Pathogenicity in Chicken Anemia Virus with Eimeria tenella: Concurrent Co-Infection and Secondary Eimeria tenella Infection

Chicken anemia virus (CAV) and Eimeria tenella (E. tenella) are economically important pathogens of the poultry industry worldwide. However, the impact of dual infection of these two pathogens in chickens remains unclear. This study investigated the pathogenic effects of dual infection with CAV and...

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Published inMicroorganisms (Basel) Vol. 13; no. 7; p. 1676
Main Authors Chung, Hsyang-Hsun, Tongkamsai, Suttitas, Cheng, Ming-Chu, Tsai, Yi-Lun, Lee, Meng-Shiou, Lien, Yi-Yang, Chen, Ya-Mei
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland MDPI AG 16.07.2025
MDPI
Subjects
Anemia
Atrophy
Bone marrow
Cell size
chicken anemia virus
Chickens
concurrent co-infection
Development and progression
E coli
Economic importance
Eimeria tenella
Infection
Infections
Lesions
Medical research
Medicine, Experimental
Mortality
Oocysts
Pathogenicity
Pathogens
Poultry
Poultry industry
Propagation
Protozoa
Secondary infection
Thymus
Thymus gland
United States
Taiwan
Grand Island
United States > US
Eimeria tenella
chicken anemia virus
secondary infection
concurrent co-infection
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Abstract Chicken anemia virus (CAV) and Eimeria tenella (E. tenella) are economically important pathogens of the poultry industry worldwide. However, the impact of dual infection of these two pathogens in chickens remains unclear. This study investigated the pathogenic effects of dual infection with CAV and E. tenella using two trials. In Trial A, chickens were infected at 21 days of age (D21) with either CAV and E. tenella simultaneously (C21 + T21), CAV alone (C21a), E. tenella alone (T21), or PBS as a negative control (NC). In Trial B, chickens received CAV at D21 followed by E. tenella at D28 (C21 + T28), CAV alone at D21 (C21b), E. tenella alone at D28 (T28), or PBS at D21 (NC). Assays of lesion scores (LS), oocysts per gram (OPG) of feces, packed cell volume (PCV), and thymus index (TI) were used to assess variations in pathogenicity. Both the C21 + T21 and C21 + T28 groups showed higher OPG than the group infected with E. tenella alone, with significantly elevated OPG in the secondary infection scenario and more severe lesions in the concurrent co-infection group (p < 0.05). Anemia, indicated by PCV < 27%, was observed in the C21 + T21 group at day 28 and in the C21 + T28 group at day 35, both of which had significantly lower PCV values than the group infected with CAV alone (p < 0.001). Thymus atrophy was most severe in C21 + T21 at 28 days old (p < 0.05; p < 0.01). In this study, preliminary observations suggested that concurrent and secondary infections with CAV and E. tenella showed variable trends that may indicate potential interactions; however, these exploratory findings require more systematic validation in older chickens.
AbstractList Chicken anemia virus (CAV) and Eimeria tenella ( E. tenella ) are economically important pathogens of the poultry industry worldwide. However, the impact of dual infection of these two pathogens in chickens remains unclear. This study investigated the pathogenic effects of dual infection with CAV and E. tenella using two trials. In Trial A, chickens were infected at 21 days of age (D21) with either CAV and E. tenella simultaneously (C 21 + T 21 ), CAV alone (C 21a ), E. tenella alone (T 21 ), or PBS as a negative control (NC). In Trial B, chickens received CAV at D21 followed by E. tenella at D28 (C 21 + T 28 ), CAV alone at D21 (C 21b ), E. tenella alone at D28 (T 28 ), or PBS at D21 (NC). Assays of lesion scores (LS), oocysts per gram (OPG) of feces, packed cell volume (PCV), and thymus index (TI) were used to assess variations in pathogenicity. Both the C 21 + T 21 and C 21 + T 28 groups showed higher OPG than the group infected with E. tenella alone, with significantly elevated OPG in the secondary infection scenario and more severe lesions in the concurrent co-infection group ( p < 0.05). Anemia, indicated by PCV < 27%, was observed in the C 21 + T 21 group at day 28 and in the C 21 + T 28 group at day 35, both of which had significantly lower PCV values than the group infected with CAV alone ( p < 0.001). Thymus atrophy was most severe in C 21 + T 21 at 28 days old ( p < 0.05; p < 0.01). In this study, preliminary observations suggested that concurrent and secondary infections with CAV and E. tenella showed variable trends that may indicate potential interactions; however, these exploratory findings require more systematic validation in older chickens.
