Mechanical overload-induced release of extracellular mitochondrial particles from tendon cells leads to inflammation in tendinopathy

Tendinopathy is one of the most common musculoskeletal diseases, and mechanical overload is considered its primary cause. However, the underlying mechanism through which mechanical overload induces tendinopathy has not been determined. In this study, we identified for the first time that tendon cell...

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Published inExperimental & molecular medicine Vol. 56; no. 3; pp. 583 - 599
Main Authors Chen, Ziming, Li, Mengyuan, Chen, Peilin, Tai, Andrew, Li, Jiayue, Bassonga, Euphemie Landao, Gao, Junjie, Liu, Delin, Wood, David, Kennedy, Brendan F., Zheng, Qiujian, Zheng, Ming H.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published London Nature Publishing Group UK 01.03.2024
Springer Nature B.V
Nature Publishing Group
생화학분자생물학회
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Abstract Tendinopathy is one of the most common musculoskeletal diseases, and mechanical overload is considered its primary cause. However, the underlying mechanism through which mechanical overload induces tendinopathy has not been determined. In this study, we identified for the first time that tendon cells can release extracellular mitochondria (ExtraMito) particles, a subtype of medium extracellular particles (mEPs), into the environment through a process regulated by mechanical loading. RNA sequencing systematically revealed that oxygen-related reactions, extracellular particles, and inflammation were present in diseased human tendons, suggesting that these factors play a role in the pathogenesis of tendinopathy. We simulated the disease condition by imposing a 9% strain overload on three-dimensional mouse tendon constructs in our cyclic uniaxial stretching bioreactor. The three-dimensional mouse tendon constructs under normal loading with 6% strain exhibited an extended mitochondrial network, as observed through live-cell confocal laser scanning microscopy. In contrast, mechanical overload led to a fragmented mitochondrial network. Our microscopic and immunoblot results demonstrated that mechanical loading induced tendon cells to release ExtraMito particles. Furthermore, we showed that mEPs released from tendon cells overloaded with a 9% strain (mEP 9% ) induced macrophage chemotaxis and increased the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, CXCL1, and IL-18, from macrophages compared to mEP 0% , mEP 3% , and mEP 6% . Partial depletion of the ExtraMito particles from mEP 9% by magnetic-activated cell sorting significantly reduced macrophage chemotaxis. N-acetyl-L-cysteine treatment preserved the mitochondrial network in overloaded tendon cells, diminishing overload-induced macrophage chemotaxis toward mEP 9% . These findings revealed a novel mechanism of tendinopathy; in an overloaded environment, ExtraMito particles convey mechanical response signals from tendon cells to the immune microenvironment, culminating in tendinopathy. Mechanical overload unveils new culprit in tendinopathy: extracellular mitochondria Tendons, essential tissues linking muscles to bones, can deteriorate due to repeated stress, causing tendinopathy—a painful condition affecting many. Despite usual treatments like painkillers and physical therapy, there’s a shortage of therapies addressing the primary causes of tendinopathy. They gathered tendon samples from patients, conducted RNA sequencing, and used a three-dimensional bioreactor to mimic tendon stress. This research, involving Minghao Zheng, aimed to bridge this knowledge gap by studying the cellular reactions at the molecular level in human tendons affected by tendinopathy. They discovered that stressed tendons release particles containing mitochondria, which then affect immune cells and can cause inflammation—a primary factor in tendinopathy. The study showed stressed tendons release particles that can initiate inflammation, suggesting a new understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of tendinopathy. The results could lead to innovative treatments targeting these cellular processes. This summary was initially drafted using artificial intelligence, then revised and fact-checked by the author.
