Virological Passive Surveillance of Avian Influenza and Arboviruses in Wild Birds: A Two-Year Study (2023–2024) in Lombardy, Italy

Avian influenza (AI), caused by Alphainfluenzavirus (family Orthomyxoviridae), poses significant threats to poultry, biodiversity, and public health. AI outbreaks in poultry lead to severe economic losses, while highly pathogenic strains (HPAIVs) severely impact wild bird populations, with implicati...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inMicroorganisms (Basel) Vol. 13; no. 5; p. 958
Main Authors Rapi, Maria Cristina, Martin, Ana Maria Moreno, Lelli, Davide, Lavazza, Antonio, Raimondi, Stefano, Farioli, Marco, Chiari, Mario, Grilli, Guido
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland MDPI AG 22.04.2025
MDPI
Subjects
Animal populations
Asymptomatic
Avian flu
Avian influenza
Biodiversity
Bird impact
Bird migration
Bird populations
Birds
Blood & organ donations
Disease
Economic impact
Epidemiology
Genomes
H5N1
Health surveillance
HPAIV clade 2.3.4.4b
Infections
Influenza
Nervous system diseases
Neurological diseases
Orthomyxoviridae
Pathogens
Populations
Poultry
Public health
Surveillance
Usutu virus
Vector-borne diseases
Veterinary medicine
Viruses
West Nile fever
West Nile virus
wild birds
Wildlife
Zoonoses
Italy
Germany
Western Europe
Lombardy Italy
Europe
wild birds
H5N1
avian influenza
HPAIV clade 2.3.4.4b
Usutu virus
West Nile virus
passive surveillance
Online AccessGet full text

Cover

Abstract Avian influenza (AI), caused by Alphainfluenzavirus (family Orthomyxoviridae), poses significant threats to poultry, biodiversity, and public health. AI outbreaks in poultry lead to severe economic losses, while highly pathogenic strains (HPAIVs) severely impact wild bird populations, with implications for biodiversity and potential zoonotic risks. Similarly, arboviruses such as West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) are emerging zoonoses. WNV can cause severe neurological diseases in birds, humans, and other animals, while USUV significantly affects blackbird populations and has zoonotic potential, though human cases remain rare. This study investigated avian viruses in 1654 wild birds from 75 species that died at the Wildlife Rescue Center in Vanzago, Lombardy, during 2023–2024. Necropsies were conducted, and virological analyses were performed to detect avian influenza viruses, WNV, and USUV. Among the tested birds, 15 were positive for H5N1 HPAIV clade 2.3.4.4b, all in 2023, including 13 Chroicocephalus ridibundus, one Coturnix coturnix, and one Columba palumbus. Additionally, 16 tested positive for WNV (15 for lineage 2 and one for lineage 1), one for USUV, and 11 co-infections WNV/USUV were recorded in 2023–2024. These findings underscore the importance of avian viral passive surveillance in identifying epidemiological trends and preventing transmission to other species, including mammals and humans.
AbstractList Avian influenza (AI), caused by Alphainfluenzavirus (family Orthomyxoviridae ), poses significant threats to poultry, biodiversity, and public health. AI outbreaks in poultry lead to severe economic losses, while highly pathogenic strains (HPAIVs) severely impact wild bird populations, with implications for biodiversity and potential zoonotic risks. Similarly, arboviruses such as West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) are emerging zoonoses. WNV can cause severe neurological diseases in birds, humans, and other animals, while USUV significantly affects blackbird populations and has zoonotic potential, though human cases remain rare. This study investigated avian viruses in 1654 wild birds from 75 species that died at the Wildlife Rescue Center in Vanzago, Lombardy, during 2023–2024. Necropsies were conducted, and virological analyses were performed to detect avian influenza viruses, WNV, and USUV. Among the tested birds, 15 were positive for H5N1 HPAIV clade 2.3.4.4b, all in 2023, including 13 Chroicocephalus ridibundus , one Coturnix coturnix , and one Columba palumbus . Additionally, 16 tested positive for WNV (15 for lineage 2 and one for lineage 1), one for USUV, and 11 co-infections WNV/USUV were recorded in 2023–2024. These findings underscore the importance of avian viral passive surveillance in identifying epidemiological trends and preventing transmission to other species, including mammals and humans.
Avian influenza (AI), caused by Alphainfluenzavirus (family Orthomyxoviridae), poses significant threats to poultry, biodiversity, and public health. AI outbreaks in poultry lead to severe economic losses, while highly pathogenic strains (HPAIVs) severely impact wild bird populations, with implications for biodiversity and potential zoonotic risks. Similarly, arboviruses such as West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) are emerging zoonoses. WNV can cause severe neurological diseases in birds, humans, and other animals, while USUV significantly affects blackbird populations and has zoonotic potential, though human cases remain rare. This study investigated avian viruses in 1654 wild birds from 75 species that died at the Wildlife Rescue Center in Vanzago, Lombardy, during 2023–2024. Necropsies were conducted, and virological analyses were performed to detect avian influenza viruses, WNV, and USUV. Among the tested birds, 15 were positive for H5N1 HPAIV clade 2.3.4.4b, all in 2023, including 13 Chroicocephalus ridibundus, one Coturnix coturnix, and one Columba palumbus. Additionally, 16 tested positive for WNV (15 for lineage 2 and one for lineage 1), one for USUV, and 11 co-infections WNV/USUV were recorded in 2023–2024. These findings underscore the importance of avian viral passive surveillance in identifying epidemiological trends and preventing transmission to other species, including mammals and humans.
Avian influenza (AI), caused by (family ), poses significant threats to poultry, biodiversity, and public health. AI outbreaks in poultry lead to severe economic losses, while highly pathogenic strains (HPAIVs) severely impact wild bird populations, with implications for biodiversity and potential zoonotic risks. Similarly, arboviruses such as West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) are emerging zoonoses. WNV can cause severe neurological diseases in birds, humans, and other animals, while USUV significantly affects blackbird populations and has zoonotic potential, though human cases remain rare. This study investigated avian viruses in 1654 wild birds from 75 species that died at the Wildlife Rescue Center in Vanzago, Lombardy, during 2023-2024. Necropsies were conducted, and virological analyses were performed to detect avian influenza viruses, WNV, and USUV. Among the tested birds, 15 were positive for H5N1 HPAIV clade 2.3.4.4b, all in 2023, including 13 , one , and one . Additionally, 16 tested positive for WNV (15 for lineage 2 and one for lineage 1), one for USUV, and 11 co-infections WNV/USUV were recorded in 2023-2024. These findings underscore the importance of avian viral passive surveillance in identifying epidemiological trends and preventing transmission to other species, including mammals and humans.
