Protective Association Between Neighborhood Walkability and Depression in Older Men

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between neighborhood walkability and depression in older adults. DESIGN: Cross‐sectional analysis using data from Adult Changes in Thought (ACT), a prospective, longitudinal cohort study. SETTING: King County, Washington. PARTICIPANTS: Seven hundred forty rand...

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Published inJournal of the American Geriatrics Society (JAGS) Vol. 55; no. 4; pp. 526 - 533
Main Authors Berke, Ethan M., Gottlieb, Laura M., Moudon, Anne Vernez, Larson, Eric B.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Malden, USA Blackwell Publishing Inc 01.04.2007
Blackwell
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
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Abstract OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between neighborhood walkability and depression in older adults. DESIGN: Cross‐sectional analysis using data from Adult Changes in Thought (ACT), a prospective, longitudinal cohort study. SETTING: King County, Washington. PARTICIPANTS: Seven hundred forty randomly selected men and women aged 65 and older, cognitively intact, living in the same home for at least 2 years. MEASUREMENTS: Depressive symptoms were measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. The Walkable and Bikable Communities Project provided objective data predicting the probability of walking at least 150 minutes per week in a particular neighborhood. ACT data were linked at the individual level via a geographic information system to this walkability score using buffer radii of 100, 500, and 1,000 meters around the subject's home. Multiple regression analysis tests were conducted for associations between the buffer‐specific neighborhood walkability score and depressive symptoms. RESULTS: There was a significant association between neighborhood walkability and depressive symptoms in men when adjusted for individual‐level factors of income, physical activity, education, smoking status, living alone, age, ethnicity, and chronic disease. The odds ratio for the interquartile range (25th to 75th percentile) of walkability score was 0.31 to 0.33 for the buffer radii (P=.02), indicating a protective association with neighborhood walkability. This association was not significant in women. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates a significant association between neighborhood walkability and depressive symptoms in older men. Further research on the effects of neighborhood walkability may inform community‐level mental health treatment and focus depression screening in less‐walkable areas.
AbstractList To evaluate the association between neighborhood walkability and depression in older adults.OBJECTIVESTo evaluate the association between neighborhood walkability and depression in older adults.Cross-sectional analysis using data from Adult Changes in Thought (ACT), a prospective, longitudinal cohort study.DESIGNCross-sectional analysis using data from Adult Changes in Thought (ACT), a prospective, longitudinal cohort study.King County, Washington.SETTINGKing County, Washington.Seven hundred forty randomly selected men and women aged 65 and older, cognitively intact, living in the same home for at least 2 years.PARTICIPANTSSeven hundred forty randomly selected men and women aged 65 and older, cognitively intact, living in the same home for at least 2 years.Depressive symptoms were measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. The Walkable and Bikable Communities Project provided objective data predicting the probability of walking at least 150 minutes per week in a particular neighborhood. ACT data were linked at the individual level via a geographic information system to this walkability score using buffer radii of 100, 500, and 1,000 meters around the subject's home. Multiple regression analysis tests were conducted for associations between the buffer-specific neighborhood walkability score and depressive symptoms.MEASUREMENTSDepressive symptoms were measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. The Walkable and Bikable Communities Project provided objective data predicting the probability of walking at least 150 minutes per week in a particular neighborhood. ACT data were linked at the individual level via a geographic information system to this walkability score using buffer radii of 100, 500, and 1,000 meters around the subject's home. Multiple regression analysis tests were conducted for associations between the buffer-specific neighborhood walkability score and depressive symptoms.There was a significant association between neighborhood walkability and depressive symptoms in men when adjusted for individual-level factors of income, physical activity, education, smoking status, living alone, age, ethnicity, and chronic disease. The odds ratio for the interquartile range (25th to 75th percentile) of walkability score was 0.31 to 0.33 for the buffer radii (P=.02), indicating a protective association with neighborhood walkability. This association was not significant in women.RESULTSThere was a significant association between neighborhood walkability and depressive symptoms in men when adjusted for individual-level factors of income, physical activity, education, smoking status, living alone, age, ethnicity, and chronic disease. The odds ratio for the interquartile range (25th to 75th percentile) of walkability score was 0.31 to 0.33 for the buffer radii (P=.02), indicating a protective association with neighborhood walkability. This association was not significant in women.This study demonstrates a significant association between neighborhood walkability and depressive symptoms in older men. Further research on the effects of neighborhood walkability may inform community-level mental health treatment and focus depression screening in less-walkable areas.CONCLUSIONThis study demonstrates a significant association between neighborhood walkability and depressive symptoms in older men. Further research on the effects of neighborhood walkability may inform community-level mental health treatment and focus depression screening in less-walkable areas.