AbstractList Tendinopathy is one of the most common musculoskeletal diseases, and mechanical overload is considered its primary cause. However, the underlying mechanism through which mechanical overload induces tendinopathy has not been determined. In this study, we identified for the first time that tendon cells can release extracellular mitochondria (ExtraMito) particles, a subtype of medium extracellular particles (mEPs), into the environment through a process regulated by mechanical loading. RNA sequencing systematically revealed that oxygen-related reactions, extracellular particles, and inflammation were present in diseased human tendons, suggesting that these factors play a role in the pathogenesis of tendinopathy. We simulated the disease condition by imposing a 9% strain overload on three-dimensional mouse tendon constructs in our cyclic uniaxial stretching bioreactor. The three-dimensional mouse tendon constructs under normal loading with 6% strain exhibited an extended mitochondrial network, as observed through live-cell confocal laser scanning microscopy. In contrast, mechanical overload led to a fragmented mitochondrial network. Our microscopic and immunoblot results demonstrated that mechanical loading induced tendon cells to release ExtraMito particles. Furthermore, we showed that mEPs released from tendon cells overloaded with a 9% strain (mEP9%) induced macrophage chemotaxis and increased the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, CXCL1, and IL-18, from macrophages compared to mEP0%, mEP3%, and mEP6%. Partial depletion of the ExtraMito particles from mEP9% by magnetic-activated cell sorting significantly reduced macrophage chemotaxis. N-acetyl-L-cysteine treatment preserved the mitochondrial network in overloaded tendon cells, diminishing overload-induced macrophage chemotaxis toward mEP9%. These findings revealed a novel mechanism of tendinopathy; in an overloaded environment, ExtraMito particles convey mechanical response signals from tendon cells to the immune microenvironment, culminating in tendinopathy.Mechanical overload unveils new culprit in tendinopathy: extracellular mitochondriaTendons, essential tissues linking muscles to bones, can deteriorate due to repeated stress, causing tendinopathy—a painful condition affecting many. Despite usual treatments like painkillers and physical therapy, there’s a shortage of therapies addressing the primary causes of tendinopathy. They gathered tendon samples from patients, conducted RNA sequencing, and used a three-dimensional bioreactor to mimic tendon stress. This research, involving Minghao Zheng, aimed to bridge this knowledge gap by studying the cellular reactions at the molecular level in human tendons affected by tendinopathy. They discovered that stressed tendons release particles containing mitochondria, which then affect immune cells and can cause inflammation—a primary factor in tendinopathy. The study showed stressed tendons release particles that can initiate inflammation, suggesting a new understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of tendinopathy. The results could lead to innovative treatments targeting these cellular processes. This summary was initially drafted using artificial intelligence, then revised and fact-checked by the author.
Abstract Tendinopathy is one of the most common musculoskeletal diseases, and mechanical overload is considered its primary cause. However, the underlying mechanism through which mechanical overload induces tendinopathy has not been determined. In this study, we identified for the first time that tendon cells can release extracellular mitochondria (ExtraMito) particles, a subtype of medium extracellular particles (mEPs), into the environment through a process regulated by mechanical loading. RNA sequencing systematically revealed that oxygen-related reactions, extracellular particles, and inflammation were present in diseased human tendons, suggesting that these factors play a role in the pathogenesis of tendinopathy. We simulated the disease condition by imposing a 9% strain overload on three-dimensional mouse tendon constructs in our cyclic uniaxial stretching bioreactor. The three-dimensional mouse tendon constructs under normal loading with 6% strain exhibited an extended mitochondrial network, as observed through live-cell confocal laser scanning microscopy. In contrast, mechanical overload led to a fragmented mitochondrial network. Our microscopic and immunoblot results demonstrated that mechanical loading induced tendon cells to release ExtraMito particles. Furthermore, we showed that mEPs released from tendon cells overloaded with a 9% strain (mEP9%) induced macrophage chemotaxis and increased the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, CXCL1, and IL-18, from macrophages compared to mEP0%, mEP3%, and mEP6%. Partial depletion of the ExtraMito particles from mEP9% by magnetic-activated cell sorting significantly reduced macrophage chemotaxis. N-acetyl-L-cysteine treatment preserved the mitochondrial network in overloaded tendon cells, diminishing overload-induced macrophage chemotaxis toward mEP9%. These findings revealed a novel mechanism of tendinopathy; in an overloaded environment, ExtraMito particles convey mechanical response signals from tendon cells to the immune microenvironment, culminating in tendinopathy.
