Integrated vector management with the sterile insect technique component for the suppression of Aedes aegypti in an urban setting in Indonesia
Implementing the sterile insect technique (SIT) in areas with high-density target mosquito populations throughout the year is challenging. This study evaluated the effectiveness of releasing radiation-sterilized male Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which were subjected to pre-release control measures in a...
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| Published in | PLoS neglected tropical diseases Vol. 19; no. 7; p. e0013290 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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United States
Public Library of Science
07.07.2025
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
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| Abstract | Implementing the sterile insect technique (SIT) in areas with high-density target mosquito populations throughout the year is challenging. This study evaluated the effectiveness of releasing radiation-sterilized male Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which were subjected to pre-release control measures in a highly urbanized city.
A mark-release-recapture (MRR) trial was conducted to assess the performance of sterile male mosquitoes. The MRR results revealed that the life expectancy of irradiated mosquitoes was 1.2-8.8 days, and that their mean dispersal distance was 60.0-64.3 m. The estimated wild male population ranged from 1,475-2,297 male mosquitoes/ha. In the SIT trial, sterile male A. aegypti mosquitoes were released at a rate of 9,000 male mosquitoes/week/ha for 24 weeks. Pre-release control measures, including chemical fogging (Fludora Co-Max EW) and breeding site removal, were employed at the release site. A buffer zone was established by applying residual insecticide (K-Othrine PolyZone SC) and releasing sterile male mosquitoes. In the SIT trial, relative to control sites, the site with sterile male mosquitoes had considerably greater sterility in the field population (greater by 86%), resulting in reductions in the ovitrap density index, and number of wild female mosquitoes captured. In contrast, no significant reduction in ovitrap index was observed. However, despite the gradual recording of low values for egg hatching, ovitrap density index, and female capture, mosquito suppression was incomplete. The mosquito population rebounded shortly after the release of sterile male mosquitoes ended.
This study underscores the critical role of integrated vector management when the SIT is implemented in highly urbanized areas. It also emphasizes the importance of combining vector control interventions to ensure they are tailored to the geographic context based on logistical feasibility, available local facilities, and local knowledge of the vector. |
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| AbstractList | Background Implementing the sterile insect technique (SIT) in areas with high-density target mosquito populations throughout the year is challenging. This study evaluated the effectiveness of releasing radiation-sterilized male Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which were subjected to pre-release control measures in a highly urbanized city. Methodology/Principal findings A mark-release-recapture (MRR) trial was conducted to assess the performance of sterile male mosquitoes. The MRR results revealed that the life expectancy of irradiated mosquitoes was 1.2-8.8 days, and that their mean dispersal distance was 60.0-64.3 m. The estimated wild male population ranged from 1,475-2,297 male mosquitoes/ha. In the SIT trial, sterile male A. aegypti mosquitoes were released at a rate of 9,000 male mosquitoes/week/ha for 24 weeks. Pre-release control measures, including chemical fogging (Fludora Co-Max EW) and breeding site removal, were employed at the release site. A buffer zone was established by applying residual insecticide (K-Othrine PolyZone SC) and releasing sterile male mosquitoes. In the SIT trial, relative to control sites, the site with sterile male mosquitoes had considerably greater sterility in the field population (greater by 86%), resulting in reductions in the ovitrap density index, and number of wild female mosquitoes captured. In contrast, no significant reduction in ovitrap index was observed. However, despite the gradual recording of low values for egg hatching, ovitrap density index, and female capture, mosquito suppression was incomplete. The mosquito population rebounded shortly after the release of sterile male mosquitoes ended. Conclusions/Significance This study underscores the critical role of integrated vector management when the SIT is implemented in highly urbanized areas. It also emphasizes the importance of combining vector control interventions to ensure they are tailored to the geographic context based on logistical feasibility, available local facilities, and local knowledge of the vector. Implementing the sterile insect technique (SIT) in areas with high-density target mosquito populations throughout the year is challenging. This study evaluated the effectiveness of releasing radiation-sterilized male Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which were subjected to pre-release control measures in a highly urbanized city. A mark-release-recapture (MRR) trial was conducted to assess the performance of sterile male mosquitoes. The MRR results revealed that the life expectancy of irradiated mosquitoes was 1.2-8.8 days, and that their mean dispersal distance was 60.0-64.3 m. The estimated wild male population ranged from 1,475-2,297 male mosquitoes/ha. In the SIT trial, sterile male A. aegypti mosquitoes were released at a rate of 9,000 male mosquitoes/week/ha for 24 weeks. Pre-release control measures, including chemical fogging (Fludora Co-Max EW) and breeding site removal, were employed at the release site. A buffer zone was established by applying residual insecticide (K-Othrine PolyZone SC) and releasing sterile male mosquitoes. In the SIT trial, relative to control sites, the site with sterile male mosquitoes