Chicken anemia virus (CAV) and Eimeria tenella (E. tenella) are economically important pathogens of the poultry industry worldwide. However, the impact of dual infection of these two pathogens in chickens remains unclear. This study investigated the pathogenic effects of dual infection with CAV and E. tenella using two trials. In Trial A, chickens were infected at 21 days of age (D21) with either CAV and E. tenella simultaneously (C21 + T21), CAV alone (C21a), E. tenella alone (T21), or PBS as a negative control (NC). In Trial B, chickens received CAV at D21 followed by E. tenella at D28 (C21 + T28), CAV alone at D21 (C21b), E. tenella alone at D28 (T28), or PBS at D21 (NC). Assays of lesion scores (LS), oocysts per gram (OPG) of feces, packed cell volume (PCV), and thymus index (TI) were used to assess variations in pathogenicity. Both the C21 + T21 and C21 + T28 groups showed higher OPG than the group infected with E. tenella alone, with significantly elevated OPG in the secondary infection scenario and more severe lesions in the concurrent co-infection group (p < 0.05). Anemia, indicated by PCV < 27%, was observed in the C21 + T21 group at day 28 and in the C21 + T28 group at day 35, both of which had significantly lower PCV values than the group infected with CAV alone (p < 0.001). Thymus atrophy was most severe in C21 + T21 at 28 days old (p < 0.05; p < 0.01). In this study, preliminary observations suggested that concurrent and secondary infections with CAV and E. tenella showed variable trends that may indicate potential interactions; however, these exploratory findings require more systematic validation in older chickens.
Chicken anemia virus (CAV) and Eimeria tenella (E. tenella) are economically important pathogens of the poultry industry worldwide. However, the impact of dual infection of these two pathogens in chickens remains unclear. This study investigated the pathogenic effects of dual infection with CAV and E. tenella using two trials. In Trial A, chickens were infected at 21 days of age (D21) with either CAV and E. tenella simultaneously (C[sub.21] + T[sub.21]), CAV alone (C[sub.21a]), E. tenella alone (T[sub.21]), or PBS as a negative control (NC). In Trial B, chickens received CAV at D21 followed by E. tenella at D28 (C[sub.21] + T[sub.28]), CAV alone at D21 (C[sub.21b]), E. tenella alone at D28 (T[sub.28]), or PBS at D21 (NC). Assays of lesion scores (LS), oocysts per gram (OPG) of feces, packed cell volume (PCV), and thymus index (TI) were used to assess variations in pathogenicity. Both the C[sub.21] + T[sub.21] and C[sub.21] + T[sub.28] groups showed higher OPG than the group infected with E. tenella alone, with significantly elevated OPG in the secondary infection scenario and more severe lesions in the concurrent co-infection group (p < 0.05). Anemia, indicated by PCV < 27%, was observed in the C[sub.21] + T[sub.21] group at day 28 and in the C[sub.21] + T[sub.28] group at day 35, both of which had significantly lower PCV values than the group infected with CAV alone (p < 0.001). Thymus atrophy was most severe in C[sub.21] + T[sub.21] at 28 days old (p < 0.05; p < 0.01). In this study, preliminary observations suggested that concurrent and secondary infections with CAV and E. tenella showed variable trends that may indicate potential interactions; however, these exploratory findings require more systematic validation in older chickens.
Chicken anemia virus (CAV) and Eimeria tenella (E. tenella) are economically important pathogens of the poultry industry worldwide. However, the impact of dual infection of these two pathogens in chickens remains unclear. This study investigated the pathogenic effects of dual infection with CAV and E. tenella using two trials. In Trial A, chickens were infected at 21 days of age (D21) with either CAV and E. tenella simultaneously (C21 + T21), CAV alone (C21a), E. tenella alone (T21), or PBS as a negative control (NC). In Trial B, chickens received CAV at D21 followed by E. tenella at D28 (C21 + T28), CAV alone at D21 (C21b), E. tenella alone at D28 (T28), or PBS at D21 (NC). Assays of lesion scores (LS), oocysts per gram (OPG) of feces, packed cell volume (PCV), and thymus index (TI) were used to assess variations in pathogenicity. Both the C21 + T21 and C21 + T28 groups showed higher OPG than the group infected with E. tenella alone, with significantly elevated OPG in the secondary infection scenario and more severe lesions in the concurrent co-infection group (p < 0.05). Anemia, indicated by PCV < 27%, was observed in the C21 + T21 group at day 28 and in the C21 + T28 group at day 35, both of which had significantly lower PCV values than the group infected with CAV alone (p < 0.001). Thymus atrophy was most severe in C21 + T21 at 28 days old (p < 0.05; p < 0.01). In this study, preliminary observations suggested that concurrent and secondary infections with CAV and E. tenella showed variable trends that may indicate potential interactions; however, these exploratory findings require more systematic validation in older chickens.Chicken anemia virus (CAV) and Eimeria tenella (E. tenella) are economically important pathogens of the poultry industry worldwide. However, the impact of dual infection of these two pathogens in chickens remains unclear. This study investigated the pathogenic effects of dual infection with CAV and E. tenella using two trials. In Trial A, chickens were infected at 21 days of age (D21) with either CAV and E. tenella simultaneously (C21 + T21), CAV alone (C21a), E. tenella alone (T21), or PBS as a negative control (NC). In Trial B, chickens received CAV at D21 followed by E. tenella at D28 (C21 + T28), CAV alone at D21 (C21b), E. tenella alone at D28 (T28), or PBS at D21 (NC). Assays of lesion scores (LS), oocysts per gram (OPG) of feces, packed cell volume (PCV), and thymus index (TI) were used to assess variations in pathogenicity. Both the C21 + T21 and C21 + T28 groups showed higher OPG than the group infected with E. tenella alone, with significantly elevated OPG in the secondary infection scenario and more severe lesions in the concurrent co-infection group (p < 0.05). Anemia, indicated by PCV < 27%, was observed in the C21 + T21 group at day 28 and in the C21 + T28 group at day 35, both of which had significantly lower PCV values than the group infected with CAV alone (p < 0.001). Thymus atrophy was most severe in C21 + T21 at 28 days old (p < 0.05; p < 0.01). In this study, preliminary observations suggested that concurrent and secondary infections with CAV and E. tenella showed variable trends that may indicate potential interactions; however, these exploratory findings require more systematic validation in older chickens.
Chicken anemia virus (CAV) and ( ) are economically important pathogens of the poultry industry worldwide. However, the impact of dual infection of these two pathogens in chickens remains unclear. This study investigated the pathogenic effects of dual infection with CAV and using two trials. In Trial A, chickens were infected at 21 days of age (D21) with either CAV and simultaneously (C + T ), CAV alone (C ), alone (T ), or PBS as a negative control (NC). In Trial B, chickens received CAV at D21 followed by at D28 (C + T ), CAV alone at D21 (C ), alone at D28 (T ), or PBS at D21 (NC). Assays of lesion scores (LS), oocysts per gram (OPG) of feces, packed cell volume (PCV), and thymus index (TI) were used to assess variations in pathogenicity. Both the C + T and C + T groups showed higher OPG than the group infected with alone, with significantly elevated OPG in the secondary infection scenario and more severe lesions in the concurrent co-infection group ( < 0.05). Anemia, indicated by PCV < 27%, was observed in the C + T group at day 28 and in the C + T group at day 35, both of which had significantly lower PCV values than the group infected with CAV alone ( < 0.001). Thymus atrophy was most severe in C + T at 28 days old ( < 0.05; < 0.01). In this study, preliminary observations suggested that concurrent and secondary infections with CAV and showed variable trends that may indicate potential interactions; however, these exploratory findings require more systematic validation in older chickens.
Audience Academic
Author Tsai, Yi-Lun
Chen, Ya-Mei
Lee, Meng-Shiou
Lien, Yi-Yang
Chung, Hsyang-Hsun
Tongkamsai, Suttitas
Cheng, Ming-Chu
AuthorAffiliation 1 Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan yltsai@mail.npust.edu.tw (Y.-L.T.)
4 Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
2 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-ok, Chonburi 20110, Thailand; suttitas_to@rmutto.ac.th
3 Research Center of Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan
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– name: 1 Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan yltsai@mail.npust.edu.tw (Y.-L.T.)
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Keywords Eimeria tenella
chicken anemia virus
secondary infection
concurrent co-infection
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Snippet Chicken anemia virus (CAV) and Eimeria tenella (E. tenella) are economically important pathogens of the poultry industry worldwide. However, the impact of dual...
Chicken anemia virus (CAV) and ( ) are economically important pathogens of the poultry industry worldwide. However, the impact of dual infection of these two...
Chicken anemia virus (CAV) and Eimeria tenella ( E. tenella ) are economically important pathogens of the poultry industry worldwide. However, the impact of...
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StartPage 1676
SubjectTerms Anemia
Atrophy
Bone marrow
Cell size
chicken anemia virus
Chickens
concurrent co-infection
Development and progression
E coli
Economic importance
Eimeria tenella
Infection
Infections
Lesions
Medical research
Medicine, Experimental
Mortality
Oocysts
Pathogenicity
Pathogens
Poultry
Poultry industry
Propagation
Protozoa
Secondary infection
Thymus
Thymus gland
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Title Pathogenicity in Chicken Anemia Virus with Eimeria tenella: Concurrent Co-Infection and Secondary Eimeria tenella Infection
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