Regulatory vs. inflammatory cytokine T-cell responses to mutated insulin peptides in healthy and type 1 diabetic subjects

Certain class II MHC (MHCII) alleles in mice and humans confer risk for or protection from type 1 diabetes (T1D). Insulin is a major autoantigen in T1D, but how its peptides are presented to CD4 T cells by MHCII risk alleles has been controversial. In the mouse model of T1D, CD4 T cells respond to i...

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Published inProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS Vol. 112; no. 14; pp. 4429 - 4434
Main Authors Nakayama, Maki, McDaniel, Kristen, Fitzgerald-Miller, Lisa, Carol, Kiekhaefer, Snell-Bergeona, Janet K., Davidson, Howard W., Rewers, Marian, Yu, Liping, Gottlieb, Peter, Kappler, John W., Michels, Aaron
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States National Academy of Sciences 07.04.2015
National Acad Sciences
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Abstract Certain class II MHC (MHCII) alleles in mice and humans confer risk for or protection from type 1 diabetes (T1D). Insulin is a major autoantigen in T1D, but how its peptides are presented to CD4 T cells by MHCII risk alleles has been controversial. In the mouse model of T1D, CD4 T cells respond to insulin B-chain peptide (B:9–23) mimotopes engineered to bind the mouse MHCII molecule, IA ᵍ⁷, in an unfavorable position or register. Because of the similarities between IA ᵍ⁷ and human HLA-DQ T1D risk alleles, we examined control and T1D subjects with these risk alleles for CD4 T-cell responses to the same natural B:9–23 peptide and mimotopes. A high proportion of new-onset T1D subjects mounted an inflammatory IFN-γ response much more frequently to one of the mimotope peptides than to the natural peptide. Surprisingly, the control subjects bearing an HLA-DQ risk allele also did. However, these control subjects, especially those with only one HLA-DQ risk allele, very frequently made an IL-10 response, a cytokine associated with regulatory T cells. T1D subjects with established disease also responded to the mimotope rather than the natural B:9–23 peptide in proliferation assays and the proliferating cells were highly enriched in certain T-cell receptor sequences. Our results suggest that the risk of T1D may be related to how an HLA-DQ genotype determines the balance of T-cell inflammatory vs. regulatory responses to insulin, having important implications for the use and monitoring of insulin-specific therapies to prevent diabetes onset. Significance Certain class II major histocompatibility alleles confer disease risk for type 1 diabetes (T1D). Insulin-specific and other autoantibodies often precede T1D development, but major efforts at disease prevention using insulin preparations (subcutaneous, oral, and intranasal) to induce tolerance have not been effective. Measuring insulin-specific T-cell responses from the peripheral blood has been a challenging feat but would allow for assessment of therapeutic response in these trials. In our study, we report CD4 T-cell responses to a mutated insulin B-chain peptide in new-onset and established T1D as well as control subjects dependent on HLA-DQ genotype. Our results have important implications for the application and monitoring of insulin-specific therapies to prevent diabetes onset.
AbstractList Certain class II MHC (MHCII) alleles in mice and humans confer risk for or protection from type 1 diabetes (T1D). Insulin is a major autoantigen in T1D, but how its peptides are presented to CD4 T cells by MHCII risk alleles has been controversial. In the mouse model of T1D, CD4 T cells respond to insulin B-chain peptide (B:9–23) mimotopes engineered to bind the mouse MHCII molecule, IA ᵍ⁷, in an unfavorable position or register. Because of the similarities between IA ᵍ⁷ and human HLA-DQ T1D risk alleles, we examined control and T1D subjects with these risk alleles for CD4 T-cell responses to the same natural B:9–23 peptide and mimotopes. A high proportion of new-onset T1D subjects mounted an inflammatory IFN-γ response much more frequently to one of the mimotope peptides than to the natural peptide. Surprisingly, the control subjects bearing an HLA-DQ risk allele also did. However, these control subjects, especially those with only one HLA-DQ risk allele, very frequently made an IL-10 response, a cytokine associated with regulatory T cells. T1D subjects with established disease also responded to the mimotope rather than the natural B:9–23 peptide in proliferation assays and the proliferating cells were highly enriched in certain T-cell receptor sequences. Our results suggest that the risk of T1D may be related to how an HLA-DQ genotype determines the balance of T-cell inflammatory vs. regulatory responses to insulin, having important implications for the use and monitoring of insulin-specific therapies to prevent diabetes onset.