To evaluate the association between neighborhood walkability and depression in older adults. Cross-sectional analysis using data from Adult Changes in Thought (ACT), a prospective, longitudinal cohort study. King County, Washington. Seven hundred forty randomly selected men and women aged 65 and older, cognitively intact, living in the same home for at least 2 years. Depressive symptoms were measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. The Walkable and Bikable Communities Project provided objective data predicting the probability of walking at least 150 minutes per week in a particular neighborhood. ACT data were linked at the individual level via a geographic information system to this walkability score using buffer radii of 100, 500, and 1,000 meters around the subject's home. Multiple regression analysis tests were conducted for associations between the buffer-specific neighborhood walkability score and depressive symptoms. There was a significant association between neighborhood walkability and depressive symptoms in men when adjusted for individual-level factors of income, physical activity, education, smoking status, living alone, age, ethnicity, and chronic disease. The odds ratio for the interquartile range (25th to 75th percentile) of walkability score was 0.31 to 0.33 for the buffer radii (P=.02), indicating a protective association with neighborhood walkability. This association was not significant in women. This study demonstrates a significant association between neighborhood walkability and depressive symptoms in older men. Further research on the effects of neighborhood walkability may inform community-level mental health treatment and focus depression screening in less-walkable areas.
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between neighborhood walkability and depression in older adults. DESIGN: Cross‐sectional analysis using data from Adult Changes in Thought (ACT), a prospective, longitudinal cohort study. SETTING: King County, Washington. PARTICIPANTS: Seven hundred forty randomly selected men and women aged 65 and older, cognitively intact, living in the same home for at least 2 years. MEASUREMENTS: Depressive symptoms were measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. The Walkable and Bikable Communities Project provided objective data predicting the probability of walking at least 150 minutes per week in a particular neighborhood. ACT data were linked at the individual level via a geographic information system to this walkability score using buffer radii of 100, 500, and 1,000 meters around the subject's home. Multiple regression analysis tests were conducted for associations between the buffer‐specific neighborhood walkability score and depressive symptoms. RESULTS: There was a significant association between neighborhood walkability and depressive symptoms in men when adjusted for individual‐level factors of income, physical activity, education, smoking status, living alone, age, ethnicity, and chronic disease. The odds ratio for the interquartile range (25th to 75th percentile) of walkability score was 0.31 to 0.33 for the buffer radii ( P =.02), indicating a protective association with neighborhood walkability. This association was not significant in women. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates a significant association between neighborhood walkability and depressive symptoms in older men. Further research on the effects of neighborhood walkability may inform community‐level mental health treatment and focus depression screening in less‐walkable areas.
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between neighborhood walkability and depression in older adults. DESIGN: Cross‐sectional analysis using data from Adult Changes in Thought (ACT), a prospective, longitudinal cohort study. SETTING: King County, Washington. PARTICIPANTS: Seven hundred forty randomly selected men and women aged 65 and older, cognitively intact, living in the same home for at least 2 years. MEASUREMENTS: Depressive symptoms were measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. The Walkable and Bikable Communities Project provided objective data predicting the probability of walking at least 150 minutes per week in a particular neighborhood. ACT data were linked at the individual level via a geographic information system to this walkability score using buffer radii of 100, 500, and 1,000 meters around the subject's home. Multiple regression analysis tests were conducted for associations between the buffer‐specific neighborhood walkability score and depressive symptoms. RESULTS: There was a significant association between neighborhood walkability and depressive symptoms in men when adjusted for individual‐level factors of income, physical activity, education, smoking status, living alone, age, ethnicity, and chronic disease. The odds ratio for the interquartile range (25th to 75th percentile) of walkability score was 0.31 to 0.33 for the buffer radii (P=.02), indicating a protective association with neighborhood walkability. This association was not significant in women. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates a significant association between neighborhood walkability and depressive symptoms in older men. Further research on the effects of neighborhood walkability may inform community‐level mental health treatment and focus depression screening in less‐walkable areas.
