Micronutrient intake and prevalence of micronutrient inadequacy among women (15-49 y) and children (6-59 mo) in South Kivu and Kongo Central, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)
Iron biofortified beans and carotenoid enriched cassava are proposed as a solution to combat iron and vitamin A deficiencies, respectively, in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). To inform the need for biofortified foods, we conducted a survey in 2014 in two provinces of the DRC, South Kivu and...
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Published in | PloS one Vol. 15; no. 6; p. e0223393 |
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Abstract | Iron biofortified beans and carotenoid enriched cassava are proposed as a solution to combat iron and vitamin A deficiencies, respectively, in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). To inform the need for biofortified foods, we conducted a survey in 2014 in two provinces of the DRC, South Kivu and Kongo Central. Unexpectedly, women of reproductive age (WRA; 15-49 y) and their children (6-59 m) had a low prevalence of biochemical iron and vitamin A deficiency, based on ferritin and retinol binding protein, respectively. To better understand the lack of biochemical deficiency of these nutrients, we examined the prevalence of inadequate intake for these and other select nutrients. Dietary intake was assessed using 24-hour recalls among 744 mother-child dyads. Repeat recalls on a non-consecutive day were conducted with a subsample of the study population to account for intra-individual variation and estimate usual intake. In WRA, the prevalence of inadequate iron intakes were 33% and 29% in South Kivu and Kongo Central, respecitvely. The prevalence of inadequate vitamin A intakes among WRA was low in South Kivu (18%) and negligible in Kongo Central (1%). Iron inadequacy was highest in infants (6-11 m) at 82% and 64% in South Kivu and Kongo Central, respectively. Among older children (12-59 m) in both provinces, the prevalence of iron inadequacy was similar at ~20%. There was a high prevalence of inadequate zinc intake in women and children (i.e. 79-86% among WRA and 56-91% among children 6-59 m) consistent with our findings of a high prevalence of low serum zinc in the same sample. Dietary data here corroborate the low prevalence of biochemical vitamin A deficiency but not iron. However, any change to the supply of red palm oil (primary source of vitamin A) would dramatically reduce population vitamin A intakes, thus a carotenoid enriched cassava program may be beneficial as a safety net measure. Crops biofortified with zinc also appear warranted. We caution that our findings cannot be extrapolated to the entire Congo where diverse agro-ecological landscape exist or when political and environmental shocks occur which challenge food production. |
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AbstractList | Iron biofortified beans and carotenoid enriched cassava are proposed as a solution to combat iron and vitamin A deficiencies, respectively, in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). To inform the need for biofortified foods, we conducted a survey in 2014 in two provinces of the DRC, South Kivu and Kongo Central. Unexpectedly, women of reproductive age (WRA; 15–49 y) and their children (6–59 m) had a low prevalence of biochemical iron and vitamin A deficiency, based on ferritin and retinol binding protein, respectively. To better understand the lack of biochemical deficiency of these nutrients, we examined the prevalence of inadequate intake for these and other select nutrients. Dietary intake was assessed using 24-hour recalls among 744 mother-child dyads. Repeat recalls on a non-consecutive day were conducted with a subsample of the study population to account for intra-individual variation and estimate usual intake. In WRA, the prevalence of inadequate iron intakes were 33% and 29% in South Kivu and Kongo Central, respecitvely. The prevalence of inadequate vitamin A intakes among WRA was low in South Kivu (18%) and negligible in Kongo Central (1%). Iron inadequacy was highest in infants (6–11 m) at 82% and 64% in South Kivu and Kongo Central, respectively. Among older children (12–59 m) in both provinces, the prevalence of iron inadequacy was similar at ~20%. There was a high prevalence of inadequate zinc intake in women and children (i.e. 79–86% among WRA and 56–91% among children 6–59 m) consistent with our findings of a high prevalence of low serum zinc in the same sample. Dietary data here corroborate the low prevalence of biochemical vitamin A deficiency but not iron. However, any change to the supply of red palm oil (primary source of vitamin A) would dramatically reduce population vitamin A intakes, thus a carotenoid enriched cassava program may be beneficial as a safety net measure. Crops biofortified with zinc also appear warranted. We caution that our findings cannot be extrapolated to the entire Congo where diverse agro-ecological landscape exist or when political and environmental shocks occur which challenge food production. |
Author | Whitfield, Kyly C Tugirimana, Pierrot L Akilimali, Pierre Z Hawes, Meaghan D Karakochuk, Crystal D Sullivan, Thomas R Bahizire, Esto Sawadogo, Kossiwavi Améwono Ayassou Moumin, Najma A Michaux, Kristina D Angel, Moira Donahue Moursi, Mourad Boy, Erick Foley, Jennifer Green, Tim J |
AuthorAffiliation | The Ohio State University, UNITED STATES 13 School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia 3 HarvestPlus c/o International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, United States of America 4 Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada 11 Center of Research in Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Clinical Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium 2 Discipline of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia 6 Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, NS, Canada 9 Faculty of Medicine, Université Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo 1 Division of Healthy Mothers, Babies & Children, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia 10 Center of Research in Natural Sciences of Lwiro, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo 5 Initiatives Conseil International–Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso 7 Faculty of Medicine, Univer |
AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 3 HarvestPlus c/o International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, United States of America – name: 1 Division of Healthy Mothers, Babies & Children, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia – name: 8 Department of Clinical Biology, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda – name: 12 Department of Nutrition, Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo – name: 5 Initiatives Conseil International–Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso – name: 13 School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia – name: The Ohio State University, UNITED STATES – name: 4 Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada – name: 9 Faculty of Medicine, Université Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo – name: 7 Faculty of Medicine, University of Goma, Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo – name: 10 Center of Research in Natural Sciences of Lwiro, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo – name: 11 Center of Research in Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Clinical Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium – name: 2 Discipline of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia – name: 6 Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, NS, Canada |
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Cites_doi | 10.3945/jn.111.151829 10.3945/jn.115.223693 10.1002/jsfa.9347 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2011.00181.x 10.1177/0379572116652252 10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.04.003 10.3945/jn.117.252635 10.4178/epih/e2014009 10.3945/jn.116.235127 10.1024/0300-9831/a00052 10.1371/journal.pone.0110789 10.1371/journal.pone.0123568 10.1021/jf400774y 10.1111/mcn.12581 10.3390/nu8020098 10.1007/s00122-009-0975-8 |
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Copyright | 2020 Moumin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2020 Moumin et al 2020 Moumin et al |
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Notes | Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. |
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SubjectTerms | Adolescent Adult Age Anemia Beans Biochemistry Biological Transport Biology and Life Sciences Cassava Child Child, Preschool Children Children & youth Deficiency Diseases - epidemiology Democratic Republic of the Congo - epidemiology Diet Dietary intake Female Ferritin Food Food intake Food production Health care Households Humans Infant Infants Iron Male Medical research Medicine and Health Sciences Methods Micronutrients - metabolism Middle Aged Mothers Nutrient deficiency Nutrients Nutrition Palm oil People and Places Physical sciences Population Population studies Prevalence Provinces Public health Retinene Studies Towns Vitamin A Young Adult Zinc |
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Title | Micronutrient intake and prevalence of micronutrient inadequacy among women (15-49 y) and children (6-59 mo) in South Kivu and Kongo Central, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) |
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