Avian influenza (AI), caused by Alphainfluenzavirus (family Orthomyxoviridae), poses significant threats to poultry, biodiversity, and public health. AI outbreaks in poultry lead to severe economic losses, while highly pathogenic strains (HPAIVs) severely impact wild bird populations, with implications for biodiversity and potential zoonotic risks. Similarly, arboviruses such as West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) are emerging zoonoses. WNV can cause severe neurological diseases in birds, humans, and other animals, while USUV significantly affects blackbird populations and has zoonotic potential, though human cases remain rare. This study investigated avian viruses in 1654 wild birds from 75 species that died at the Wildlife Rescue Center in Vanzago, Lombardy, during 2023-2024. Necropsies were conducted, and virological analyses were performed to detect avian influenza viruses, WNV, and USUV. Among the tested birds, 15 were positive for H5N1 HPAIV clade 2.3.4.4b, all in 2023, including 13 Chroicocephalus ridibundus, one Coturnix coturnix, and one Columba palumbus. Additionally, 16 tested positive for WNV (15 for lineage 2 and one for lineage 1), one for USUV, and 11 co-infections WNV/USUV were recorded in 2023-2024. These findings underscore the importance of avian viral passive surveillance in identifying epidemiological trends and preventing transmission to other species, including mammals and humans.Avian influenza (AI), caused by Alphainfluenzavirus (family Orthomyxoviridae), poses significant threats to poultry, biodiversity, and public health. AI outbreaks in poultry lead to severe economic losses, while highly pathogenic strains (HPAIVs) severely impact wild bird populations, with implications for biodiversity and potential zoonotic risks. Similarly, arboviruses such as West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) are emerging zoonoses. WNV can cause severe neurological diseases in birds, humans, and other animals, while USUV significantly affects blackbird populations and has zoonotic potential, though human cases remain rare. This study investigated avian viruses in 1654 wild birds from 75 species that died at the Wildlife Rescue Center in Vanzago, Lombardy, during 2023-2024. Necropsies were conducted, and virological analyses were performed to detect avian influenza viruses, WNV, and USUV. Among the tested birds, 15 were positive for H5N1 HPAIV clade 2.3.4.4b, all in 2023, including 13 Chroicocephalus ridibundus, one Coturnix coturnix, and one Columba palumbus. Additionally, 16 tested positive for WNV (15 for lineage 2 and one for lineage 1), one for USUV, and 11 co-infections WNV/USUV were recorded in 2023-2024. These findings underscore the importance of avian viral passive surveillance in identifying epidemiological trends and preventing transmission to other species, including mammals and humans.
Audience Academic
Author Rapi, Maria Cristina
Raimondi, Stefano
Farioli, Marco
Lelli, Davide
Lavazza, Antonio
Grilli, Guido
Martin, Ana Maria Moreno
Chiari, Mario
AuthorAffiliation 4 S.C. Animali, Ambiente e One Health, Dipartimento Veterinario e Sicurezza degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, ATS Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi 9, 21100 Varese, Italy; fariolim@ats-insubria.it
1 Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; maria.rapi@unimi.it
5 U.O. Veterinaria, Direzione Generale Welfare, Regione Lombardia, Piazza Città di Lombardia 1, 20124 Milano, Italy; mario_chiari@regione.lombardia.it
2 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; anamaria.morenomartin@izsler.it (A.M.M.M.); davide.lelli@izsler.it (D.L.); alavazza0@gmail.com (A.L.)
3 Centro Recupero Fauna Selvatica (CRAS)—“Bosco WWF di Vanzago”, Via delle 3 Campane, 20043 Vanzago, Italy; stefanoraimondi67@gmail.com
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 2 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; anamaria.morenomartin@izsler.it (A.M.M.M.); davide.lelli@izsler.it (D.L.); alavazza0@gmail.com (A.L.)
– name: 5 U.O. Veterinaria, Direzione Generale Welfare, Regione Lombardia, Piazza Città di Lombardia 1, 20124 Milano, Italy; mario_chiari@regione.lombardia.it
– name: 4 S.C. Animali, Ambiente e One Health, Dipartimento Veterinario e Sicurezza degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, ATS Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi 9, 21100 Varese, Italy; fariolim@ats-insubria.it
– name: 3 Centro Recupero Fauna Selvatica (CRAS)—“Bosco WWF di Vanzago”, Via delle 3 Campane, 20043 Vanzago, Italy; stefanoraimondi67@gmail.com
– name: 1 Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; maria.rapi@unimi.it
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Maria Cristina
  orcidid: 0009-0007-1496-5195
  surname: Rapi
  fullname: Rapi, Maria Cristina
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Ana Maria Moreno
  orcidid: 0000-0002-8497-9708
  surname: Martin
  fullname: Martin, Ana Maria Moreno
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Davide
  orcidid: 0000-0002-5775-6058
  surname: Lelli
  fullname: Lelli, Davide
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Antonio
  orcidid: 0000-0002-7646-3592
  surname: Lavazza
  fullname: Lavazza, Antonio
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Stefano
  surname: Raimondi
  fullname: Raimondi, Stefano
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Marco
  surname: Farioli
  fullname: Farioli, Marco
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Mario
  surname: Chiari
  fullname: Chiari, Mario
– sequence: 8
  givenname: Guido
  orcidid: 0000-0001-6157-7258
  surname: Grilli
  fullname: Grilli, Guido
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40431131$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark eNptkt1qFDEUxwep2Fr7CiXgTQW35muSGW9kLX4sLCi0KF6FTHJmzTKTtMnMynrlhW_gG_okZru1dqXJxQknv_zDOef_uNjzwUNRHBN8yliNX_TOxBDiQnuX-kQYLnFdVg-KA4qlmFCB5d6d835xlNIS51UTVpXkUbHPMWeEMHJQ_PzkYujCwhndoY86JbcCdD7GFbiu094ACi2arpz2aObbbgT_XSPtLZrGJqxcHBMk5Dz67DqLXrto00s0RRffwuQL6IjOh9Gu0QnFlP3-8SsH_mxDz0Pf6GjXz9Fs0N36SfGw1V2Co5t4WFy8fXNx9n4y__BudjadT0xJy2FScS2EkMBqji1mjSipEYKVhgvCZM43puWttiBzaZpBS-qGC0ZK3ooGanZYzLayNuiluoyu13GtgnbqOpEbqnQcnOlAgbQtttYA5prLCpqGElFK00owVWNw1nq11bocmx4y6Ieoux3R3RvvvqpFWClCCeG8llnh5EYhhqsR0qB6lwxsug5hTIpRQmVF89gy-vQ_dBnG6HOrrilc5bmyf9RC5wqcb0P-2GxE1bTiVOYm1Rvq9B4qbwvZVtlnrcv5nQfHdyu9LfGvhzIgtkA2ZUoR2luEYLXxq7rfr-wPphDf6w
