HIV risk practices by female sex workers according to workplace
OBJECTIVE To investigate differences in HIV infection- related risk practices by Female Sex Workers according to workplace and the effects of homophily on estimating HIV prevalence. METHODS Data from 2,523 women, recruited using Respondent-Driven Sampling, were used for the study carried out in 10 B...
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Published in | Revista de saúde pública Vol. 48; no. 3; pp. 428 - 437 |
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Main Authors | , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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Brazil
Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo
01.06.2014
Universidade de São Paulo |
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Abstract | OBJECTIVE To investigate differences in HIV infection- related risk practices by Female Sex Workers according to workplace and the effects of homophily on estimating HIV prevalence. METHODS Data from 2,523 women, recruited using Respondent-Driven Sampling, were used for the study carried out in 10 Brazilian cities in 2008-2009. The study included female sex workers aged 18 and over. The questionnaire was completed by the subjects and included questions on characteristics of professional activity, sexual practices, use of drugs, HIV testing, and access to health services. HIV quick tests were conducted. The participants were classified in two groups according to place of work: on the street or indoor venues, like nightclubs and saunas. To compare variable distributions by place of work, we used Chi-square homogeneity tests, taking into consideration unequal selection probabilities as well as the structure of dependence between observations. We tested the effect of homophily by workplace on estimated HIV prevalence. RESULTS The highest HIV risk practices were associated with: working on the streets, lower socioeconomic status, low regular smear test coverage, higher levels of crack use and higher levels of syphilis serological scars as well as higher prevalence of HIV infection. The effect of homophily was higher among sex workers in indoor venues. However, it did not affect the estimated prevalence of HIV, even after using a post-stratification by workplace procedure. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that strategies should focus on extending access to, and utilization of, health services. Prevention policies should be specifically aimed at street workers. Regarding the application of Respondent-Driven Sampling, the sample should be sufficient to estimate transition probabilities, as the network develops more quickly among sex workers in indoor venues.
OBJETIVO Investigar diferenças nas práticas de risco à infecção pelo HIV segundo local de trabalho das mulheres profissionais do sexo e efeitos de homofilia na estimação da prevalência do HIV. MÉTODOS Foram utilizadas informações de 2.523 mulheres recrutadas por Respondent-Driven Sampling em estudo realizado em 10 cidades brasileiras, 2008-2009. Foram incluídas profissionais com 18 anos ou mais de idade. O questionário foi autopreenchido e incluiu perguntas sobre características da profissão, práticas sexuais, uso de drogas, testes periódicos de HIV e acesso aos serviços de saúde. Utilizaram-se testes rápidos para detecção de HIV. As participantes foram agregadas em dois grupos por local de trabalho: pontos de rua ou locais fechados, e.g., boates, saunas e termas. Foram utilizados testes Qui-quadrado de homogeneidade, levando-se em consideração as probabilidades desiguais de seleção, bem como a dependência entre as observações. Os efeitos de homofilia por local de trabalho foram pesquisados na estimação da prevalência do HIV. RESULTADOS As práticas de maior risco ao HIV associaram-se a: trabalhar em pontos de rua, menor nível socioeconômico, baixa cobertura de exame preventivo de câncer de colo de útero, elevado consumo de crack, maior prevalência de cicatriz sorológica de sífilis e maior prevalência de infecção pelo HIV. O efeito de homofilia foi maior entre as profissionais de locais fechados. Contudo, não afetou a estimativa da prevalência de HIV, mesmo utilizando o procedimento de pós-estratificação por local de trabalho. CONCLUSÕES Os resultados indicaram que as estratégias devem ser dirigidas à ampliação do acesso e à utilização dos serviços de saúde. As políticas de prevenção devem priorizar as profissionais de rua. Em relação à aplicação do Respondent-Driven Sampling, a amostra deve ser suficiente para estimação das probabilidades de transição, uma vez que a rede se desenvolve mais rapidamente entre as profissionais de locais fechados. |