had considerably greater sterility in the field population (greater by 86%), resulting in reductions in the ovitrap density index, and number of wild female mosquitoes captured. In contrast, no significant reduction in ovitrap index was observed. However, despite the gradual recording of low values for egg hatching, ovitrap density index, and female capture, mosquito suppression was incomplete. The mosquito population rebounded shortly after the release of sterile male mosquitoes ended. This study underscores the critical role of integrated vector management when the SIT is implemented in highly urbanized areas. It also emphasizes the importance of combining vector control interventions to ensure they are tailored to the geographic context based on logistical feasibility, available local facilities, and local knowledge of the vector. Implementing the sterile insect technique (SIT) in areas with high-density target mosquito populations throughout the year is challenging. This study evaluated the effectiveness of releasing radiation-sterilized male Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which were subjected to pre-release control measures in a highly urbanized city. A mark-release-recapture (MRR) trial was conducted to assess the performance of sterile male mosquitoes. The MRR results revealed that the life expectancy of irradiated mosquitoes was 1.2-8.8 days, and that their mean dispersal distance was 60.0-64.3 m. The estimated wild male population ranged from 1,475-2,297 male mosquitoes/ha. In the SIT trial, sterile male A. aegypti mosquitoes were released at a rate of 9,000 male mosquitoes/week/ha for 24 weeks. Pre-release control measures, including chemical fogging (Fludora Co-Max EW) and breeding site removal, were employed at the release site. A buffer zone was established by applying residual insecticide (K-Othrine PolyZone SC) and releasing sterile male mosquitoes. In the SIT trial, relative to control sites, the site with sterile male mosquitoes had considerably greater sterility in the field population (greater by 86%), resulting in reductions in the ovitrap density index, and number of wild female mosquitoes captured. In contrast, no significant reduction in ovitrap index was observed. However, despite the gradual recording of low values for egg hatching, ovitrap density index, and female capture, mosquito suppression was incomplete. The mosquito population rebounded shortly after the release of sterile male mosquitoes ended. This study underscores the critical role of integrated vector management when the SIT is implemented in highly urbanized areas. It also emphasizes the importance of combining vector control interventions to ensure they are tailored to the geographic context based on logistical feasibility, available local facilities, and local knowledge of the vector. BackgroundImplementing the sterile insect technique (SIT) in areas with high-density target mosquito populations throughout the year is challenging. This study evaluated the effectiveness of releasing radiation-sterilized male Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which were subjected to pre-release control measures in a highly urbanized city.Methodology/principal findingsA mark-release-recapture (MRR) trial was conducted to assess the performance of sterile male mosquitoes. The MRR results revealed that the life expectancy of irradiated mosquitoes was 1.2-8.8 days, and that their mean dispersal distance was 60.0-64.3 m. The estimated wild male population ranged from 1,475-2,297 male mosquitoes/ha. In the SIT trial, sterile male A. aegypti mosquitoes were released at a rate of 9,000 male mosquitoes/week/ha for 24 weeks. Pre-release control measures, including chemical fogging (Fludora Co-Max EW) and breeding site removal, were employed at the release site. A buffer zone was established by applying residual insecticide (K-Othrine PolyZone SC) and releasing sterile male mosquitoes. In the SIT trial, relative to control sites, the site with sterile male mosquitoes had considerably greater sterility in the field population (greater by 86%), resulting in reductions in the ovitrap density index, and number of wild female mosquitoes captured. In contrast, no significant reduction in ovitrap index was observed. However, despite the gradual recording of low values for egg hatching, ovitrap density index, and female capture, mosquito suppression was incomplete. The mosquito population rebounded shortly after the release of sterile male mosquitoes ended.Conclusions/significanceThis study underscores the critical role of integrated vector management when the SIT is implemented in highly urbanized areas. It also emphasizes the importance of combining vector control interventions to ensure they are tailored to the geographic context based on logistical feasibility, available local facilities, and local knowledge of the vector. The sterile insect technique (SIT) involves subjecting laboratory-bred male mosquitoes to radiation, typically gamma rays, X-rays, or electrons, that render them sterile. These sterile male mosquitoes are then released into the field to mate with wild female mosquitoes. From that mating, no viable eggs are produced. The SIT is a mosquito population control strategy that prevents the spread of the dengue virus through Aedes aegypti female mosquitoes. Considerable progress has been made regarding the SIT, and its effectiveness has been tested in numerous regions for managing local mosquito populations. In the present study, the field performance of sterile male mosquitoes was evaluated through a mark–release–recapture study, which was followed by an SIT trial. In an SIT pilot trial, pre-release control measures, including insecticide application and mosquito breeding site removal, were applied within the framework of integrated vector management. Community engagement activities were designed to ensure community acceptance and support for the SIT. The trial led to substantial reductions in the egg hatching, numbers of eggs and female mosquitoes despite challenges related to sterile male production and population isolation. This study revealed the