Cites_doi 10.1111/tbed.14050
10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00982-5
10.3390/tropicalmed7080160
10.1637/7674-063006R1.1
10.3390/v14010064
10.1637/11900-051518-Reg.1
10.3390/v16111668
10.1007/978-1-0716-0346-8
10.3201/eid0704.017403
10.1186/1743-422X-3-96
10.3390/v14091994
10.1007/978-3-319-11155-1
10.3390/microorganisms9091957
10.3390/microorganisms7070184
10.3390/v14020416
10.1002/9781119506287
10.3390/v14020415
10.3390/v6020752
10.1128/JVI.79.5.2814-2822.2005
10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.14.30501
10.1038/srep27211
10.1002/9781118924341
10.3382/ps.2008-00336
10.3390/pathogens10050630
10.3390/v13020212
10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8039
10.1016/j.jcv.2010.11.008
10.3201/eid1303.060301
10.1089/vbz.2019.2608
10.1097/QCO.0b013e32816b5cad
10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7917
10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00083.x
10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.02.042
10.3201/eid0903.020628
10.1016/j.onehlt.2015.08.002
10.1002/9780813818634
10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.43.1800545
10.1128/JVI.76.1.118-126.2002
10.1007/978-3-030-85877-3
10.1016/j.soh.2023.100043
10.2903/sp.efsa.2024.EN-8692
10.1186/1297-9716-44-23
10.3201/eid1612.100589
10.20506/rst.28.1.1854
10.1007/82_2014_385
10.1089/vbz.2006.0543
10.1080/21645515.2019.1621149
10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8754
10.2903/sp.efsa.2023.EN-8550
10.1093/infdis/jiae379
10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5141
10.3390/vaccines8030550
10.1016/j.cimid.2008.01.001
10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.10.051
10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.05.009
10.3390/v16040599
10.3201/eid0807.020094
10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0053:POAHKO]2.0.CO;2
10.1186/1756-3305-3-35
10.1371/journal.pntd.0006078
10.1128/mr.56.1.152-179.1992
10.1128/JVI.01963-10
10.1186/s13071-015-0831-4
10.4142/jvs.2017.18.S1.269
10.1097/TP.0000000000000024
10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8442
10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.08.025
10.1017/S0950268819001213
10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8539
10.1093/trstmh/trv066
10.1126/science.1122438
10.1128/JCM.40.9.3256-3260.2002
10.1002/jmv.25230
10.1038/nature06536
10.3390/v11070640
10.1007/978-3-642-59403-8_14
10.1016/j.cimid.2004.03.009
10.1637/8703-031609-Review.1
10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.02.019
10.2147/VAAT.S123619
10.1016/j.jcv.2006.02.008
10.1016/j.cmi.2016.09.019
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright COPYRIGHT 2025 MDPI AG
2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
2025 by the authors. 2025
Copyright_xml – notice: COPYRIGHT 2025 MDPI AG
– notice: 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
– notice: 2025 by the authors. 2025
DBID AAYXX
CITATION
NPM
7T7
8FD
8FE
8FH
ABUWG
AFKRA
ATCPS
AZQEC
BBNVY
BENPR
BHPHI
C1K
CCPQU
DWQXO
FR3
GNUQQ
HCIFZ
LK8
M7P
P64
PATMY
PHGZM
PHGZT
PIMPY
PKEHL
PQEST
PQGLB
PQQKQ
PQUKI
PRINS
PYCSY
7X8
5PM
DOA
DOI 10.3390/microorganisms13050958
DatabaseName CrossRef
PubMed
Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)
Technology Research Database
ProQuest SciTech Collection
ProQuest Natural Science Journals
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
ProQuest Central UK/Ireland
Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection (ProQuest)
ProQuest Central Essentials
Biological Science Collection (ProQuest)
ProQuest Central
Natural Science Collection
Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management
ProQuest One
ProQuest Central
Engineering Research Database
ProQuest Central Student
ProQuest SciTech Premium Collection
ProQuest Biological Science Collection
Biological Science Database
Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts
Environmental Science Database
ProQuest Central Premium
ProQuest One Academic (New)
Publicly Available Content Database
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)
ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
ProQuest Central China
Environmental Science Collection (ProQuest)
MEDLINE - Academic
PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)
DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
PubMed
Publicly Available Content Database
ProQuest Central Student
Technology Research Database
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest Central Essentials
ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)
SciTech Premium Collection
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest Natural Science Collection
ProQuest Central China
Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management
ProQuest Central
ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences
Natural Science Collection
ProQuest Central Korea
Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection
Biological Science Collection
Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)
ProQuest Central (New)
ProQuest Biological Science Collection
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition
Biological Science Database
ProQuest SciTech Collection
Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts
Environmental Science Collection
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
Environmental Science Database
Engineering Research Database
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest One Academic (New)
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList
CrossRef
Publicly Available Content Database

PubMed
MEDLINE - Academic
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: DOA
  name: DOAJ Open Access Full Text
  url: https://www.doaj.org/
  sourceTypes: Open Website
– sequence: 2
  dbid: NPM
  name: PubMed
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 3
  dbid: BENPR