Tendinopathy is one of the most common musculoskeletal diseases, and mechanical overload is considered its primary cause. However, the underlying mechanism through which mechanical overload induces tendinopathy has not been determined. In this study, we identified for the first time that tendon cells can release extracellular mitochondria (ExtraMito) particles, a subtype of medium extracellular particles (mEPs), into the environment through a process regulated by mechanical loading. RNA sequencing systematically revealed that oxygen-related reactions, extracellular particles, and inflammation were present in diseased human tendons, suggesting that these factors play a role in the pathogenesis of tendinopathy. We simulated the disease condition by imposing a 9% strain overload on three-dimensional mouse tendon constructs in our cyclic uniaxial stretching bioreactor. The three-dimensional mouse tendon constructs under normal loading with 6% strain exhibited an extended mitochondrial network, as observed through live-cell confocal laser scanning microscopy. In contrast, mechanical overload led to a fragmented mitochondrial network. Our microscopic and immunoblot results demonstrated that mechanical loading induced tendon cells to release ExtraMito particles. Furthermore, we showed that mEPs released from tendon cells overloaded with a 9% strain (mEP ) induced macrophage chemotaxis and increased the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, CXCL1, and IL-18, from macrophages compared to mEP , mEP , and mEP . Partial depletion of the ExtraMito particles from mEP by magnetic-activated cell sorting significantly reduced macrophage chemotaxis. N-acetyl-L-cysteine treatment preserved the mitochondrial network in overloaded tendon cells, diminishing overload-induced macrophage chemotaxis toward mEP . These findings revealed a novel mechanism of tendinopathy; in an overloaded environment, ExtraMito particles convey mechanical response signals from tendon cells to the immune microenvironment, culminating in tendinopathy.
Tendinopathy is one of the most common musculoskeletal diseases, and mechanical overload is considered its primary cause. However, the underlying mechanism through which mechanical overload induces tendinopathy has not been determined. In this study, we identified for the first time that tendon cells can release extracellular mitochondria (ExtraMito) particles, a subtype of medium extracellular particles (mEPs), into the environment through a process regulated by mechanical loading. RNA sequencing systematically revealed that oxygen-related reactions, extracellular particles, and inflammation were present in diseased human tendons, suggesting that these factors play a role in the pathogenesis of tendinopathy. We simulated the disease condition by imposing a 9% strain overload on three-dimensional mouse tendon constructs in our cyclic uniaxial stretching bioreactor. The three-dimensional mouse tendon constructs under normal loading with 6% strain exhibited an extended mitochondrial network, as observed through live-cell confocal laser scanning microscopy. In contrast, mechanical overload led to a fragmented mitochondrial network. Our microscopic and immunoblot results demonstrated that mechanical loading induced tendon cells to release ExtraMito particles. Furthermore, we showed that mEPs released from tendon cells overloaded with a 9% strain (mEP 9% ) induced macrophage chemotaxis and increased the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, CXCL1, and IL-18, from macrophages compared to mEP 0% , mEP 3% , and mEP 6% . Partial depletion of the ExtraMito particles from mEP 9% by magnetic-activated cell sorting significantly reduced macrophage chemotaxis. N-acetyl-L-cysteine treatment preserved the mitochondrial network in overloaded tendon cells, diminishing overload-induced macrophage chemotaxis toward mEP 9% . These findings revealed a novel mechanism of tendinopathy; in an overloaded environment, ExtraMito particles convey mechanical response signals from tendon cells to the immune microenvironment, culminating in tendinopathy. Tendons, essential tissues linking muscles to bones, can deteriorate due to repeated stress, causing tendinopathy—a painful condition affecting many. Despite usual treatments like painkillers and physical therapy, there’s a shortage of therapies addressing the primary causes of tendinopathy. They gathered tendon samples from patients, conducted RNA sequencing, and used a three-dimensional bioreactor to mimic tendon stress. This research, involving Minghao Zheng, aimed to bridge this knowledge gap by studying the cellular reactions at the molecular level in human tendons affected by tendinopathy. They discovered that stressed tendons release particles containing mitochondria, which then affect immune cells and can cause inflammation—a primary factor in tendinopathy. The study showed stressed tendons release particles that can initiate inflammation, suggesting a new understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of tendinopathy. The results could lead to innovative treatments targeting these cellular processes. This summary was initially drafted using artificial intelligence, then revised and fact-checked by the author.