key factors contributing to the success of an SIT trial to be the field performance of sterile male mosquitoes, complementary vector control methods, population isolation, and support from local residents. Implementing the sterile insect technique (SIT) in areas with high-density target mosquito populations throughout the year is challenging. This study evaluated the effectiveness of releasing radiation-sterilized male Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which were subjected to pre-release control measures in a highly urbanized city.BACKGROUNDImplementing the sterile insect technique (SIT) in areas with high-density target mosquito populations throughout the year is challenging. This study evaluated the effectiveness of releasing radiation-sterilized male Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which were subjected to pre-release control measures in a highly urbanized city.A mark-release-recapture (MRR) trial was conducted to assess the performance of sterile male mosquitoes. The MRR results revealed that the life expectancy of irradiated mosquitoes was 1.2-8.8 days, and that their mean dispersal distance was 60.0-64.3 m. The estimated wild male population ranged from 1,475-2,297 male mosquitoes/ha. In the SIT trial, sterile male A. aegypti mosquitoes were released at a rate of 9,000 male mosquitoes/week/ha for 24 weeks. Pre-release control measures, including chemical fogging (Fludora Co-Max EW) and breeding site removal, were employed at the release site. A buffer zone was established by applying residual insecticide (K-Othrine PolyZone SC) and releasing sterile male mosquitoes. In the SIT trial, relative to control sites, the site with sterile male mosquitoes had considerably greater sterility in the field population (greater by 86%), resulting in reductions in the ovitrap density index, and number of wild female mosquitoes captured. In contrast, no significant reduction in ovitrap index was observed. However, despite the gradual recording of low values for egg hatching, ovitrap density index, and female capture, mosquito suppression was incomplete. The mosquito population rebounded shortly after the release of sterile male mosquitoes ended.METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGSA mark-release-recapture (MRR) trial was conducted to assess the performance of sterile male mosquitoes. The MRR results revealed that the life expectancy of irradiated mosquitoes was 1.2-8.8 days, and that their mean dispersal distance was 60.0-64.3 m. The estimated wild male population ranged from 1,475-2,297 male mosquitoes/ha. In the SIT trial, sterile male A. aegypti mosquitoes were released at a rate of 9,000 male mosquitoes/week/ha for 24 weeks. Pre-release control measures, including chemical fogging (Fludora Co-Max EW) and breeding site removal, were employed at the release site. A buffer zone was established by applying residual insecticide (K-Othrine PolyZone SC) and releasing sterile male mosquitoes. In the SIT trial, relative to control sites, the site with sterile male mosquitoes had considerably greater sterility in the field population (greater by 86%), resulting in reductions in the ovitrap density index, and number of wild female mosquitoes captured. In contrast, no significant reduction in ovitrap index was observed. However, despite the gradual recording of low values for egg hatching, ovitrap density index, and female capture, mosquito suppression was incomplete. The mosquito population rebounded shortly after the release of sterile male mosquitoes ended.This study underscores the critical role of integrated vector management when the SIT is implemented in highly urbanized areas. It also emphasizes the importance of combining vector control interventions to ensure they are tailored to the geographic context based on logistical feasibility, available local facilities, and local knowledge of the vector.CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCEThis study underscores the critical role of integrated vector management when the SIT is implemented in highly urbanized areas. It also emphasizes the importance of combining vector control interventions to ensure they are tailored to the geographic context based on logistical feasibility, available local facilities, and local knowledge of the vector. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Putra, Ramadhani Eka Ramadhani, Tri Indarwatmi, Murni Nasution, Indah Arastuti Yusmalinar, Sri Fitrianto, Nur Rahman, Rafa Listyani Neoh, Kok-Boon Ahmad, Intan Sasaerila, Yorianta Hidayat Isnani, Tri Tu, Wu-Chun Ernawan, Beni Sasmita, Hadian Iman |
| AuthorAffiliation | 7 National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, NHRI, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 3 Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 4 Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Yogyakarta, Indonesia 2 Research Center for Radiation Process Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia 5 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Al Azhar Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia 1 Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan 6 School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 2 Research Center for Radiation Process Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia – name: 1 Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan – name: 5 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Al Azhar Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia – name: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA – name: 7 National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, NHRI, Kaohsiung, Taiwan – name: 3 Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia – name: 6 School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia – name: 4 Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Yogyakarta, Indonesia |
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| Title | Integrated vector management with the sterile insect technique component for the suppression of Aedes aegypti in an urban setting in Indonesia |
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