  name: Proquest Central
  url: https://www.proquest.com/central
  sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Biology
Veterinary Medicine
Public Health
EISSN 2076-2607
ExternalDocumentID oai_doaj_org_article_e7df0ddce04a478ebb21657cf7ec8bc0
PMC12114497
A842761393
40431131
10_3390_microorganisms13050958
Genre Journal Article
GeographicLocations Italy
Germany
Western Europe
Lombardy Italy
Europe
GeographicLocations_xml – name: Germany
– name: Western Europe
– name: Italy
– name: Lombardy Italy
– name: Europe
GrantInformation_xml – fundername: Regione Lombardia
  grantid: 17603
GroupedDBID 53G
5VS
7XC
8FE
8FH
AADQD
AAFWJ
AAHBH
AAYXX
ACPRK
AFKRA
AFPKN
AFRAH
AFZYC
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
ATCPS
BBNVY
BENPR
BHPHI
CCPQU
CITATION
ECGQY
GROUPED_DOAJ
GS5
GX1
HCIFZ
HYE
IAO
ITC
KQ8
LK8
M7P
MODMG
M~E
OK1
PATMY
PGMZT
PHGZM
PHGZT
PIMPY
PROAC
PYCSY
RNS
RPM
NPM
PMFND
7T7
8FD
ABUWG
AZQEC
C1K
DWQXO
FR3
GNUQQ
M48
P64
PKEHL
PQEST
PQGLB
PQQKQ
PQUKI
PRINS
7X8
5PM
PUEGO
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c525t-84a6667e3940d03b652c6635c461377e3bcf4fade7131a3ef19b463154f6be93
IEDL.DBID M48
ISSN 2076-2607
IngestDate Wed Aug 27 01:30:41 EDT 2025
Thu Aug 21 18:37:27 EDT 2025
Fri Jul 11 17:12:35 EDT 2025
Thu Jul 24 11:10:36 EDT 2025
Tue Jun 17 21:57:10 EDT 2025
Tue Jun 10 03:41:58 EDT 2025
Sun Jun 01 01:35:20 EDT 2025
Tue Jul 01 05:04:03 EDT 2025
IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 5
Keywords wild birds
H5N1
avian influenza
HPAIV clade 2.3.4.4b
Usutu virus
West Nile virus
passive surveillance
Language English
License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c525t-84a6667e3940d03b652c6635c461377e3bcf4fade7131a3ef19b463154f6be93
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 14
content type line 23
ORCID 0000-0001-6157-7258
0009-0007-1496-5195
0000-0002-7646-3592
0000-0002-8497-9708
0000-0002-5775-6058
OpenAccessLink https://www.proquest.com/docview/3212081383?pq-origsite=%requestingapplication%
PMID 40431131
PQID 3212081383
PQPubID 2032358
ParticipantIDs doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_e7df0ddce04a478ebb21657cf7ec8bc0
pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_12114497
proquest_miscellaneous_3212782000
proquest_journals_3212081383
gale_infotracmisc_A842761393
gale_infotracacademiconefile_A842761393
pubmed_primary_40431131
crossref_primary_10_3390_microorganisms13050958
ProviderPackageCode CITATION
AAYXX
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2025-04-22
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2025-04-22
PublicationDate_xml – month: 04
  year: 2025
  text: 2025-04-22
  day: 22
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace Switzerland
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Switzerland
– name: Basel
PublicationTitle Microorganisms (Basel)
PublicationTitleAlternate Microorganisms
PublicationYear 2025
Publisher MDPI AG
MDPI
Publisher_xml – name: MDPI AG
– name: MDPI
References Slomka (ref_41) 2009; 3
ref_94
ref_93
ref_91
ref_90
Compans (ref_13) 2014; Volume 385
ref_12
ref_11
ref_98
ref_96
ref_95
Spackman (ref_40) 2002; 40
Bertran (ref_64) 2013; 44
ref_18
Dauphin (ref_26) 2004; 27
Lee (ref_92) 2017; 18
ref_17
Tang (ref_47) 2006; 36
Fouchier (ref_10) 2005; 79
Llorente (ref_75) 2014; 6
ref_25
ref_21
Alexander (ref_5) 2007; 25
Faggioni (ref_29) 2018; 90
Cadar (ref_35) 2017; 22
Ulbert (ref_31) 2019; 15
ref_72
ref_71
ref_70
Pfeffer (ref_23) 2010; 3
Mackenzie (ref_77) 2002; Volume 267
Abolnik (ref_67) 2014; 170
ref_79
ref_78
Hoye (ref_97) 2010; 16
Webby (ref_59) 2024; 230
ref_82
ref_80
Uyeki (ref_8) 2022; 400
Jourdain (ref_84) 2007; 7
Perkins (ref_65) 2002; 46
ref_89
Duan (ref_16) 2023; 2
Aberle (ref_36) 2018; 23
Jourdain (ref_76) 2007; 13
Longoni (ref_87) 2015; 84
Slomka (ref_46) 2007; 51
Battisti (ref_88) 2011; 153
ref_50
Grottola (ref_30) 2017; 23
Winston (ref_33) 2014; 97
ref_58
James (ref_44) 2018; 63
ref_57
Beck (ref_74) 2019; 147
ref_56
ref_55
ref_54
Komar (ref_81) 2003; 9
ref_53
ref_52
ref_51
Saiz (ref_32) 2017; 9
Krauss (ref_15) 2010; 54
Cavrini (ref_48) 2011; 50
ref_60
Spackman (ref_20) 2009; 88
Webster (ref_7) 1992; 56
Sun (ref_63) 2011; 152
Bakonyi (ref_68) 2010; 140
Mrzljak (ref_34) 2020; 20
Nikolay (ref_27) 2015; 109
Jones (ref_1) 2008; 451
Reinartz (ref_61) 2024; 21
Holicki (ref_85) 2023; 2023
Komar (ref_69) 2001; 7
Sotelo (ref_49) 2013; 189
Olsen (ref_9) 2006; 312
ref_39
ref_38
ref_37
Artois (ref_14) 2009; 28
Bowen (ref_28) 2007; 20
Fros (ref_22) 2015; 1
May (ref_24) 2011; 85
Feare (ref_19) 2006; 3
Webster (ref_62) 2002; 76
ref_45
ref_43
ref_42
Cardona (ref_66) 2009; 32
Rizzoli (ref_83) 2015; 8
ref_3
ref_2
Santos (ref_86) 2022; 69
Kolodziejek (ref_73) 2002; 8
ref_4
ref_6
References_xml – volume: 69
  start-page: 776
  year: 2022
  ident: ref_86
  article-title: Co-infections: Simultaneous detections of West Nile virus and Usutu virus in birds from Germany
  publication-title: Transbound. Emerg. Dis.
  doi: 10.1111/tbed.14050
– volume: 400
  start-page: 693
  year: 2022
  ident: ref_8
  article-title: Influenza
  publication-title: Lancet
  doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00982-5
– ident: ref_80
  doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed7080160
– volume: 51
  start-page: 227
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_46
  article-title: Identification of Sensitive and Specific Avian Influenza Polymerase Chain Reaction Methods Through Blind Ring Trials Organized in the European Union
  publication-title: Avian Dis.
  doi: 10.1637/7674-063006R1.1
– ident: ref_79
  doi: 10.3390/v14010064
– volume: 63
  start-page: 209
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_44
  article-title: Development and Application of Real-Time PCR Assays for Specific Detection of Contemporary Avian Influenza Virus Subtypes N5, N6, N7, N8, and N9
  publication-title: Avian Dis.
  doi: 10.1637/11900-051518-Reg.1
– ident: ref_53
  doi: 10.3390/v16111668
– volume: 21
  start-page: 8807E
  year: 2024
  ident: ref_61
  article-title: Update of the target list of wild bird species for passive surveillance of H5 HPAI viruses in the EU
  publication-title: EFSA Support. Publ.