Certain class II MHC (MHCII) alleles in mice and humans confer risk for or protection from type 1 diabetes (T1D). Insulin is a major autoantigen in T1D, but how its peptides are presented to CD4 T cells by MHCII risk alleles has been controversial. In the mouse model of T1D, CD4 T cells respond to insulin B-chain peptide (B:9–23) mimotopes engineered to bind the mouse MHCII molecule, IA ᵍ⁷, in an unfavorable position or register. Because of the similarities between IA ᵍ⁷ and human HLA-DQ T1D risk alleles, we examined control and T1D subjects with these risk alleles for CD4 T-cell responses to the same natural B:9–23 peptide and mimotopes. A high proportion of new-onset T1D subjects mounted an inflammatory IFN-γ response much more frequently to one of the mimotope peptides than to the natural peptide. Surprisingly, the control subjects bearing an HLA-DQ risk allele also did. However, these control subjects, especially those with only one HLA-DQ risk allele, very frequently made an IL-10 response, a cytokine associated with regulatory T cells. T1D subjects with established disease also responded to the mimotope rather than the natural B:9–23 peptide in proliferation assays and the proliferating cells were highly enriched in certain T-cell receptor sequences. Our results suggest that the risk of T1D may be related to how an HLA-DQ genotype determines the balance of T-cell inflammatory vs. regulatory responses to insulin, having important implications for the use and monitoring of insulin-specific therapies to prevent diabetes onset. Significance Certain class II major histocompatibility alleles confer disease risk for type 1 diabetes (T1D). Insulin-specific and other autoantibodies often precede T1D development, but major efforts at disease prevention using insulin preparations (subcutaneous, oral, and intranasal) to induce tolerance have not been effective. Measuring insulin-specific T-cell responses from the peripheral blood has been a challenging feat but would allow for assessment of therapeutic response in these trials. In our study, we report CD4 T-cell responses to a mutated insulin B-chain peptide in new-onset and established T1D as well as control subjects dependent on HLA-DQ genotype. Our results have important implications for the application and monitoring of insulin-specific therapies to prevent diabetes onset.
Certain class II MHC (MHCII) alleles in mice and humans confer risk for or protection from type 1 diabetes (T1D). Insulin is a major autoantigen in T1D, but how its peptides are presented to CD4 T cells by MHCII risk alleles has been controversial. In the mouse model of T1D, CD4 T cells respond to insulin B-chain peptide (B:9-23) mimotopes engineered to bind the mouse MHCII molecule, IA(g7), in an unfavorable position or register. Because of the similarities between IA(g7) and human HLA-DQ T1D risk alleles, we examined control and T1D subjects with these risk alleles for CD4 T-cell responses to the same natural B:9-23 peptide and mimotopes. A high proportion of new-onset T1D subjects mounted an inflammatory IFN-γ response much more frequently to one of the mimotope peptides than to the natural peptide. Surprisingly, the control subjects bearing an HLA-DQ risk allele also did. However, these control subjects, especially those with only one HLA-DQ risk allele, very frequently made an IL-10 response, a cytokine associated with regulatory T cells. T1D subjects with established disease also responded to the mimotope rather than the natural B:9-23 peptide in proliferation assays and the proliferating cells were highly enriched in certain T-cell receptor sequences. Our results suggest that the risk of T1D may be related to how an HLA-DQ genotype determines the balance of T-cell inflammatory vs. regulatory responses to insulin, having important implications for the use and monitoring of insulin-specific therapies to prevent diabetes onset.
Certain class II MHC (MHCII) alleles in mice and humans confer risk for or protection from type 1 diabetes (T1D). Insulin is a major autoantigen in T1D, but how its peptides are presented to CD4 T cells by MHCII risk alleles has been controversial. In the mouse model of T1D, CD4 T cells respond to insulin B-chain peptide (B:9-23) mimotopes engineered to bind the mouse MHCII molecule, IA..., in an unfavorable position or register. Because of the similarities between IA... and human HLA-DQ T1D risk alleles, we examined control and T1D subjects with these risk alleles for CD4 T-cell responses to the same natural B:9-23 peptide and mimotopes. A high proportion of new-onset T1D subjects mounted an inflammatory IFN-... response much more frequently to one of the mimotope peptides than to the natural peptide. Surprisingly, the control subjects bearing an HLA-DQ risk allele also did. However, these control subjects, especially those with only one HLA-DQ risk allele, very frequently made an IL-10 response, a cytokine associated with regulatory T cells. T1D subjects with established disease also responded to the mimotope rather than the natural B:9-23 peptide in proliferation assays and the proliferating cells were highly enriched in certain T-cell receptor sequences. Our results suggest that the risk of T1D may be related to how an HLA-DQ genotype determines the balance of T-cell inflammatory vs. regulatory responses to insulin, having important implications for the use and monitoring of insulin-specific therapies to prevent diabetes onset. (ProQuest: ... denotes formulae/symbols omitted.)