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between neighborhood walkability and depression in older adults. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis using data from Adult Changes in Thought (ACT), a prospective, longitudinal cohort study. SETTING: King County, Washington. PARTICIPANTS: Seven hundred forty randomly selected men and women aged 65 and older, cognitively intact, living in the same home for at least 2 years. MEASUREMENTS: Depressive symptoms were measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. The Walkable and Bikable Communities Project provided objective data predicting the probability of walking at least 150 minutes per week in a particular neighborhood. ACT data were linked at the individual level via a geographic information system to this walkability score using buffer radii of 100, 500, and 1,000 meters around the subject's home. Multiple regression analysis tests were conducted for associations between the buffer-specific neighborhood walkability score and depressive symptoms. RESULTS: There was a significant association between neighborhood walkability and depressive symptoms in men when adjusted for individual-level factors of income, physical activity, education, smoking status, living alone, age, ethnicity, and chronic disease. The odds ratio for the interquartile range (25th to 75th percentile) of walkability score was 0.31 to 0.33 for the buffer radii (P=.02), indicating a protective association with neighborhood walkability. This association was not significant in women. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates a significant association between neighborhood walkability and depressive symptoms in older men. Further research on the effects of neighborhood walkability may inform community-level mental health treatment and focus depression screening in less-walkable areas. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Author Berke, Ethan M.
Gottlieb, Laura M.
Moudon, Anne Vernez
Larson, Eric B.
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  givenname: Laura M.
  surname: Gottlieb
  fullname: Gottlieb, Laura M.
  organization: From the Departments ofFamily Medicine, †Urban Design and Planning, and ‡Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington§Group Health Cooperative Center for Health Studies, Seattle, Washington
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  givenname: Anne Vernez
  surname: Moudon
  fullname: Moudon, Anne Vernez
  organization: From the Departments ofFamily Medicine, †Urban Design and Planning, and ‡Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington§Group Health Cooperative Center for Health Studies, Seattle, Washington
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  givenname: Eric B.
  surname: Larson
  fullname: Larson, Eric B.
  organization: From the Departments ofFamily Medicine, †Urban Design and Planning, and ‡Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington§Group Health Cooperative Center for Health Studies, Seattle, Washington
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IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 4
Keywords Human
Mood disorder
Social influence
Urban environment
built environment
Mental health
Depression
Male
Prevention
walkability
Gerontology
Association
Health and environment
Neighbourhood
Urbanization
older people
Elderly
Public health
Geriatrics
Language English
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CC BY 4.0
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This paper was presented at the 2006 North American Primary Care Research Group annual meeting.
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References Kohn R, Epstein-Lubow G. Course and outcomes of depression in the elderly. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2006;8:34-40.
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Lim K, Taylor L. Factors associated with physical activity among older people-a population-based study. Prev Med 2005;40:33-40.
Macintyre S, Ellaway A, Cummins S. Place effects on health: How can we conceptualise, operationalise and measure them? Soc Sci Med 2002;55:125-139.
Silver E, Mulvey EP, Swanson JW. Neighborhood structural characteristics and mental disorder. Faris and Dunham revisited. Soc Sci Med 2002;55:1457-1470.
Kubzansky LD, Subramanian SV, Kawachi I et al. Neighborhood contextual influences on depressive symptoms in the elderly. Am J Epidemiol 2005;162:253-260.
Giles-Corti B, Macintyre S, Clarkson JP et al. Environmental and lifestyle factors associated with overweight and obesity in Perth, Australia. Am J Health Promot 2003;18:93-102.
Johnson J, Weissman MM, Klerman GL. Service utilization and social morbidity associated with depressive symptoms in the community. JAMA 1992;267:1478-1483.