– ident: ref_98
  doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0346-8
– volume: 7
  start-page: 621
  year: 2001
  ident: ref_69
  article-title: Serologic evidence for West Nile virus infection in birds in the New York City vicinity during an outbreak in 1999
  publication-title: Emerg. Infect. Dis.
  doi: 10.3201/eid0704.017403
– volume: 3
  start-page: 96
  year: 2006
  ident: ref_19
  article-title: Asymptomatic infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in wild birds: How sound is the evidence?
  publication-title: Virol. J.
  doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-3-96
– ident: ref_95
  doi: 10.3390/v14091994
– ident: ref_39
– ident: ref_11
  doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-11155-1
– ident: ref_42
– ident: ref_71
– volume: 2023
  start-page: 6305484
  year: 2023
  ident: ref_85
  article-title: Simultaneous coinfections with West Nile virus and Usutu virus in Culex pipiens and Aedes vexans mosquitoes
  publication-title: Transbound. Emerg. Dis.
– ident: ref_94
– ident: ref_37
  doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9091957
– ident: ref_21
  doi: 10.3390/microorganisms7070184
– ident: ref_96
  doi: 10.3390/v14020416
– ident: ref_12
  doi: 10.1002/9781119506287
– ident: ref_43
  doi: 10.3390/v14020415
– volume: 6
  start-page: 752
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_75
  article-title: Experimental infections of wild birds with West Nile virus
  publication-title: Viruses
  doi: 10.3390/v6020752
– volume: 79
  start-page: 2814
  year: 2005
  ident: ref_10
  article-title: Characterization of a novel influenza A virus hemagglutinin subtype (H16) obtained from black-headed gulls
  publication-title: J. Virol.
  doi: 10.1128/JVI.79.5.2814-2822.2005
– volume: 22
  start-page: 30501
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_35
  article-title: Blood donor screening for West Nile virus (WNV) revealed acute Usutu virus (USUV) infection, Germany, September 2016
  publication-title: Eurosurveillance
  doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.14.30501
– ident: ref_56
– ident: ref_45
  doi: 10.1038/srep27211
– ident: ref_17
  doi: 10.1002/9781118924341
– volume: 88
  start-page: 847
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_20
  article-title: The ecology of avian influenza virus in wild birds: What does this mean for poultry?
  publication-title: Poult. Sci.
  doi: 10.3382/ps.2008-00336
– ident: ref_3
  doi: 10.3390/pathogens10050630
– ident: ref_91
  doi: 10.3390/v13020212
– ident: ref_51
  doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8039
– volume: 50
  start-page: 221
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_48
  article-title: A rapid and specific real-time RT-PCR assay to identify Usutu virus in human plasma, serum, and cerebrospinal fluid
  publication-title: J. Clin. Virol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2010.11.008
– volume: 13
  start-page: 365
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_76
  article-title: Bird migration routes and risk for pathogen dispersion into western Mediterranean wetlands
  publication-title: Emerg. Infect. Dis.
  doi: 10.3201/eid1303.060301
– volume: 20
  start-page: 613
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_34
  article-title: West Nile virus: An emerging threat in transplant population
  publication-title: Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis.
  doi: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2608
– volume: 20
  start-page: 293
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_28
  article-title: Experimental infections with West Nile virus
  publication-title: Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis.
  doi: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e32816b5cad
– ident: ref_50
  doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7917
– volume: 3
  start-page: 151
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_41
  article-title: Validated RealTime reverse transcriptase PCR methods for the diagnosis and pathotyping of Eurasian H7 avian influenza viruses
  publication-title: Influenza Other Respir. Viruses
  doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00083.x
– volume: 170
  start-page: 181
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_67
  article-title: A current review of avian influenza in pigeons and doves (Columbidae)
  publication-title: Vet. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.02.042
– volume: 9
  start-page: 311
  year: 2003
  ident: ref_81
  article-title: Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus
  publication-title: Emerg. Infect. Dis.
  doi: 10.3201/eid0903.020628
– volume: 1
  start-page: 31
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_22
  article-title: Comparative Usutu and West Nile virus transmission potential by local Culex pipiens mosquitoes in north-western Europe
  publication-title: One Health
  doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2015.08.002
– ident: ref_18
  doi: 10.1002/9780813818634
– volume: 23
  start-page: 1800545
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_36
  article-title: Increase in human West Nile and Usutu virus infections, Austria, 2018
  publication-title: Eurosurveillance
  doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.43.1800545
– volume: 76
  start-page: 118
  year: 2002
  ident: ref_62
  article-title: Characterization of H5N1 influenza viruses that continue to circulate in geese in southeastern China
  publication-title: J. Virol.
  doi: 10.1128/JVI.76.1.118-126.2002
– ident: ref_2
  doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-85877-3
– volume: 2
  start-page: 100043
  year: 2023
  ident: ref_16
  article-title: An overview of avian influenza surveillance strategies and modes
  publication-title: Sci. One Health
  doi: 10.1016/j.soh.2023.100043
– ident: ref_6
– ident: ref_4
  doi: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2024.EN-8692
– volume: 44
  start-page: 23
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_64
  article-title: Pathobiology and transmission of highly and low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in European quail (Coturnix c. coturnix)
  publication-title: Vet. Res.
  doi: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-23
– ident: ref_70
– volume: 16
  start-page: 1827
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_97
  article-title: Surveillance of wild birds for avian influenza virus
  publication-title: Emerg. Infect. Dis.
  doi: 10.3201/eid1612.100589
– volume: 28
  start-page: 69
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_14
  article-title: Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Europe: The risks associated with wild birds
  publication-title: Rev. Sci. Tech.