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AbstractList | OBJECTIVE To investigate differences in HIV infection- related risk practices by Female Sex Workers according to workplace and the effects of homophily on estimating HIV prevalence. METHODS Data from 2,523 women, recruited using Respondent-Driven Sampling, were used for the study carried out in 10 Brazilian cities in 2008-2009. The study included female sex workers aged 18 and over. The questionnaire was completed by the subjects and included questions on characteristics of professional activity, sexual practices, use of drugs, HIV testing, and access to health services. HIV quick tests were conducted. The participants were classified in two groups according to place of work: on the street or indoor venues, like nightclubs and saunas. To compare variable distributions by place of work, we used Chi-square homogeneity tests, taking into consideration unequal selection probabilities as well as the structure of dependence between observations. We tested the effect of homophily by workplace on estimated HIV prevalence. RESULTS The highest HIV risk practices were associated with: working on the streets, lower socioeconomic status, low regular smear test coverage, higher levels of crack use and higher levels of syphilis serological scars as well as higher prevalence of HIV infection. The effect of homophily was higher among sex workers in indoor venues. However, it did not affect the estimated prevalence of HIV, even after using a post-stratification by workplace procedure. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that strategies should focus on extending access to, and utilization of, health services. Prevention policies should be specifically aimed at street workers. Regarding the application of Respondent-Driven Sampling, the sample should be sufficient to estimate transition probabilities, as the network develops more quickly among sex workers in indoor venues.OBJECTIVE To investigate differences in HIV infection- related risk practices by Female Sex Workers according to workplace and the effects of homophily on estimating HIV prevalence. METHODS Data from 2,523 women, recruited using Respondent-Driven Sampling, were used for the study carried out in 10 Brazilian cities in 2008-2009. The study included female sex workers aged 18 and over. The questionnaire was completed by the subjects and included questions on characteristics of professional activity, sexual practices, use of drugs, HIV testing, and access to health services. HIV quick tests were conducted. The participants were classified in two groups according to place of work: on the street or indoor venues, like nightclubs and saunas. To compare variable distributions by place of work, we used Chi-square homogeneity tests, taking into consideration unequal selection probabilities as well as the structure of dependence between observations. We tested the effect of homophily by workplace on estimated HIV prevalence. RESULTS The highest HIV risk practices were associated with: working on the streets, lower socioeconomic status, low regular smear test coverage, higher levels of crack use and higher levels of syphilis serological scars as well as higher prevalence of HIV infection. The effect of homophily was higher among sex workers in indoor venues. However, it did not affect the estimated prevalence of HIV, even after using a post-stratification by workplace procedure. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that strategies should focus on extending access to, and utilization of, health services. Prevention policies should be specifically aimed at street workers. Regarding the application of Respondent-Driven Sampling, the sample should be sufficient to estimate transition probabilities, as the network develops more quickly among sex workers in indoor venues. OBJECTIVE To investigate differences in HIV infection- related risk practices by Female Sex Workers according to workplace and the effects of homophily on estimating HIV prevalence. METHODS Data from 2,523 women, recruited using Respondent-Driven Sampling, were used for the study carried out in 10 Brazilian cities in 2008-2009. The study included female sex workers aged 18 and over. The questionnaire was completed by the subjects and included questions on characteristics of professional activity, sexual practices, use of drugs, HIV testing, and access to health services. HIV quick tests were conducted. The participants were classified in two groups according to place of work: on the street or indoor venues, like nightclubs and saunas. To compare variable distributions by place of work, we used Chi-square homogeneity tests, taking into consideration unequal selection probabilities as well as the structure of dependence between observations. We tested the effect of homophily by workplace on estimated HIV prevalence. RESULTS The highest HIV risk practices were associated with: working on the streets, lower socioeconomic status, low regular smear test coverage, higher levels of crack use and higher levels of syphilis serological scars as well as higher prevalence of HIV infection. The effect of homophily was higher among sex workers in indoor venues. However, it did not affect the estimated prevalence of HIV, even after using a post-stratification by workplace procedure. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that strategies should focus on extending access to, and utilization of, health services. Prevention policies should be specifically aimed at street workers. Regarding the application of Respondent-Driven Sampling, the sample should be sufficient to estimate transition probabilities, as the network develops more quickly among sex workers in indoor venues. OBJETIVO Investigar diferenças nas práticas de risco à infecção pelo HIV segundo local de trabalho das mulheres profissionais do sexo e efeitos de homofilia na estimação da prevalência do HIV. MÉTODOS Foram utilizadas informações de 2.523 mulheres recrutadas por Respondent-Driven Sampling em estudo realizado em 10 cidades brasileiras, 2008-2009. Foram incluídas profissionais com 18 anos ou mais de idade. O questionário foi autopreenchido e incluiu perguntas sobre características da profissão, práticas sexuais, uso de drogas, testes periódicos de HIV e acesso aos serviços de saúde. Utilizaram-se testes rápidos para detecção de HIV. As participantes foram agregadas em dois grupos por local de trabalho: pontos de rua ou locais fechados, e.g., boates, saunas e termas. Foram utilizados testes Qui-quadrado de homogeneidade, levando-se em consideração as probabilidades desiguais de seleção, bem como a dependência entre as observações. Os efeitos de homofilia por local de trabalho foram pesquisados na estimação da prevalência do HIV. RESULTADOS As práticas de maior risco ao HIV associaram-se a: trabalhar em pontos de rua, menor nível socioeconômico, baixa cobertura de exame preventivo de câncer de colo de útero, elevado consumo de crack, maior prevalência de cicatriz sorológica de sífilis e maior prevalência de infecção pelo HIV. O efeito de homofilia foi maior entre as profissionais de locais fechados. Contudo, não afetou a estimativa da prevalência de HIV, mesmo utilizando o procedimento de pós-estratificação por local de trabalho. CONCLUSÕES Os resultados indicaram que as estratégias devem ser dirigidas à ampliação do acesso e à utilização dos serviços de saúde. As políticas de prevenção devem priorizar as profissionais de rua. Em relação à aplicação do Respondent-Driven Sampling, a amostra deve ser suficiente para estimação das probabilidades de transição, uma vez que a rede se desenvolve mais rapidamente entre as profissionais de locais fechados. OBJECTIVE To investigate differences in HIV infection- related risk practices by Female Sex Workers according to workplace and the effects of homophily on estimating HIV prevalence. METHODS Data from 2,523 women, recruited using Respondent-Driven Sampling, were used for the study carried out in 10 Brazilian cities in 2008-2009. The study included female sex workers aged 18 and over. The questionnaire was completed by the subjects and included questions on characteristics of professional activity, sexual practices, use of drugs, HIV testing, and access to health services. HIV quick tests were conducted. The participants were classified in two groups according to place of work: on the street or indoor venues, like nightclubs and saunas. To compare variable distributions by place of work, we used Chi-square homogeneity tests, taking into consideration unequal selection probabilities as well as the structure of dependence between observations. We tested the effect of homophily by workplace on estimated HIV prevalence. RESULTS The highest HIV risk practices were associated with: working on the streets, lower socioeconomic status, low regular smear test coverage, higher levels of crack use and higher levels of syphilis serological scars as well as higher prevalence of HIV infection. The effect of homophily was higher among sex workers in indoor venues. However, it did not affect the estimated prevalence of HIV, even after using a post-stratification by workplace procedure. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that strategies should focus on extending access to, and utilization of, health services. Prevention policies should be specifically aimed at street workers. Regarding the application of Respondent-Driven Sampling, the sample should be sufficient to estimate transition probabilities, as the network develops more quickly among sex workers in indoor venues. |
Author | Damacena, Giseli Nogueira Szwarcwald, Célia Landmann Souza Júnior, Paulo Roberto Borges de |
AuthorAffiliation | Laboratório de Informações em Saúde. Instituto de Comunicação e Informação Científica e Tecnológica em Saúde. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil |
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BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25119937$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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Keywords | Local de Trabalho Sex Workers Dangerous Behavior Soroprevalência de HIV Risk Factors Comportamento Perigoso Workplace Profissionais do Sexo HIV Seroprevalence Fatores de Risco |
Language | English |