Kukull WA, Higdon R, Bowen JD et al. Dementia and Alzheimer disease incidence: A prospective cohort study. Arch Neurol 2002;59:1737-1746.
Frank LD, Andresen MA, Schmid TL. Obesity relationships with community design, physical activity, and time spent in cars. Am J Prev Med 2004;27:87-96.
Teng EL, Hasegawa K, Homma A et al. The cognitive abilities screening instrument (CASI): A practical test for cross-cultural epidemiological studies of dementia. Int Psychogeriatr 1994;6:45-58; discussion 62.
Moudon AV, Lee C. Walking and bicycling: An evaluation of environmental audit instruments. Am J Health Promot 2003;18:21-37.
Moudon AV, Lee C, Cheadle A et al. Attributes of environments supporting walking. Am J Health Promot, in press.
Gottfries CG. Late life depression. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2001;251 (Suppl 2):II57-II61.
Mobley LR, Root ED, Finkelstein EA et al. Environment, obesity, and cardiovascular disease risk in low-income women. Am J Prev Med 2006;30:327-332.
Moudon AV, Lee C, Cheadle A et al. Operational definitions of walkable neighborhood: Theoretical and empirical insights. J Phys Activity Health 2006;3:S99-S117.
Larson SL, Owens PL, Ford D et al. Depressive disorder, dysthymia, and risk of stroke: Thirteen-year follow-up from the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. Stroke 2001;32:1979-1983.
George LK, Blazer DG, Hughes DC et al. Social support and the outcome of major depression. Br J Psychiatry 1989;154:478-485.
Larson EB, Wang L, Bowen JD et al. Exercise is associated with reduced risk for incident dementia among persons 65 years of age and older. Ann Intern Med 2006;144:73-81.
Hybels CF, Blazer DG, Pieper CF et al. Sociodemographic characteristics of the neighborhood and depressive symptoms in older adults: Using multilevel modeling in geriatric psychiatry. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006;14:498-506.
Fotheringham AS, Wong DWS. The modifiable areal unit problem in multivariate statistical analysys. Environ Plan 1991;23:1025-1044.
Penninx BW, Beekman AT, Honig A et al. Depression and cardiac mortality: Results from a community-based longitudinal study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001;58:221-227.
Krishnan KR, Delong M, Kraemer H et al. Comorbidity of depression with other medical diseases in the elderly. Biol Psychiatry 2002;52:559-588.
Lee Y, Choi K, Lee YK. Association of comorbidity with depressive symptoms in community-dwelling older persons. Gerontology 2001;47:254-262.
Pickett KE, Pearl M. Multilevel analyses of neighbourhood socioeconomic context and health outcomes: A critical review. J Epidemiol Community Health 2001;55:111-122.
Steffens DC, Skoog I, Norton MC et al. Prevalence of depression and its treatment in an elderly population. The Cache County Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:601-607.
Collia DV, Sharp J, Giesbrecht L. The 2001 National Household Travel Survey: A look into the travel patterns of older Americans. J Safety Res 2003;34:461-470.
Brownson RC, Baker EA, Housemann RA et al. Environmental and policy determinants of physical activity in the United States. Am J Public Health 2001;91:1995-2003.
Troped PJ, Saunders RP, Pate RR et al. Associations between self-reported and objective physical environmental factors and use of a community rail-trail. Prev Med 2001;32:191-200.
Ostir GV, Eschbach K, Markides KS et al. Neighbourhood composition and depressive symptoms among older Mexican Americans. J Epidemiol Community Health 2003;57:987-992.
Haringsma R, Engels GI, Beekman AT et al. The criterion validity of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) in a sample of self-referred elders with depressive symptomatology. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2004;19:558-563.
Propper C, Jones K, Bolster A et al. Local neighbourhood and mental health: Evidence from the UK. Soc Sci Med 2005;61:2065-2083.
Fishman PA, Goodman MJ, Hornbrook MC et al. Risk adjustment using automated ambulatory pharmacy data. The RxRisk Model. Med Care 2003;41:84-99.
Openshaw S. The Modifiable Areal Unit Problem. Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography, 38. Norwich, UK: Geobooks, 1984.