  doi: 10.20506/rst.28.1.1854
– volume: Volume 385
  start-page: 221
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_13
  article-title: Influenza pathobiology and pathogenesis in avian species
  publication-title: Influenza Pathogenesis and Control–Volume I
  doi: 10.1007/82_2014_385
– volume: 7
  start-page: 15
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_84
  article-title: Bird species potentially involved in introduction, amplification, and spread of West Nile virus in a mediterranean wetland, the Camargue (southern France)
  publication-title: Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis.
  doi: 10.1089/vbz.2006.0543
– volume: 15
  start-page: 2337
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_31
  article-title: West Nile virus vaccines–current situation and future directions
  publication-title: Hum. Vaccin. Immunother.
  doi: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1621149
– ident: ref_55
– ident: ref_57
  doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8754
– ident: ref_52
  doi: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2023.EN-8550
– volume: 230
  start-page: 533
  year: 2024
  ident: ref_59
  article-title: An update on highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus, clade 2.3.4.4b
  publication-title: J. Infect. Dis.
  doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiae379
– ident: ref_60
  doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5141
– ident: ref_90
– ident: ref_82
  doi: 10.3390/vaccines8030550
– volume: 153
  start-page: 461
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_88
  article-title: Contributi per la tutela della biodiversità delle zone umide
  publication-title: Rapp. ISPRA
– volume: 32
  start-page: 255
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_66
  article-title: Avian influenza in birds and mammals
  publication-title: Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.
  doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2008.01.001
– volume: 25
  start-page: 5637
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_5
  article-title: An overview of the epidemiology of avian influenza
  publication-title: Vaccine
  doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.10.051
– volume: 152
  start-page: 258
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_63
  article-title: Pathogenicity in quails and mice of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from ducks
  publication-title: Vet. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.05.009
– ident: ref_89
  doi: 10.3390/v16040599
– volume: 8
  start-page: 652
  year: 2002
  ident: ref_73
  article-title: Emergence of Usutu virus, an African mosquito-borne flavivirus of the Japanese encephalitis virus group, central Europe
  publication-title: Emerg. Infect. Dis.
  doi: 10.3201/eid0807.020094
– volume: 46
  start-page: 53
  year: 2002
  ident: ref_65
  article-title: Pathogenicity of a Hong Kong–origin H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus for emus, geese, ducks, and pigeons
  publication-title: Avian Dis.
  doi: 10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0053:POAHKO]2.0.CO;2
– volume: 3
  start-page: 35
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_23
  article-title: Emergence of zoonotic arboviruses by animal trade and migration
  publication-title: Parasit. Vectors
  doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-3-35
– ident: ref_38
– ident: ref_78
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006078
– ident: ref_72
– volume: 56
  start-page: 152
  year: 1992
  ident: ref_7
  article-title: Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses
  publication-title: Microbiol. Rev.
  doi: 10.1128/mr.56.1.152-179.1992
– volume: 85
  start-page: 2964
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_24
  article-title: Phylogeography of West Nile virus: From the cradle of evolution in Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas
  publication-title: J. Virol.
  doi: 10.1128/JVI.01963-10
– volume: 8
  start-page: 213
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_83
  article-title: Understanding West Nile virus ecology in Europe: Culex pipiens host feeding preference in a hotspot of virus emergence
  publication-title: Parasit. Vectors
  doi: 10.1186/s13071-015-0831-4
– volume: 84
  start-page: 3
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_87
  article-title: Population trends of wintering waterbirds in Lombardy between 2002 and 2013
  publication-title: Riv. Ital. Di Ornitol.
– volume: 18
  start-page: 269
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_92
  article-title: Evolution, global spread, and pathogenicity of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4
  publication-title: J. Vet. Sci.
  doi: 10.4142/jvs.2017.18.S1.269
– volume: 97
  start-page: 881
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_33
  article-title: Donor-derived West Nile virus infection in solid organ transplant recipients: Report of four additional cases and review of clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic features
  publication-title: Transplantation
  doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000000024
– ident: ref_93
  doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8442
– volume: 140
  start-page: 271
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_68
  article-title: Zoonotic mosquito-borne flaviviruses: Worldwide presence of agents with proven pathogenicity and potential candidates of future emerging diseases
  publication-title: Vet. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.08.025
– volume: 147
  start-page: e232
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_74
  article-title: Usutu virus: A new threat?
  publication-title: Epidemiol. Infect.
  doi: 10.1017/S0950268819001213
– ident: ref_58
  doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8539
– volume: 109
  start-page: 609
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_27
  article-title: A review of West Nile and Usutu virus co-circulation in Europe: How much do transmission cycles overlap?
  publication-title: Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.
  doi: 10.1093/trstmh/trv066
– volume: 312
  start-page: 384
  year: 2006
  ident: ref_9
  article-title: Global patterns of influenza A virus in wild birds
  publication-title: Science
  doi: 10.1126/science.1122438
– volume: 40
  start-page: 3256
  year: 2002
  ident: ref_40
  article-title: Development of a real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay for type A influenza virus and the avian H5 and H7 hemagglutinin subtypes
  publication-title: J. Clin. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1128/JCM.40.9.3256-3260.2002
– volume: 90
  start-page: 1666
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_29
  article-title: Prevalence of Usutu and West Nile virus antibodies in human sera, Modena, Italy, 2012
  publication-title: J. Med. Virol.
  doi: 10.1002/jmv.25230
– ident: ref_54
– volume: 451
  start-page: 990
  year: 2008
  ident: ref_1
  article-title: Global trends in emerging infectious diseases
  publication-title: Nature
  doi: 10.1038/nature06536
– ident: ref_25
  doi: 10.3390/v11070640
– volume: Volume 267
  start-page: 271
  year: 2002
  ident: ref_77
  article-title: West Nile virus in livestock and wildlife
  publication-title: Japanese Encephalitis and West Nile Viruses
  doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-59403-8_14
– volume: 27
  start-page: 343
  year: 2004
  ident: ref_26
  article-title: West Nile: Worldwide current situation in animals and humans
  publication-title: Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.
  doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2004.03.009
– volume: 54
  start-page: 394
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_15
  article-title: Avian influenza virus surveillance and wild birds: Past and present
  publication-title: Avian Dis.
  doi: 10.1637/8703-031609-Review.1
– volume: 189
  start-page: 321
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_49
  article-title: A novel quantitative multiplex real-time RT-PCR for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of West Nile virus lineages 1 and 2, and of Usutu virus
  publication-title: J. Virol. Methods
  doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.02.019
– volume: 9
  start-page: 27
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_32
  article-title: Usutu virus: Current knowledge and future perspectives
  publication-title: Virus Adapt. Treat.
  doi: 10.2147/VAAT.S123619
– volume: 36
  start-page: 177
  year: 2006
  ident: ref_47
  article-title: Highly sensitive TaqMan RT-PCR assay for detection and quantification of both lineages of West Nile virus RNA
  publication-title: J. Clin. Virol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2006.02.008
– volume: 23
  start-page: 33
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_30
  article-title: Usutu virus infections in humans: A retrospective analysis in the municipality of Modena, Italy
  publication-title: Clin. Microbiol. Infect.
  doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.09.019
SSID ssj0000913851
Score 2.289604
Snippet Avian influenza (AI), caused by Alphainfluenzavirus (family Orthomyxoviridae), poses significant threats to poultry, biodiversity, and public health. AI...