Tendinopathy is one of the most common musculoskeletal diseases, and mechanical overload is considered its primary cause. However, the underlying mechanism through which mechanical overload induces tendinopathy has not been determined. In this study, we identified for the first time that tendon cells can release extracellular mitochondria (ExtraMito) particles, a subtype of medium extracellular particles (mEPs), into the environment through a process regulated by mechanical loading. RNA sequencing systematically revealed that oxygen-related reactions, extracellular particles, and inflammation were present in diseased human tendons, suggesting that these factors play a role in the pathogenesis of tendinopathy. We simulated the disease condition by imposing a 9% strain overload on three-dimensional mouse tendon constructs in our cyclic uniaxial stretching bioreactor. The three-dimensional mouse tendon constructs under normal loading with 6% strain exhibited an extended mitochondrial network, as observed through live-cell confocal laser scanning microscopy. In contrast, mechanical overload led to a fragmented mitochondrial network. Our microscopic and immunoblot results demonstrated that mechanical loading induced tendon cells to release ExtraMito particles. Furthermore, we showed that mEPs released from tendon cells overloaded with a 9% strain (mEP9%) induced macrophage chemotaxis and increased the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, CXCL1, and IL-18, from macrophages compared to mEP0%, mEP3%, and mEP6%. Partial depletion of the ExtraMito particles from mEP9% by magnetic-activated cell sorting significantly reduced macrophage chemotaxis. N-acetyl-L-cysteine treatment preserved the mitochondrial network in overloaded tendon cells, diminishing overload-induced macrophage chemotaxis toward mEP9%. These findings revealed a novel mechanism of tendinopathy; in an overloaded environment, ExtraMito particles convey mechanical response signals from tendon cells to the immune microenvironment, culminating in tendinopathy.
Tendinopathy is one of the most common musculoskeletal diseases, and mechanical overload is considered its primary cause. However, the underlying mechanism through which mechanical overload induces tendinopathy has not been determined. In this study, we identified for the first time that tendon cells can release extracellular mitochondria (ExtraMito) particles, a subtype of medium extracellular particles (mEPs), into the environment through a process regulated by mechanical loading. RNA sequencing systematically revealed that oxygen-related reactions, extracellular particles, and inflammation were present in diseased human tendons, suggesting that these factors play a role in the pathogenesis of tendinopathy. We simulated the disease condition by imposing a 9% strain overload on three-dimensional mouse tendon constructs in our cyclic uniaxial stretching bioreactor. The three-dimensional mouse tendon constructs under normal loading with 6% strain exhibited an extended mitochondrial network, as observed through live-cell confocal laser scanning microscopy. In contrast, mechanical overload led to a fragmented mitochondrial network. Our microscopic and immunoblot results demonstrated that mechanical loading induced tendon cells to release ExtraMito particles. Furthermore, we showed that mEPs released from tendon cells overloaded with a 9% strain (mEP 9% ) induced macrophage chemotaxis and increased the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, CXCL1, and IL-18, from macrophages compared to mEP 0% , mEP 3% , and mEP 6% . Partial depletion of the ExtraMito particles from mEP 9% by magnetic-activated cell sorting significantly reduced macrophage chemotaxis. N-acetyl-L-cysteine treatment preserved the mitochondrial network in overloaded tendon cells, diminishing overload-induced macrophage chemotaxis toward mEP 9% . These findings revealed a novel mechanism of tendinopathy; in an overloaded environment, ExtraMito particles convey mechanical response signals from tendon cells to the immune microenvironment, culminating in tendinopathy. Mechanical overload unveils new culprit in tendinopathy: extracellular mitochondria Tendons, essential tissues linking muscles to bones, can deteriorate due to repeated stress, causing tendinopathy—a painful condition affecting many. Despite usual treatments like painkillers and physical therapy, there’s a shortage of therapies addressing the primary causes of tendinopathy. They gathered tendon samples from patients, conducted RNA sequencing, and used a three-dimensional bioreactor to mimic tendon stress. This research, involving Minghao Zheng, aimed to bridge this knowledge gap by studying the cellular reactions at the molecular level in human tendons affected by tendinopathy. They discovered that stressed tendons release particles containing mitochondria, which then affect immune cells and can cause inflammation—a primary factor in tendinopathy. The study showed stressed tendons release particles that can initiate inflammation, suggesting a new understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of tendinopathy. The results could lead to innovative treatments targeting these cellular processes. This summary was initially drafted using artificial intelligence, then revised and fact-checked by the author.