Certain class II major histocompatibility alleles confer disease risk for type 1 diabetes (T1D). Insulin-specific and other autoantibodies often precede T1D development, but major efforts at disease prevention using insulin preparations (subcutaneous, oral, and intranasal) to induce tolerance have not been effective. Measuring insulin-specific T-cell responses from the peripheral blood has been a challenging feat but would allow for assessment of therapeutic response in these trials. In our study, we report CD4 T-cell responses to a mutated insulin B-chain peptide in new-onset and established T1D as well as control subjects dependent on HLA-DQ genotype. Our results have important implications for the application and monitoring of insulin-specific therapies to prevent diabetes onset. Certain class II MHC (MHCII) alleles in mice and humans confer risk for or protection from type 1 diabetes (T1D). Insulin is a major autoantigen in T1D, but how its peptides are presented to CD4 T cells by MHCII risk alleles has been controversial. In the mouse model of T1D, CD4 T cells respond to insulin B-chain peptide (B:9–23) mimotopes engineered to bind the mouse MHCII molecule, IA g7 , in an unfavorable position or register. Because of the similarities between IA g7 and human HLA-DQ T1D risk alleles, we examined control and T1D subjects with these risk alleles for CD4 T-cell responses to the same natural B:9–23 peptide and mimotopes. A high proportion of new-onset T1D subjects mounted an inflammatory IFN-γ response much more frequently to one of the mimotope peptides than to the natural peptide. Surprisingly, the control subjects bearing an HLA-DQ risk allele also did. However, these control subjects, especially those with only one HLA-DQ risk allele, very frequently made an IL-10 response, a cytokine associated with regulatory T cells. T1D subjects with established disease also responded to the mimotope rather than the natural B:9–23 peptide in proliferation assays and the proliferating cells were highly enriched in certain T-cell receptor sequences. Our results suggest that the risk of T1D may be related to how an HLA-DQ genotype determines the balance of T-cell inflammatory vs. regulatory responses to insulin, having important implications for the use and monitoring of insulin-specific therapies to prevent diabetes onset.
Certain class II MHC (MHCII) alleles in mice and humans confer risk for or protection from type 1 diabetes (T1D). Insulin is a major autoantigen in T1D, but how its peptides are presented to CD4 T cells by MHCII risk alleles has been controversial. In the mouse model of T1D, CD4 T cells respond to insulin B-chain peptide (B:9-23) mimotopes engineered to bind the mouse MHCII molecule, IA(g7), in an unfavorable position or register. Because of the similarities between IA(g7) and human HLA-DQ T1D risk alleles, we examined control and T1D subjects with these risk alleles for CD4 T-cell responses to the same natural B:9-23 peptide and mimotopes. A high proportion of new-onset T1D subjects mounted an inflammatory IFN-γ response much more frequently to one of the mimotope peptides than to the natural peptide. Surprisingly, the control subjects bearing an HLA-DQ risk allele also did. However, these control subjects, especially those with only one HLA-DQ risk allele, very frequently made an IL-10 response, a cytokine associated with regulatory T cells. T1D subjects with established disease also responded to the mimotope rather than the natural B:9-23 peptide in proliferation assays and the proliferating cells were highly enriched in certain T-cell receptor sequences. Our results suggest that the risk of T1D may be related to how an HLA-DQ genotype determines the balance of T-cell inflammatory vs. regulatory responses to insulin, having important implications for the use and monitoring of insulin-specific therapies to prevent diabetes onset.Certain class II MHC (MHCII) alleles in mice and humans confer risk for or protection from type 1 diabetes (T1D). Insulin is a major autoantigen in T1D, but how its peptides are presented to CD4 T cells by MHCII risk alleles has been controversial. In the mouse model of T1D, CD4 T cells respond to insulin B-chain peptide (B:9-23) mimotopes engineered to bind the mouse MHCII molecule, IA(g7), in an unfavorable position or register. Because of the similarities between IA(g7) and human HLA-DQ T1D risk alleles, we examined control and T1D subjects with these risk alleles for CD4 T-cell responses to the same natural B:9-23 peptide and mimotopes. A high proportion of new-onset T1D subjects mounted an inflammatory IFN-γ response much more frequently to one of the mimotope peptides than to the natural peptide. Surprisingly, the control subjects bearing an HLA-DQ risk allele also did. However, these control subjects, especially those with only one HLA-DQ risk allele, very frequently made an IL-10 response, a cytokine associated with regulatory T cells. T1D subjects with established disease also responded to the mimotope rather than the natural B:9-23 peptide in proliferation assays and the proliferating cells were highly enriched in certain T-cell receptor sequences. Our results suggest that the risk of T1D may be related to how an HLA-DQ genotype determines the balance of T-cell inflammatory vs. regulatory responses to insulin, having important implications for the use and monitoring of insulin-specific therapies to prevent diabetes onset.