Avian influenza (AI), caused by (family ), poses significant threats to poultry, biodiversity, and public health. AI outbreaks in poultry lead to severe...
Avian influenza (AI), caused by Alphainfluenzavirus (family Orthomyxoviridae ), poses significant threats to poultry, biodiversity, and public health. AI...
SourceID doaj
pubmedcentral
proquest
gale
pubmed
crossref
SourceType Open Website
Open Access Repository
Aggregation Database
Index Database
StartPage 958
SubjectTerms Animal populations
Asymptomatic
Avian flu
Avian influenza
Biodiversity
Bird impact
Bird migration
Bird populations
Birds
Blood & organ donations
Disease
Economic impact
Epidemiology
Genomes
H5N1
Health surveillance
HPAIV clade 2.3.4.4b
Infections
Influenza
Nervous system diseases
Neurological diseases
Orthomyxoviridae
Pathogens
Populations
Poultry
Public health
Surveillance
Usutu virus
Vector-borne diseases
Veterinary medicine
Viruses
West Nile fever
West Nile virus
wild birds
Wildlife
Zoonoses
SummonAdditionalLinks – databaseName: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
  dbid: DOA
  link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV3LitRAFC1kQHAjvo2OUoKggqGTVOXlrkccZkRFsJVxVdSTyaITSbp76Fm58A_8Q7_Ee1PpJkHBjatAqhKq6r7h1jmEPI2kZSZHfDuXqpCzyIUqLlQIymGUsQ6iPN5Gfv8hO_nM356lZyOqL-wJ8_DA_uBmNjcuMkbbiEueF1apJM5SBNOxulC6r9Yh5o2Kqd4HlzGDXMJfCWZQ18-W2N_mmZK6ZQeeGyIl8ryPolEP2v-nax7Fpmnf5CgQHd8g14cMks79ym-SK7a-Ra56TsntbfLjS9XuHBr9CKkxuDP6ad1uLPILgYhp4-h8A1pBTz1ByaWksjbwQ9Vsqnbd2Y5WNQV3YehR1ZruFZ3TxUUTfgWjoNh3uKXPkQ791_ef8OAvcPa7ZqmwB-AlPYVsfnuHLI7fLF6fhAPVQqjTJF2FBZdQx-QWedJNxFSWJhpzEc0zhCS0TGnHnTQWatpYMuviUvGMQf7lMmVLdpcc1E1t7xMqTRpZvL8rJecKDJzlscsk_F_GhZRJQGa7ExffPKCGgEIEZST-LqOAHKFg9rMRELt_ATPFoCbiX2oSkGcoVoFmC7LTcrh9AItGACwxL3iSw15LFpDDyUwwNz0d3imGGMy9EwwSAMitoNoPyJP9MH6JLWy1bdZ-DoITRrCWe16P9lvqIY7gZANSTDRssufpSF2d92DgCNHHeZk_-B-n9JBcS5DfOOJhkhySg1W7to8g6Vqpx719_QYjQS4h
  priority: 102
  providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals
– databaseName: ProQuest Central
  dbid: BENPR
  link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV3dbtMwFLZgExISQlBgBAYyEhIgETWJnZ9yg1q0aUNsmqBM4yqyY1vkoslI2qJyxQVvwBvyJJwTu6URiKtKtdvaPcfnxznn-wh5GgjNVIr4diaWPmeB8WWYSR-UQ0mlDXh57EY-OU2OPvK3F_GFu3BrXVnl2iZ2hlrVBd6RDxnYWHBfkFC9vvziI2sUPl11FBpXyS4MZ5B87U4OTs_eb25ZEPUSYgrbGswgvx_OsM7NMia1sxYsOHhM5Hvf8kodeP_fJnrLR_XrJ7cc0uEtctNFknRsRX-bXNHVgFyz3JKrAblhL-So7TMakME5Fr503bf0xD1Qv0N-nJfN2vzRMwikwfjRD4tmqZGNCBSC1oaOl6BD9NjSmXwTVFQKflbWy7JZtLqlZUXBuCg6KRvVvqJjOv1a-5_gCFGsUlzR50ie_uv7T3jhL3D2u3omsWLgJT2G2H91l0wPD6ZvjnxHzOAXcRTP_YwLyHpSjazqKmAyiaMCI5eCJwhgqJksDDdCaciAQ8G0CUeSJwyiNZNIPWL3yE5VV_o-oULFgcZuXyE4l2AOWBqaRMD3izATIvLIcC2X_NLCb-SQtqAk839L0iMTFN9mNsJnd2_AzNydxlynygQK5BdwwdNMSxmFSYwITbrIZBF45BkKP8dDDhIuhOtVgEUjXFY-zniUwl5HzCP7vZlwOIv-8Fp9cmcc2vyPKnvkyWYYP4kFb5WuF3YOQhkGsJY9q22bLXWASPDPeiTr6WFvz_2RqvzcQYcjoB_no_TB_9f1kFyPkOc44H4U7ZOdebPQjyD4msvH7oT9BiGgMXw
  priority: 102
  providerName: ProQuest
Title Virological Passive Surveillance of Avian Influenza and Arboviruses in Wild Birds: A Two-Year Study (2023–2024) in Lombardy, Italy
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40431131
https://www.proquest.com/docview/3212081383
https://www.proquest.com/docview/3212782000
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC12114497
https://doaj.org/article/e7df0ddce04a478ebb21657cf7ec8bc0
Volume 13