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An observational study from Southern India publication-title: Am J Epidemiol – volume: 25 start-page: 1433 issue: 11 year: 2013 end-page: 1441 article-title: Rates of HIV, syphilis, and HCV infections among different demographic groups of female sex workers in Guangxi China: Evidence from 2010 national sentinel surveillance data publication-title: AIDS Care – volume: 14 start-page: 385 issue: 4 year: 2010 end-page: 397 article-title: Sampling studies to estimate the HIV prevalence rate in female commercial sex workers publication-title: Braz J Infect Dis – volume: 16 start-page: 47 issue: 1 year: 2014 end-page: 60 article-title: Typology of older female sex workers and sexual risk for HIV infection in China: a qualitative study publication-title: Cult Health Sex – volume: 4492 start-page: 174 year: 1997 end-page: 199 article-title: Respondent-driven sampling: a new approach to the study of hidden populations publication-title: Soc Probl – volume: 16 start-page: 251 issue: 2 year: 2002 end-page: 258 article-title: Increase in condom use and decline in HIV and sexually transmitted diseases among female sex workers in Abidjan, Côte d?Ivoire, 1991-1998 publication-title: AIDS – volume: 12 year: 2012 article-title: Factors associated with history of drug use among female sex workers (FSW) in a high HIV prevalence state of India publication-title: BMC Public Health – volume: 12 start-page: 105 year: 2008 end-page: 130 article-title: Using respondentdriven sampling methodology for HIV biological and behavioral surveillance in international settings: a systematic review publication-title: AIDS Behav – volume: 132 start-page: 13 year: 2013 end-page: 16 article-title: Literature review of HIV among female sex workers in the Central Asian Republics, Afghanistan, and Mongolia: contexts and convergence with drug use publication-title: Drug Alcohol Depend – volume: 86 start-page: 951 issue: 6 year: 2009 end-page: 964 article-title: Relationship power and sexual risk among women in community-based substance abuse treatment publication-title: J Urban Health – volume: 86 start-page: 69 year: 2010 end-page: 75 article-title: Factors associated with awareness and utilisation of a community mobilisation intervention for female sex workers in Andhra Pradesh, India publication-title: Sex Transm Infect – volume: 6 start-page: 55 issue: 1 year: 2002 end-page: 67 article-title: Extensions of respondent-driven sampling: a new approach to the study of injection drug users aged 18-25 publication-title: AIDS Behav – volume: 78 start-page: 78 year: 2002 end-page: 90 article-title: The impact of HIV epidemic phases on the effectiveness of core group interventions: insights from mathematical models publication-title: Sex Transm Infect – volume: 149 start-page: 950 issue: 10 year: 1999 end-page: 954 article-title: Application of computer-assisted interviews to sexual behavior research publication-title: Am J Epidemiol – volume: 167 start-page: 383 year: 1997 end-page: 415 article-title: Privacy effects on self-reported drug use: interactions with survey mode and respondents characteristics publication-title: NIDA Res Monogr – volume: 12 start-page: 167 issue: 3 year: 2008 end-page: 172 article-title: HIV testing during pregnancy: use of secondary data to estimate 2006 test coverage and prevalence in Brazil publication-title: Braz J Infect Dis – volume: 39 start-page: 439 issue: 2 year: 2010 end-page: 448 article-title: Devising a female sex work typology using data from Karnataka, India publication-title: Int J Epidemiol – volume: 16 issue: 1 year: 2013 article-title: Priority interventions to reduce HIV transmission in sex work settings in sub-Saharan Africa and delivery of these services publication-title: J Int AIDS Soc – volume: 16 start-page: 943 issue: 4 year: 2012 end-page: 951 article-title: Difference in risk behaviors and STD prevalence between street-based and establishment-based FSWs in Guangdong Province, China publication-title: AIDS Behav – volume: 149 start-page: 219 issue: 2 year: 2002 end-page: 233 article-title: A study on female sex workers in southem China (Shenzhen): HIV-related knowledge, condom use and STD history publication-title: AIDS Care – volume: 39 start-page: 195 issue: 3 year: 2012 end-page: 200 article-title: Systematic differences in risk behaviors and syphilis prevalence across types of female sex workers: a preliminary study in Liuzhou, China publication-title: Sex Transm Dis – volume: 3491 start-page: 193 year: 2004 end-page: 240 article-title: Sampling and estimation in hidden populations using Respondent-Driven Sampling publication-title: Sociol Methodol – volume: 57 start-page: 129 year: 2011 end-page: 135 article-title: Analysis of data collected by RDS among sex workers in 10 Brazilian cities, 2009: estimation of the prevalence of HIV, variance, and design effect publication-title: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr – volume: 27 start-page: 427 issue: 3 year: 2013 end-page: 435 article-title: HIV among MSM in a large middle-income country publication-title: AIDS – volume: 57 start-page: 144 year: 2011 end-page: 152 article-title: Risk factors associated with HIV prevalence among female sex workers in 10 Brazilian cities publication-title: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr |
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Title | HIV risk practices by female sex workers according to workplace |
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