Fukukawa Y, Nakashima C, Tsuboi S et al. Age differences in the effect of physical activity on depressive symptoms. Psychol Aging 2004;19:346-351.
Leyden KM. Social capital and the built environment: The importance of walkable neighborhoods. Am J Public Health 2003;93:1546-1551.
Lee C, Moudon AV, Courbois JY. Built environment and behavior: Spatial sampling using parcel data. Ann Epidemiol 2006;16:387-394.
Lee C, Moudon AV. Environmental correlates of walking for transportation or recreation purposes [on-line]. J Phys Activity Health 2006;3:S77-S98.
Yancey AK, Wold CM, McCarthy WJ et al. Physical inactivity and overweight among Los Angeles County adults. Am J Prev Med 2004;27:146-152.
Hybels CF, Pieper CF, Blazer DG. Sex differences in the relationship between subthreshold depression and mortality in a community sample of older adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002;10:283-291.
King AC. Interventions to promote physical activity by older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001;56 Spec No 2A:M36-M46.
Blazer DG. Depression in late life: Review and commentary. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2003;58A:M249-M265.
Yen IH, Kaplan GA. Neighborhood social environment and risk of death: Multilevel evidence from the Alameda County Study. Am J Epidemiol 1999;149:898-907.
Berke EM, Koepsell TD, Moudon AV et al. Physical activity and obesity in older persons: Association with the built environment. Am J Public Health, 2007; Jan 31.
Lang TA, Secic M. How to Report Statistics in Medicine. Philadelphia: American College of Physicians, 1997.
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References_xml – reference: Lee C, Moudon AV, Courbois JY. Built environment and behavior: Spatial sampling using parcel data. Ann Epidemiol 2006;16:387-394.
– reference: Larson SL, Owens PL, Ford D et al. Depressive disorder, dysthymia, and risk of stroke: Thirteen-year follow-up from the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. Stroke 2001;32:1979-1983.
– reference: Lim K, Taylor L. Factors associated with physical activity among older people-a population-based study. Prev Med 2005;40:33-40.
– reference: Hybels CF, Pieper CF, Blazer DG. Sex differences in the relationship between subthreshold depression and mortality in a community sample of older adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002;10:283-291.
– reference: Propper C, Jones K, Bolster A et al. Local neighbourhood and mental health: Evidence from the UK. Soc Sci Med 2005;61:2065-2083.
– reference: Collia DV, Sharp J, Giesbrecht L. The 2001 National Household Travel Survey: A look into the travel patterns of older Americans. J Safety Res 2003;34:461-470.
– reference: Macintyre S, Ellaway A, Cummins S. Place effects on health: How can we conceptualise, operationalise and measure them? Soc Sci Med 2002;55:125-139.
– reference: Blazer DG. Depression in late life: Review and commentary. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2003;58A:M249-M265.
– reference: Krishnan KR, Delong M, Kraemer H et al. Comorbidity of depression with other medical diseases in the elderly. Biol Psychiatry 2002;52:559-588.
– reference: Penninx BW, Beekman AT, Honig A et al. Depression and cardiac mortality: Results from a community-based longitudinal study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001;58:221-227.
– reference: Hybels CF, Blazer DG, Pieper CF et al. Sociodemographic characteristics of the neighborhood and depressive symptoms in older adults: Using multilevel modeling in geriatric psychiatry. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006;14:498-506.
– reference: Frank LD, Andresen MA, Schmid TL. Obesity relationships with community design, physical activity, and time spent in cars. Am J Prev Med 2004;27:87-96.
– reference: Kohn R, Epstein-Lubow G. Course and outcomes of depression in the elderly. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2006;8:34-40.
– reference: Lee Y, Choi K, Lee YK. Association of comorbidity with depressive symptoms in community-dwelling older persons. Gerontology 2001;47:254-262.
– reference: Gottfries CG. Late life depression. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2001;251 (Suppl 2):II57-II61.
– reference: Openshaw S. The Modifiable Areal Unit Problem. Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography, 38. Norwich, UK: Geobooks, 1984.
– reference: Fotheringham AS, Wong DWS. The modifiable areal unit problem in multivariate statistical analysys. Environ Plan 1991;23:1025-1044.