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV1ba9swFBZdy2AvY_d664IGg73Mq23JtlwYIxkt7VhL2dLRPRnJkphhsVs7SZf--p7jS6hZ6WukCEnnbo6-j5D3njRMx4hvZ0PlcuZZV_lCuaAcWmljIcrja-Tjk-jwjH87D883SE-X2l1gfWdph3xSZ9XfT_8uV1_A4D9jxQkl--4MW9daEqR6VoNThiAYigdkC6JTjMZ63KX8jXdOfCYaVsYASngX0vm4fTh8z1KDmNVA-__vwG9FsGF35a1wdfCEPO7yTDpuFeMp2TDFM_KwZZ5cPSfLX3nVuz16Cgk0OD36c1EtDbIQgSLQ0tLxEnSHHrU0JteSykLDgqpc5tWiNjXNCwpORdNJXul6j47p9Kp0f4PpUOxOXOH493KmsDfgIz2CC169INOD_enXQ7ejYHCzMAjnruAS6pvYIH-69piKwiDDHCXjEUIVGqYyy63UBmpdXzJj_UTxiEFeZiNlEvaSbBZlYbYJlTr0DL7rlZJzBYbPYt9GEtaXvpAycMhuf8fpRQu0kUKBglJJ75aKQyYoivVsBMpufoCZaWd3qYm19TTIwuOSx8IoFfhRiFhMJhMq8xzyAQWZooKBtDLZvUqATSMwVjoWPIjhrAlzyM5gJphhNhzuVSHttThlkBhAzsUEDL9bD-M_sbWtMOWinYOghR7s5VWrOesjNdBHcLMOEQOdGpx5OFLkfxqQcITu4zyJX9-_7TfkUYCMxh53g2CHbM6rhXkLadZcjcjWZP_k9Meo-UwxaqzoBuJVKr8
linkProvider Scholars Portal
linkToHtml http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV1bi9NAFD4sXURBROstuuoIigqGJpnJpYJIq7u0blsW7S7rU5hJJtiHJmvTdqlPPvgP_B3-KX-J5-RSWxTf9qnQmbYzPWfOZXLO9wE8saTmsU_4domrTMGtxFR2oExUjljFOkEvT93Iw5HXOxbvT93THfhZ98JQWWVtEwtDHWcR3ZG3ONpYdF-YUL05-2ISaxQ9Xa0pNEq1ONSrc0zZ8tf9dyjfp45zsD9-2zMrVgEzch13bgZCYsjua6IEjy2uPNeJyO1GwiP0Pc1VlIhExhrTN1tyndhtJTyOoUbiKU3YS2jxdwXHTKYBu9390dGH9aUOgWxiCFN2InPetlpTKqsrCZryaY4OAx000ctvOMGCK-Bvj7DhErfLNTf838F1uFYFrqxTatoN2NFpEy6VVJarJlwt7_9Y2dbUhOYJ1dkUzb5sWD2_vwnfTyaz2tqyI4zb0dayj4vZUhP5EeofyxLWWaLKsn7JnvJVMpnG-LMqW05mi1znbJIytGUx605QCK9Yh43PM_MTioZRUeSKPSeu9l_ffuCLeEGzB9lUUYHCS9bHVGN1C8YXIbHb0EizVN8FJmPX0tRcLKUQCq0P9-3Ek_j90g6kdAxo1XIJz0q0jxCzJJJk-G9JGtAl8a1nE1p38QbODKvDH2o_TqwY5WcJKfxAK-XYnkuAUDoKVGQZ8IyEH5JNQQlHsmqNwEUTOlfYCYTj417b3IC9rZloC6Lt4Vp9wsoW5eGfk2PA4_UwfZLq61KdLco5hJxo4VrulNq23lKBv4T_rAHBlh5u7Xl7JJ18LpDKCT9QiLZ_7__regSXe-PhIBz0R4f34YpDFMuWMB1nDxrz2UI_wLhvrh5Wp41BeMHn-zfNFWyj
linkToPdf http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV3NbtNAEB5VrUBICEH4MxRYJBAgYWVtr3-ChFBCGzW0jSIIVTlZu_Za5BC7xEmqcOLAG_A0vA5Pwox_QiwQt54iZTfJbmb2m5n1zHwAT7jUTuxTf7vEVaZweGIqK1AmKkesYp2gladq5OOhd_BRvDt1T7fgZ10LQ2mVNSYWQB1nEd2Rtx3EWDRfGFC1kyotYrTXf3P2xSQGKXrSWtNplCpyqFfnGL7lrwd7KOuntt3fH789MCuGATNybXduBkKi--5rogePuaM8147IBEfCo0582lFRIhIZawzlLOnoxOoo4TnodiSe0tSHCdF_x8egiG_DTm9_OHq_vuChhpvozpRVyY7T4e0ppdiVZE35NEfjgcaaqOY3DGLBG_C3ddgwj83UzQ1b2L8O1yonlnVLrbsBWzptwaWS1nLVgqvlXSArS5xa0DqhnJui8JcdV8_yb8L3k8msRl42Qh8ecZd9WMyWmoiQUBdZlrDuEtWXDUomla-SyTTGn1XZcjJb5Dpnk5QhrsWsN0EhvGJdNj7PzE8oGkYJkiv2nHjbf337gS_iBc0-yqaKkhVesgGGHatbML4Iid2G7TRL9V1gMna5pkJjKYVQiESObyWexO-XViClbUC7lkt4Vnb-CDFiIkmG_5akAT0S33o2de4u3sCZYQUEofbjhMcoPy6k8AOtlG15LjWH0lGgIm7AMxJ-SPiCEo5kVSaBi6ZOXWE3ELaPe-04Buw2ZiIuRM3hWn3CCpfy8M8pMuDxepg-Sbl2qc4W5RzqoshxLXdKbVtvqejFhP-sAUFDDxt7bo6kk89F13LqJShEx7_3_3U9gst4rsOjwfDwPlyxiW2ZC9O2d2F7PlvoB-gCztXD6rAxCC_4eP8GwKBw2A
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Virological+Passive+Surveillance+of+Avian+Influenza+and+Arboviruses+in+Wild+Birds%3A+A+Two-Year+Study+in+Lombardy%2C+Italy&rft.jtitle=Microorganisms+%28Basel%29&rft.au=Rapi%2C+Maria+Cristina&rft.au=Martin%2C+Ana+Maria+Moreno&rft.au=Lelli%2C+Davide&rft.au=Lavazza%2C+Antonio&rft.date=2025-04-22&rft.pub=MDPI+AG&rft.issn=2076-2607&rft.eissn=2076-2607&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=5&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390%2Fmicroorganisms13050958&rft.externalDocID=A842761393
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2076-2607&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2076-2607&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2076-2607&client=summon