The stretch‐shortening cycle (SSC) revisited: residual force enhancement contributes to increased performance during fast SSCs of human m. adductor pollicis
The stretch‐shortening cycle (SSC) occurs in most everyday movements, and is thought to provoke a performance enhancement of the musculoskeletal system. However, mechanisms of this performance enhancement remain a matter of debate. One proposed mechanism is associated with a stretch‐induced increase...
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| Published in | Physiological reports Vol. 3; no. 5; pp. e12401 - n/a |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
BlackWell Publishing Ltd
01.05.2015
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 2051-817X 2051-817X |
| DOI | 10.14814/phy2.12401 |
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| Abstract | The stretch‐shortening cycle (SSC) occurs in most everyday movements, and is thought to provoke a performance enhancement of the musculoskeletal system. However, mechanisms of this performance enhancement remain a matter of debate. One proposed mechanism is associated with a stretch‐induced increase in steady‐state force, referred to as residual force enhancement (RFE). As yet, direct evidence relating RFE to increased force/work during SSCs is missing. Therefore, forces of electrically stimulated m. adductor pollicis (n = 14 subjects) were measured during and after pure stretch, pure shortening, and stretch‐shortening contractions with varying shortening amplitudes. Active stretch (30°, ω = 161 ± 6°s−1) caused significant RFE (16%, P < 0.01), whereas active shortening (10°, 20°, and 30°; ω = 103 ± 3°s−1, 152 ± 5°s−1, and 170 ± 5°s−1) resulted in significant force depression (9–15%, P < 0.01). In contrast, after SSCs (that is when active stretch preceded active shortening) no force depression was found. Indeed for our specific case in which the shortening amplitude was only 1/3 of the lengthening amplitude, there was a remnant RFE (10%, P < 0.01) following the active shortening. This result indicates that the RFE generated during lengthening affected force depression when active lengthening was followed by active shortening. As conventional explanations, such as the storage and release of elastic energy, cannot explain the enhanced steady‐state force after SSCs, it appears that the stretch‐induced RFE is not immediately abolished during shortening and contributes to the increased force and work during SSCs.
Mechanisms underlying muscular performance enhancement in stretch‐shortening cycles (SSC) still are a matter of debate. Measuring thumb adduction force during and after pure stretch, pure shortening, and stretch‐shortening contractions we found a remnant increased force following the active shortening. As conventional explanations, such as the storage and release of elastic energy, cannot explain the enhanced steady‐state force after SSCs, it appears that mechanisms associated with stretch‐induced residual force enhancement contribute to the increased performance during SSCs. |
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| AbstractList | The stretch‐shortening cycle (SSC) occurs in most everyday movements, and is thought to provoke a performance enhancement of the musculoskeletal system. However, mechanisms of this performance enhancement remain a matter of debate. One proposed mechanism is associated with a stretch‐induced increase in steady‐state force, referred to as residual force enhancement (RFE). As yet, direct evidence relating RFE to increased force/work during SSCs is missing. Therefore, forces of electrically stimulated m. adductor pollicis (n = 14 subjects) were measured during and after pure stretch, pure shortening, and stretch‐shortening contractions with varying shortening amplitudes. Active stretch (30°, ω = 161 ± 6°s−1) caused significant RFE (16%, P < 0.01), whereas active shortening (10°, 20°, and 30°; ω = 103 ± 3°s−1, 152 ± 5°s−1, and 170 ± 5°s−1) resulted in significant force depression (9–15%, P < 0.01). In contrast, after SSCs (that is when active stretch preceded active shortening) no force depression was found. Indeed for our specific case in which the shortening amplitude was only 1/3 of the lengthening amplitude, there was a remnant RFE (10%, P < 0.01) following the active shortening. This result indicates that the RFE generated during lengthening affected force depression when active lengthening was followed by active shortening. As conventional explanations, such as the storage and release of elastic energy, cannot explain the enhanced steady‐state force after SSCs, it appears that the stretch‐induced RFE is not immediately abolished during shortening and contributes to the increased force and work during SSCs.
