs, regulatory T cells; interleukin 6, IP-10; obstructive sleep apnea, PDGF-AA; DVT, deep vein thrombosis; CRP, C-reactive protein; AST, aspartate aminotransferase