Cocoa and Dark Chocolate Polyphenols: From Biology to Clinical Applications

It is well known that cocoa and dark chocolate possess polyphenols as major constituents whose dietary consumption has been associated to beneficial effects. In fact, cocoa and dark chocolate polyphenols exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities switching on some important signaling pathway...

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Published inFrontiers in immunology Vol. 8; p. 677
Main Authors Magrone, Thea, Russo, Matteo Antonio, Jirillo, Emilio
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland Frontiers Media S.A 09.06.2017
Subjects
anti-inflammatory activity
cocoa
dark chocolate
flavanols
Immunology
nitric oxide
polyphenols
polyphenols
nitric oxide
transcription factors
reactive oxygen species
flavanols
cocoa
dark chocolate
anti-inflammatory activity
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Abstract It is well known that cocoa and dark chocolate possess polyphenols as major constituents whose dietary consumption has been associated to beneficial effects. In fact, cocoa and dark chocolate polyphenols exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities switching on some important signaling pathways such as toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor κB/signal transducer and activator of transcription. In particular, cocoa polyphenols induce release of nitric oxide (NO) through activation of endothelial NO synthase which, in turn, accounts for vasodilation and cardioprotective effects. In the light of the above described properties, a number of clinical trials based on the consumption of cocoa and dark chocolate have been conducted in healthy subjects as well as in different categories of patients, such as those affected by cardiovascular, neurological, intestinal, and metabolic pathologies. Even if data are not always concordant, modifications of biomarkers of disease are frequently associated to improvement of clinical manifestations. Quite interestingly, following cocoa and dark chocolate ingestion, cocoa polyphenols also modulate intestinal microbiota, thus leading to the growth of bacteria that trigger a tolerogenic anti-inflammatory pathway in the host. Finally, many evidences encourage the consumption of cocoa and dark chocolate by aged people for the recovery of the neurovascular unit.
AbstractList It is well known that cocoa and dark chocolate possess polyphenols as major constituents whose dietary consumption has been associated to beneficial effects. In fact, cocoa and dark chocolate polyphenols exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities switching on some important signaling pathways such as toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor κB/signal transducer and activator of transcription. In particular, cocoa polyphenols induce release of nitric oxide (NO) through activation of endothelial NO synthase which, in turn, accounts for vasodilation and cardioprotective effects. In the light of the above described properties, a number of clinical trials based on the consumption of cocoa and dark chocolate have been conducted in healthy subjects as well as in different categories of patients, such as those affected by cardiovascular, neurological, intestinal, and metabolic pathologies. Even if data are not always concordant, modifications of biomarkers of disease are frequently associated to improvement of clinical manifestations. Quite interestingly, following cocoa and dark chocolate ingestion, cocoa polyphenols also modulate intestinal microbiota, thus leading to the growth of bacteria that trigger a tolerogenic anti-inflammatory pathway in the host. Finally, many evidences encourage the consumption of cocoa and dark chocolate by aged people for the recovery of the neurovascular unit.
It is well known that cocoa and dark chocolate possess polyphenols as major constituents whose dietary consumption has been associated to beneficial effects. In fact, cocoa and dark chocolate polyphenols exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities switching on some important signaling pathways such as toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor κB/signal transducer and activator of transcription. In particular, cocoa polyphenols induce release of nitric oxide (NO) through activation of endothelial NO synthase which, in turn, accounts for vasodilation and cardioprotective effects. In the light of the above described properties, a number of clinical trials based on the consumption of cocoa and dark chocolate have been conducted in healthy subjects as well as in different categories of patients, such as those affected by cardiovascular, neurological, intestinal, and metabolic pathologies. Even if data are not always concordant, modifications of biomarkers of disease are frequently associated to improvement of clinical manifestations. Quite interestingly, following cocoa and dark chocolate ingestion, cocoa polyphenols also modulate intestinal microbiota, thus leading to the growth of bacteria that trigger a tolerogenic anti-inflammatory pathway in the host. Finally, many evidences encourage the consumption of cocoa and dark chocolate by aged people for the recovery of the neurovascular unit.It is well known that cocoa and dark chocolate possess polyphenols as major constituents whose dietary consumption has been associated to beneficial effects. In fact, cocoa and dark chocolate polyphenols exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities switching on some important signaling pathways such as toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor κB/signal transducer and activator of transcription. In particular, cocoa polyphenols induce release of nitric oxide (NO) through activation of endothelial NO synthase which, in turn, accounts for vasodilation and cardioprotective effects. In the light of the above described properties, a number of clinical trials based on the consumption of cocoa and dark chocolate have been conducted in healthy subjects as well as in different categories of patients, such as those affected by cardiovascular, neurological, intestinal, and metabolic pathologies. Even if data are not always concordant, modifications of biomarkers of disease are frequently associated to improvement of clinical manifestations. Quite interestingly, following cocoa and dark chocolate ingestion, cocoa polyphenols also modulate intestinal microbiota, thus leading to the growth of bacteria that trigger a tolerogenic anti-inflammatory pathway in the host. Finally, many evidences encourage the consumption of cocoa and dark chocolate by aged people for the recovery of the neurovascular unit.
Author Magrone, Thea
Russo, Matteo Antonio
Jirillo, Emilio
AuthorAffiliation 3 Fondazione San Raffaele , Ceglie Messapica , Italy
1 Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari , Bari , Italy
2 MEBIC Consortium, San Raffaele Open University of Rome and IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana of Rome , Rome , Italy
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 1 Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari , Bari , Italy
– name: 3 Fondazione San Raffaele , Ceglie Messapica , Italy
– name: 2 MEBIC Consortium, San Raffaele Open University of Rome and IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana of Rome , Rome , Italy
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Thea
  surname: Magrone
  fullname: Magrone, Thea
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Matteo Antonio
  surname: Russo
  fullname: Russo, Matteo Antonio
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Emilio
  surname: Jirillo
  fullname: Jirillo, Emilio
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28649251$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Keywords polyphenols
nitric oxide
transcription factors
reactive oxygen species
flavanols
cocoa
dark chocolate
anti-inflammatory activity
Language English
License This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
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Reviewed by: Margarida Castell, University of Barcelona, Spain; Nicolò Merendino, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Italy
Edited by: Lorraine M. Sordillo, Michigan State University, United States
Specialty section: This article was submitted to Nutritional Immunology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Immunology
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PublicationTitle Frontiers in immunology
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PublicationYear 2017
Publisher Frontiers Media S.A
Publisher_xml – name: Frontiers Media S.A
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Snippet It is well known that cocoa and dark chocolate possess polyphenols as major constituents whose dietary consumption has been associated to beneficial effects....
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StartPage 677
SubjectTerms anti-inflammatory activity
cocoa
dark chocolate
flavanols
Immunology
nitric oxide
polyphenols
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Title Cocoa and Dark Chocolate Polyphenols: From Biology to Clinical Applications
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