Mechanisms underlying muscular performance enhancement in stretch‐shortening cycles (SSC) still are a matter of debate. Measuring thumb adduction force during and after pure stretch, pure shortening, and stretch‐shortening contractions we found a remnant increased force following the active shortening. As conventional explanations, such as the storage and release of elastic energy, cannot explain the enhanced steady‐state force after SSCs, it appears that mechanisms associated with stretch‐induced residual force enhancement contribute to the increased performance during SSCs. The stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) occurs in most everyday movements, and is thought to provoke a performance enhancement of the musculoskeletal system. However, mechanisms of this performance enhancement remain a matter of debate. One proposed mechanism is associated with a stretch-induced increase in steady-state force, referred to as residual force enhancement (RFE). As yet, direct evidence relating RFE to increased force/work during SSCs is missing. Therefore, forces of electrically stimulated m. adductor pollicis (n = 14 subjects) were measured during and after pure stretch, pure shortening, and stretch-shortening contractions with varying shortening amplitudes. Active stretch (30°, ω = 161 ± 6°s(-1)) caused significant RFE (16%, P < 0.01), whereas active shortening (10°, 20°, and 30°; ω = 103 ± 3°s(-1), 152 ± 5°s(-1), and 170 ± 5°s(-1)) resulted in significant force depression (9-15%, P < 0.01). In contrast, after SSCs (that is when active stretch preceded active shortening) no force depression was found. Indeed for our specific case in which the shortening amplitude was only 1/3 of the lengthening amplitude, there was a remnant RFE (10%, P < 0.01) following the active shortening. This result indicates that the RFE generated during lengthening affected force depression when active lengthening was followed by active shortening. As conventional explanations, such as the storage and release of elastic energy, cannot explain the enhanced steady-state force after SSCs, it appears that the stretch-induced RFE is not immediately abolished during shortening and contributes to the increased force and work during SSCs.The stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) occurs in most everyday movements, and is thought to provoke a performance enhancement of the musculoskeletal system. However, mechanisms of this performance enhancement remain a matter of debate. One proposed mechanism is associated with a stretch-induced increase in steady-state force, referred to as residual force enhancement (RFE). As yet, direct evidence relating RFE to increased force/work during SSCs is missing. Therefore, forces of electrically stimulated m. adductor pollicis (n = 14 subjects) were measured during and after pure stretch, pure shortening, and stretch-shortening contractions with varying shortening amplitudes. Active stretch (30°, ω = 161 ± 6°s(-1)) caused significant RFE (16%, P < 0.01), whereas active shortening (10°, 20°, and 30°; ω = 103 ± 3°s(-1), 152 ± 5°s(-1), and 170 ± 5°s(-1)) resulted in significant force depression (9-15%, P < 0.01). In contrast, after SSCs (that is when active stretch preceded active shortening) no force depression was found. Indeed for our specific case in which the shortening amplitude was only 1/3 of the lengthening amplitude, there was a remnant RFE (10%, P < 0.01) following the active shortening. This result indicates that the RFE generated during lengthening affected force depression when active lengthening was followed by active shortening. As conventional explanations, such as the storage and release of elastic energy, cannot explain the enhanced steady-state force after SSCs, it appears that the stretch-induced RFE is not immediately abolished during shortening and contributes to the increased force and work during SSCs. The stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) occurs in most everyday movements, and is thought to provoke a performance enhancement of the musculoskeletal system. However, mechanisms of this performance enhancement remain a matter of debate. One proposed mechanism is associated with a stretch-induced increase in steady-state force, referred to as residual force enhancement (RFE). As yet, direct evidence relating RFE to increased force/work during SSCs is missing. Therefore, forces of electrically stimulated m. adductor pollicis (n = 14 subjects) were measured during and after pure stretch, pure shortening, and stretch-shortening contractions with varying shortening amplitudes. Active stretch (30°, ω = 161 ± 6°s(-1)) caused significant RFE (16%, P < 0.01), whereas active shortening (10°, 20°, and 30°; ω = 103 ± 3°s(-1), 152 ± 5°s(-1), and 170 ± 5°s(-1)) resulted in significant force depression (9-15%, P < 0.01). In contrast, after SSCs (that is when active stretch preceded active shortening) no force depression was found. Indeed for our specific case in which the shortening amplitude was only 1/3 of the lengthening amplitude, there was a remnant RFE (10%, P < 0.01) following the active shortening. This result indicates that the RFE generated during lengthening affected force depression when active lengthening was followed by active shortening. As conventional explanations, such as the storage and release of elastic energy, cannot explain the enhanced steady-state force after SSCs, it appears that the stretch-induced RFE is not immediately abolished during shortening and contributes to the increased force and work during SSCs. The stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) occurs in most everyday movements, and is thought to provoke a performance enhancement of the musculoskeletal system. However, mechanisms of this performance enhancement remain a matter of debate. One proposed mechanism is associated with a stretch-induced increase in steady-state force, referred to as residual force enhancement (RFE). As yet, direct evidence relating RFE to increased force/work during SSCs is missing. Therefore, forces of electrically stimulated m. adductor pollicis ( n = 14 subjects) were measured during and after pure stretch, pure shortening, and