Function of microglia and macrophages in secondary damage after spinal cord injury
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating type of neurological trauma with limited therapeutic opportunities. The pathophysiology of SCI involves primary and secondary mechanisms of injury. Among all the secondary injury mechanisms, the inflammatory response is the major contributor and results in e...
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| Published in | Neural regeneration research Vol. 9; no. 20; pp. 1787 - 1795 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
India
Medknow Publications & Media Pvt. Ltd
15.10.2014
Department of 0rthopedic Surgery, the Second Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China%Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd |
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| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1673-5374 1876-7958 |
| DOI | 10.4103/1673-5374.143423 |
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| Abstract | Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating type of neurological trauma with limited therapeutic opportunities. The pathophysiology of SCI involves primary and secondary mechanisms of injury. Among all the secondary injury mechanisms, the inflammatory response is the major contributor and results in expansion of the lesion and further loss of neurologic function. Meanwhile, the inflammation directly and indirectly dominates the outcomes of SCI, including not only pain and motor dysfunction, but also preventingneuronal regeneration. Microglia and macrophages play very important roles in secondary injury. Microglia reside in spinal parenchyma and survey the microenvironment through the signals of injury or infection. Macrophages are derived from monocytes recruited to injured sites from the peripheral circulation. Activated resident microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages induce and magnify immune and inflammatory responses not only by means of their secretory moleculesand phagocytosis, but also through their influence on astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and demyelination. In this review, we focus on the roles of microglia and macrophages in secondary injury and how they contribute to the sequelae of SCI. |
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| AbstractList | Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating type of neurological trauma with limited therapeutic opportunities. The pathophysiology of SCI involves primary and secondary mechanisms of injury. Among all the secondary injury mechanisms, the inflammatory response is the major contributor and results in expansion of the lesion and further loss of neurologic function. Meanwhile, the inflammation directly and indirectly dominates the outcomes of SCI, including not only pain and motor dysfunction, but also preventingneuronal regeneration. Microglia and macrophages play very important roles in secondary injury. Microglia reside in spinal parenchyma and survey the microenvironment through the signals of injury or infection. Macrophages are derived from monocytes recruited to injured sites from the peripheral circulation. Activated resident microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages induce and magnify immune and inflammatory responses not only by means of their secretory moleculesand phagocytosis, but also through their influence on astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and demyelination. In this review, we focus on the roles of microglia and macrophages in secondary injury and how they contribute to the sequelae of SCI. Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating type of neurological trauma with limited therapeutic opportunities. The pathophysiology of SCI involves primary and secondary mechanisms of injury. Among all the secondary injury mechanisms, the inflammatory response is the major contributor and results in expansion of the lesion and further loss of neurologic function. Meanwhile, the inflammation directly and indirectly dominates the outcomes of SCI, including not only pain and motor dysfunction, but also preventingneuronal regeneration. Microglia and macrophages play very important roles in secondary injury. Microglia reside in spinal parenchyma and survey the microenvironment through the signals of injury or infection. Macrophages are derived from monocytes recruited to injured sites from the peripheral circulation. Activated resident microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages induce and magnify immune and inflammatory responses not only by means of their secretory moleculesand phagocytosis, but also through their influence on astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and demyelination. In this review, we focus on the roles of microglia and macrophages in secondary injury and how they contribute to the sequelae of SCI.Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating type of neurological trauma with limited therapeutic opportunities. The pathophysiology of SCI involves primary and secondary mechanisms of injury. Among all the secondary injury mechanisms, the inflammatory response is the major contributor and results in expansion of the lesion and further loss of neurologic function. Meanwhile, the inflammation directly and indirectly dominates the outcomes of SCI, including not only pain and motor dysfunction, but also preventingneuronal regeneration. Microglia and macrophages play very important roles in secondary injury. Microglia reside in spinal parenchyma and survey the microenvironment through the signals of injury or infection. Macrophages are derived from monocytes recruited to injured sites from the peripheral circulation. Activated resident microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages induce and magnify immune and inflammatory responses not only by means of their secretory moleculesand phagocytosis, but also through their influence on astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and demyelination. In this review, we focus on the roles of microglia and macrophages in secondary injury and how they contribute to the sequelae of SCI. Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating type of neurological trauma with limited therapeutic op-portunities. The pathophysiology of SCI involves primary and secondary mechanisms of injury. Among all the secondary injury mechanisms, the inlfammatory response is the major contrib-utor and results in expansion of the lesion and further loss of neurologic function. Meanwhile, the inlfammation directly and indirectly dominates the outcomes of SCI, including not only pain and motor dysfunction, but also preventingneuronal regeneration. Microglia and macrophages play very important roles in secondary injury. Microglia reside in spinal parenchyma and survey the microenvironment through the signals of injury or infection. Macrophages are derived from monocytes recruited to injured sites from the peripheral circulation. Activated resident microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages induce and magnify immune and inlfammatory responses not only by means of their secretory moleculesand phagocytosis, but also through their inlfuence on astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and demyelination. In this review, we focus on the roles of mi-croglia and macrophages in secondary injury and how they contribute to the sequelae of SCI. |
| Author | Ren, Yi He, Xijing Zhou, Xiang |
| AuthorAffiliation | Department of 0rthopedic Surgery, the Second Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China%Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: Department of 0rthopedic Surgery, the Second Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China%Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA – name: 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA – name: 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Xiang surname: Zhou fullname: Zhou, Xiang – sequence: 2 givenname: Xijing surname: He fullname: He, Xijing – sequence: 3 givenname: Yi surname: Ren fullname: Ren, Yi |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25422640$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| PublicationYear | 2014 |
| Publisher | Medknow Publications & Media Pvt. Ltd Department of 0rthopedic Surgery, the Second Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China%Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Medknow Publications & Media Pvt. Ltd – name: Department of 0rthopedic Surgery, the Second Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China%Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA – name: Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd |
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| Snippet | Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating type of neurological trauma with limited therapeutic opportunities. The pathophysiology of SCI involves primary and... Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating type of neurological trauma with limited therapeutic op-portunities. The pathophysiology of SCI involves primary and... |
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| SubjectTerms | Apoptosis Bone marrow Cavitation Chemokines Cytokines Edema Fractures Inflammation Invited Review Ischemia Morphology Nervous system Paralysis Scars Spinal cord injuries Tumor necrosis factor-TNF |
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| Title | Function of microglia and macrophages in secondary damage after spinal cord injury |
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