– reference: Yancey AK, Wold CM, McCarthy WJ et al. Physical inactivity and overweight among Los Angeles County adults. Am J Prev Med 2004;27:146-152.
– reference: Pickett KE, Pearl M. Multilevel analyses of neighbourhood socioeconomic context and health outcomes: A critical review. J Epidemiol Community Health 2001;55:111-122.
– reference: Giles-Corti B, Macintyre S, Clarkson JP et al. Environmental and lifestyle factors associated with overweight and obesity in Perth, Australia. Am J Health Promot 2003;18:93-102.
– reference: Yen IH, Kaplan GA. Neighborhood social environment and risk of death: Multilevel evidence from the Alameda County Study. Am J Epidemiol 1999;149:898-907.
– reference: Johnson J, Weissman MM, Klerman GL. Service utilization and social morbidity associated with depressive symptoms in the community. JAMA 1992;267:1478-1483.
– reference: Moudon AV, Lee C, Cheadle A et al. Operational definitions of walkable neighborhood: Theoretical and empirical insights. J Phys Activity Health 2006;3:S99-S117.
– reference: Lang TA, Secic M. How to Report Statistics in Medicine. Philadelphia: American College of Physicians, 1997.
– reference: King AC. Interventions to promote physical activity by older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001;56 Spec No 2A:M36-M46.
– reference: George LK, Blazer DG, Hughes DC et al. Social support and the outcome of major depression. Br J Psychiatry 1989;154:478-485.
– reference: Haringsma R, Engels GI, Beekman AT et al. The criterion validity of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) in a sample of self-referred elders with depressive symptomatology. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2004;19:558-563.
– reference: Ostir GV, Eschbach K, Markides KS et al. Neighbourhood composition and depressive symptoms among older Mexican Americans. J Epidemiol Community Health 2003;57:987-992.
– reference: Lee C, Moudon AV. Environmental correlates of walking for transportation or recreation purposes [on-line]. J Phys Activity Health 2006;3:S77-S98.
– reference: Radloff LS. The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas 1977;1:385-401.
– reference: Teng EL, Hasegawa K, Homma A et al. The cognitive abilities screening instrument (CASI): A practical test for cross-cultural epidemiological studies of dementia. Int Psychogeriatr 1994;6:45-58; discussion 62.
– reference: Berke EM, Koepsell TD, Moudon AV et al. Physical activity and obesity in older persons: Association with the built environment. Am J Public Health, 2007; Jan 31.
– reference: Mobley LR, Root ED, Finkelstein EA et al. Environment, obesity, and cardiovascular disease risk in low-income women. Am J Prev Med 2006;30:327-332.
– reference: Kubzansky LD, Subramanian SV, Kawachi I et al. Neighborhood contextual influences on depressive symptoms in the elderly. Am J Epidemiol 2005;162:253-260.
– reference: Kukull WA, Higdon R, Bowen JD et al. Dementia and Alzheimer disease incidence: A prospective cohort study. Arch Neurol 2002;59:1737-1746.
– reference: Larson EB, Wang L, Bowen JD et al. Exercise is associated with reduced risk for incident dementia among persons 65 years of age and older. Ann Intern Med 2006;144:73-81.
– reference: Silver E, Mulvey EP, Swanson JW. Neighborhood structural characteristics and mental disorder. Faris and Dunham revisited. Soc Sci Med 2002;55:1457-1470.
– reference: Brownson RC, Baker EA, Housemann RA et al. Environmental and policy determinants of physical activity in the United States. Am J Public Health 2001;91:1995-2003.
– reference: Troped PJ, Saunders RP, Pate RR et al. Associations between self-reported and objective physical environmental factors and use of a community rail-trail. Prev Med 2001;32:191-200.
– reference: Moudon AV, Lee C. Walking and bicycling: An evaluation of environmental audit instruments. Am J Health Promot 2003;18:21-37.
– reference: Moudon AV, Lee C, Cheadle A et al. Attributes of environments supporting walking. Am J Health Promot, in press.
– reference: Fukukawa Y, Nakashima C, Tsuboi S et al. Age differences in the effect of physical activity on depressive symptoms. Psychol Aging 2004;19:346-351.