Certain class II MHC (MHCII) alleles in mice and humans confer risk for or protection from type 1 diabetes (T1D). Insulin is a major autoantigen in T1D, but how its peptides are presented to CD4 T cells by MHCII risk alleles has been controversial. In the mouse model of T1D, CD4 T cells respond to insulin B-chain peptide (B:9–23) mimotopes engineered to bind the mouse MHCII molecule, IAg7, in an unfavorable position or register. Because of the similarities between IAg7and human HLA-DQ T1D risk alleles, we examined control and T1D subjects with these risk alleles for CD4 T-cell responses to the same natural B:9–23 peptide and mimotopes. A high proportion of new-onset T1D subjects mounted an inflammatory IFN-γ response much more frequently to one of the mimotope peptides than to the natural peptide. Surprisingly, the control subjects bearing an HLA-DQ risk allele also did. However, these control subjects, especially those with only one HLA-DQ risk allele, very frequently made an IL-10 response, a cytokine associated with regulatory T cells. T1D subjects with established disease also responded to the mimotope rather than the natural B:9–23 peptide in proliferation assays and the proliferating cells were highly enriched in certain T-cell receptor sequences. Our results suggest that the risk of T1D may be related to how an HLA-DQ genotype determines the balance of T-cell inflammatory vs. regulatory responses to insulin, having important implications for the use and monitoring of insulin-specific therapies to prevent diabetes onset.
Author Snell-Bergeona, Janet K.
Davidson, Howard W.
Gottlieb, Peter
Kappler, John W.
Carol, Kiekhaefer
Nakayama, Maki
McDaniel, Kristen
Rewers, Marian
Yu, Liping
Fitzgerald-Miller, Lisa
Michels, Aaron
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  organization: Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, and Program in Structural Biology and Biophysics,University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Kristen
  surname: McDaniel
  fullname: McDaniel, Kristen
  organization: Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
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  surname: Fitzgerald-Miller
  fullname: Fitzgerald-Miller, Lisa
  organization: Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
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  surname: Carol
  fullname: Carol, Kiekhaefer
  organization: Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
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  givenname: Janet K.
  surname: Snell-Bergeona
  fullname: Snell-Bergeona, Janet K.
  organization: Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
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  organization: Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, and Program in Structural Biology and Biophysics,University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
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  surname: Rewers
  fullname: Rewers, Marian
  organization: Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
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  givenname: Liping
  surname: Yu
  fullname: Yu, Liping
  organization: Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
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  surname: Gottlieb
  fullname: Gottlieb, Peter
  organization: Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
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  givenname: John W.
  surname: Kappler
  fullname: Kappler, John W.
  organization: Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Program in Structural Biology and Biophysics,University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045; Department of Biomedical Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
– sequence: 11
  givenname: Aaron
  surname: Michels
  fullname: Michels, Aaron
  organization: Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
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Issue 14
Keywords CD4 T cells
autoimmunity
insulin
self-tolerance
diabetes
Language English
License Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.
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Contributed by John W. Kappler, February 13, 2015 (sent for review October 10, 2014; reviewed by Mark Peakman and Jay Skyler)
Reviewers: M.P., King's College London; and J.S., University of Miami.
Author contributions: M.N., P.G., J.W.K., and A.M. designed research; K.M., L.F.-M., C.K., and L.Y. performed research; M.N., J.K.S.-B., J.W.K., and A.M. analyzed data; and M.N., H.W.D., M.R., P.G., J.W.K., and A.M. wrote the paper.
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Snippet Certain class II MHC (MHCII) alleles in mice and humans confer risk for or protection from type 1 diabetes (T1D). Insulin is a major autoantigen in T1D, but...
Certain class II major histocompatibility alleles confer disease risk for type 1 diabetes (T1D). Insulin-specific and other autoantibodies often precede T1D...
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StartPage 4429
SubjectTerms Adolescent
Adult
alleles
Amino Acid Sequence
Animals
autoantibodies
Autoantibodies - metabolism
Biological Sciences
CD4-positive T-lymphocytes
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes - metabolism
Child
Cytokines
Cytokines - metabolism
Diabetes
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - metabolism
disease prevention
Female
Genotype
HLA-DQ Antigens - genetics
Humans
Inflammation - metabolism
Insulin
Insulin - genetics
Insulin - metabolism
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
Interferon-gamma - metabolism
Interleukin-10 - metabolism
Male
Mice
Mice, Inbred NOD
Middle Aged
Molecular Sequence Data
monitoring
Mutation
Peptides
Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell - metabolism
risk
Risk assessment
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
T cell receptors
Young Adult
Title Regulatory vs. inflammatory cytokine T-cell responses to mutated insulin peptides in healthy and type 1 diabetic subjects
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http://www.pnas.org/content/112/14/4429.abstract
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