Tendinopathy is one of the most common musculoskeletal diseases, and mechanical overload is considered its primary cause. However, the underlying mechanism through which mechanical overload induces tendinopathy has not been determined. In this study, we identified for the first time that tendon cells can release extracellular mitochondria (ExtraMito) particles, a subtype of medium extracellular particles (mEPs), into the environment through a process regulated by mechanical loading. RNA sequencing systematically revealed that oxygen-related reactions, extracellular particles, and inflammation were present in diseased human tendons, suggesting that these factors play a role in the pathogenesis of tendinopathy. We simulated the disease condition by imposing a 9% strain overload on three-dimensional mouse tendon constructs in our cyclic uniaxial stretching bioreactor. The three-dimensional mouse tendon constructs under normal loading with 6% strain exhibited an extended mitochondrial network, as observed through live-cell confocal laser scanning microscopy. In contrast, mechanical overload led to a fragmented mitochondrial network. Our microscopic and immunoblot results demonstrated that mechanical loading induced tendon cells to release ExtraMito particles. Furthermore, we showed that mEPs released from tendon cells overloaded with a 9% strain (mEP 9% ) induced macrophage chemotaxis and increased the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, CXCL1, and IL-18, from macrophages compared to mEP 0% , mEP 3% , and mEP 6% . Partial depletion of the ExtraMito particles from mEP 9% by magnetic-activated cell sorting significantly reduced macrophage chemotaxis. N-acetyl-L-cysteine treatment preserved the mitochondrial network in overloaded tendon cells, diminishing overload-induced macrophage chemotaxis toward mEP 9% . These findings revealed a novel mechanism of tendinopathy; in an overloaded environment, ExtraMito particles convey mechanical response signals from tendon cells to the immune microenvironment, culminating in tendinopathy.
Tendinopathy is one of the most common musculoskeletal diseases, and mechanical overload is considered its primary cause. However, the underlying mechanism through which mechanical overload induces tendinopathy has not been determined. In this study, we identified for the first time that tendon cells can release extracellular mitochondria (ExtraMito) particles, a subtype of medium extracellular particles (mEPs), into the environment through a process regulated by mechanical loading. RNA sequencing systematically revealed that oxygen-related reactions, extracellular particles, and inflammation were present in diseased human tendons, suggesting that these factors play a role in the pathogenesis of tendinopathy. We simulated the disease condition by imposing a 9% strain overload on three-dimensional mouse tendon constructs in our cyclic uniaxial stretching bioreactor. The three-dimensional mouse tendon constructs under normal loading with 6% strain exhibited an extended mitochondrial network, as observed through live-cell confocal laser scanning microscopy. In contrast, mechanical overload led to a fragmented mitochondrial network. Our microscopic and immunoblot results demonstrated that mechanical loading induced tendon cells to release ExtraMito particles. Furthermore, we showed that mEPs released from tendon cells overloaded with a 9% strain (mEP9%) induced macrophage chemotaxis and increased the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, CXCL1, and IL-18, from macrophages compared to mEP0%, mEP3%, and mEP6%. Partial depletion of the ExtraMito particles from mEP9% by magnetic-activated cell sorting significantly reduced macrophage chemotaxis. N-acetyl-L-cysteine treatment preserved the mitochondrial network in overloaded tendon cells, diminishing overload-induced macrophage chemotaxis toward mEP9%. These findings revealed a novel mechanism of tendinopathy; in an overloaded environment, ExtraMito particles convey mechanical response signals from tendon cells to the immune microenvironment, culminating in tendinopathy. KCI Citation Count: 0
Author Zheng, Ming H.
Chen, Ziming
Liu, Delin
Chen, Peilin
Wood, David
Kennedy, Brendan F.
Li, Mengyuan
Bassonga, Euphemie Landao
Tai, Andrew
Li, Jiayue
Zheng, Qiujian
Gao, Junjie
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Snippet Tendinopathy is one of the most common musculoskeletal diseases, and mechanical overload is considered its primary cause. However, the underlying mechanism...
Abstract Tendinopathy is one of the most common musculoskeletal diseases, and mechanical overload is considered its primary cause. However, the underlying...
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Acetylcysteine
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Title Mechanical overload-induced release of extracellular mitochondrial particles from tendon cells leads to inflammation in tendinopathy
URI https://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/s12276-024-01183-5
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38424192
https://www.proquest.com/docview/3028036538
https://search.proquest.com/docview/2934273030
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC10985099
https://doaj.org/article/e9bc9f1e1ecd44829ff9f4aa6ed28725
https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/ci/sereArticleSearch/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART003064044
Volume 56
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ispartofPNX Experimental and Molecular Medicine, 2024, 56(0), , pp.583-599
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