– reference: Steffens DC, Skoog I, Norton MC et al. Prevalence of depression and its treatment in an elderly population. The Cache County Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:601-607.
– reference: Leyden KM. Social capital and the built environment: The importance of walkable neighborhoods. Am J Public Health 2003;93:1546-1551.
– reference: Fishman PA, Goodman MJ, Hornbrook MC et al. Risk adjustment using automated ambulatory pharmacy data. The RxRisk Model. Med Care 2003;41:84-99.
– volume: 57
  start-page: 601
  year: 2000
  end-page: 607
  article-title: Prevalence of depression and its treatment in an elderly population. The Cache County Study
  publication-title: Arch Gen Psychiatry
– volume: 32
  start-page: 1979
  year: 2001
  end-page: 1983
  article-title: Depressive disorder, dysthymia, and risk of stroke
  publication-title: Thirteen-year follow-up from the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study
– volume: 27
  start-page: 146
  year: 2004
  end-page: 152
  article-title: Physical inactivity and overweight among Los Angeles County adults
  publication-title: Am J Prev Med
– volume: 144
  start-page: 73
  year: 2006
  end-page: 81
  article-title: Exercise is associated with reduced risk for incident dementia among persons 65 years of age and older
  publication-title: Ann Intern Med
– volume: 59
  start-page: 1737
  year: 2002
  end-page: 1746
  article-title: Dementia and Alzheimer disease incidence
  publication-title: A prospective cohort study
– volume: 19
  start-page: 558
  year: 2004
  end-page: 563
  article-title: The criterion validity of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D) in a sample of self‐referred elders with depressive symptomatology
  publication-title: Int J Geriatr Psychiatry
– volume: 18
  start-page: 93
  year: 2003
  end-page: 102
  article-title: Environmental and lifestyle factors associated with overweight and obesity in Perth, Australia
  publication-title: Am J Health Promot
– volume: 30
  start-page: 327
  year: 2006
  end-page: 332
  article-title: Environment, obesity, and cardiovascular disease risk in low‐income women
  publication-title: Am J Prev Med
– volume: 56 Spec No 2A
  start-page: M36
  year: 2001
  end-page: M46
  article-title: Interventions to promote physical activity by older adults
  publication-title: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci
– volume: 55
  start-page: 1457
  year: 2002
  end-page: 1470
  article-title: Neighborhood structural characteristics and mental disorder. Faris and Dunham revisited
  publication-title: Soc Sci Med
– volume: 14
  start-page: 498
  year: 2006
  end-page: 506
  article-title: Sociodemographic characteristics of the neighborhood and depressive symptoms in older adults
  publication-title: Using multilevel modeling in geriatric psychiatry
– volume: 52
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Snippet OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between neighborhood walkability and depression in older adults. DESIGN: Cross‐sectional analysis using data from Adult...
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between neighborhood walkability and depression in older adults. DESIGN: Cross‐sectional analysis using data from Adult...
To evaluate the association between neighborhood walkability and depression in older adults. Cross-sectional analysis using data from Adult Changes in Thought...
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between neighborhood walkability and depression in older adults. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis using data from Adult...
To evaluate the association between neighborhood walkability and depression in older adults.OBJECTIVESTo evaluate the association between neighborhood...
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SubjectTerms Adult and adolescent clinical studies
Aged
Biological and medical sciences
built environment
Cross-Sectional Studies
Depression
Depression - diagnosis
Depression - epidemiology
Female
General aspects
Geriatrics
Health Status
Humans
Longitudinal Studies
Male
Medical sciences
Mental depression
mental health
Mood disorders
Neighborhoods
older people
Prevention and actions
Probability
Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry
Psychopathology. Psychiatry
Public health. Hygiene
Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine
Regression Analysis
Residence Characteristics
Sex Factors
Social Class
walkability
Walking
Washington - epidemiology
Title Protective Association Between Neighborhood Walkability and Depression in Older Men
URI https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-P2KKP1PT-X/fulltext.pdf
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111%2Fj.1532-5415.2007.01108.x
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17397430
https://www.proquest.com/docview/210374732
https://www.proquest.com/docview/70333839
Volume 55
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