stretch-shortening contractions with varying shortening amplitudes. Active stretch (30°, ω = 161 ± 6°s −1 ) caused significant RFE (16%, P < 0.01), whereas active shortening (10°, 20°, and 30°; ω = 103 ± 3°s −1 , 152 ± 5°s −1 , and 170 ± 5°s −1 ) resulted in significant force depression (9–15%, P < 0.01). In contrast, after SSCs (that is when active stretch preceded active shortening) no force depression was found. Indeed for our specific case in which the shortening amplitude was only 1/3 of the lengthening amplitude, there was a remnant RFE (10%, P < 0.01) following the active shortening. This result indicates that the RFE generated during lengthening affected force depression when active lengthening was followed by active shortening. As conventional explanations, such as the storage and release of elastic energy, cannot explain the enhanced steady-state force after SSCs, it appears that the stretch-induced RFE is not immediately abolished during shortening and contributes to the increased force and work during SSCs. The stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) occurs in most everyday movements, and is thought to provoke a performance enhancement of the musculoskeletal system. However, mechanisms of this performance enhancement remain a matter of debate. One proposed mechanism is associated with a stretch-induced increase in steady-state force, referred to as residual force enhancement (RFE). As yet, direct evidence relating RFE to increased force/work during SSCs is missing. Therefore, forces of electrically stimulated m. adductor pollicis (n = 14 subjects) were measured during and after pure stretch, pure shortening, and stretch-shortening contractions with varying shortening amplitudes. Active stretch (30 degree , omega = 161 plus or minus 6 degree s super(-1)) caused significant RFE (16%, P < 0.01), whereas active shortening (10 degree , 20 degree , and 30 degree ; omega = 103 plus or minus 3 degree s super(-1), 152 plus or minus 5 degree s super(-1), and 170 plus or minus 5 degree s super(-1)) resulted in significant force depression (9-15%, P < 0.01). In contrast, after SSCs (that is when active stretch preceded active shortening) no force depression was found. Indeed for our specific case in which the shortening amplitude was only 1/3 of the lengthening amplitude, there was a remnant RFE (10%, P < 0.01) following the active shortening. This result indicates that the RFE generated during lengthening affected force depression when active lengthening was followed by active shortening. As conventional explanations, such as the storage and release of elastic energy, cannot explain the enhanced steady-state force after SSCs, it appears that the stretch-induced RFE is not immediately abolished during shortening and contributes to the increased force and work during SSCs. Mechanisms underlying muscular performance enhancement in stretch-shortening cycles (SSC) still are a matter of debate. Measuring thumb adduction force during and after pure stretch, pure shortening, and stretch-shortening contractions we found a remnant increased force following the active shortening. As conventional explanations, such as the storage and release of elastic energy, cannot explain the enhanced steady-state force after SSCs, it appears that mechanisms associated with stretch-induced residual force enhancement contribute to the increased performance during SSCs. |
| Author | Hahn, Daniel Seiberl, Wolfgang Herzog, Walter Power, Geoffrey A. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Wolfgang surname: Seiberl fullname: Seiberl, Wolfgang organization: University of Calgary – sequence: 2 givenname: Geoffrey A. surname: Power fullname: Power, Geoffrey A. organization: University of Calgary – sequence: 3 givenname: Walter surname: Herzog fullname: Herzog, Walter organization: University of Calgary – sequence: 4 givenname: Daniel surname: Hahn fullname: Hahn, Daniel organization: Ruhr‐Universität Bochum |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25975646$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Copyright | 2015 The Authors. published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Physiological Society and The Physiological Society. 2015 The Authors. Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Physiological Society and The Physiological Society. 2015 The Authors. published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Physiological Society and The Physiological Society. 2015 |
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| Keywords | force depression electrical stimulation force enhancement potentiation thumb force redevelopment muscle eccentric Concentric |
| Language | English |
| License | Attribution http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 2015 The Authors. Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Physiological Society and The Physiological Society. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
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| Notes | This study was supported by funding from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the Canada Research Chair Programme, and The Killam Foundation. This work was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the Technische Universität München within the funding program Open Access Publishing. Funding Information ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Funding Information This study was supported by funding from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the Canada Research Chair Programme, and The Killam Foundation. This work was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the Technische Universität München within the funding program Open Access Publishing. |
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| SubjectTerms | Concentric eccentric electrical stimulation force depression force enhancement force redevelopment muscle Original Research potentiation thumb |
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| Title | The stretch‐shortening cycle (SSC) revisited: residual force enhancement contributes to increased performance during fast SSCs of human m. adductor pollicis |
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