Serum Response Factor, an Enriched Cardiac Mesoderm Obligatory Factor, Is a Downstream Gene Target for Tbx Genes
We tested the idea that T-box factors direct serum response factor (SRF) gene activity early in development. Analysis of SRF-LacZ “knock-in” mice showed highly restricted expression in early embryonic cardiac and skeletal muscle mesoderm and neuroectoderm. Examination of the SRF gene for regulatory...
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Published in | The Journal of biological chemistry Vol. 280; no. 12; pp. 11816 - 11828 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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United States
Elsevier Inc
25.03.2005
American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology |
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Abstract | We tested the idea that T-box factors direct serum response factor (SRF) gene activity early in development. Analysis of SRF-LacZ “knock-in” mice showed highly restricted expression in early embryonic cardiac and skeletal muscle mesoderm and neuroectoderm. Examination of the SRF gene for regulatory regions by linking the promoter and 5′-flanking sequences, up to 5.5 kb, failed to target LacZ transgene activity to the heart and the tail pre-somitic mesenchyme. However, linkage of a minimal SRF promoter with the SRF 3′-untranslated region (UTR), inundated with multimeric T-box binding sites (TBEs), restored robust reporter gene activity to embryonic heart and tail. Finer dissection of the 3′-UTR to a small cluster of TBEs also stimulated transgene activity in the cardiac forming region and the tail, however, when the TBEs contained within these DNA sequences were mutated, preventing Tbx binding, transgene activity was lost. Tbx2, Tbx5, and the cardiac-enriched MYST family histone acetyltransferase TIP60, were observed to be mutual interactive cofactors through the TIP60 zinc finger and the T-box of the Tbx factors. In SRF-null ES cells, TIP60, Tbx2, and Tbx5 were sufficient to stimulate co-transfected SRF reporter activity, however this activity required the presence of the SRF 3′-UTR. SRF gene transactivation was blocked by two distinct TIP60 mutants, in which either the histone acetyltransferase domain was inactivated or the Zn finger-protein binding domain was excised. Our study supports the idea that SRF embryonic cardiac gene expression is dependent upon the SRF 3′-UTR enhancer, Tbx2, Tbx5, and TIP60 histone acetyltransferase activity. |
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AbstractList | We tested the idea that T-box factors direct serum response factor (SRF) gene activity early in development. Analysis of SRF-LacZ “knock-in” mice showed highly restricted expression in early embryonic cardiac and skeletal muscle mesoderm and neuroectoderm. Examination of the SRF gene for regulatory regions by linking the promoter and 5′-flanking sequences, up to 5.5 kb, failed to target LacZ transgene activity to the heart and the tail pre-somitic mesenchyme. However, linkage of a minimal SRF promoter with the SRF 3′-untranslated region (UTR), inundated with multimeric T-box binding sites (TBEs), restored robust reporter gene activity to embryonic heart and tail. Finer dissection of the 3′-UTR to a small cluster of TBEs also stimulated transgene activity in the cardiac forming region and the tail, however, when the TBEs contained within these DNA sequences were mutated, preventing Tbx binding, transgene activity was lost. Tbx2, Tbx5, and the cardiac-enriched MYST family histone acetyltransferase TIP60, were observed to be mutual interactive cofactors through the TIP60 zinc finger and the T-box of the Tbx factors. In SRF-null ES cells, TIP60, Tbx2, and Tbx5 were sufficient to stimulate co-transfected SRF reporter activity, however this activity required the presence of the SRF 3′-UTR. SRF gene transactivation was blocked by two distinct TIP60 mutants, in which either the histone acetyltransferase domain was inactivated or the Zn finger-protein binding domain was excised. Our study supports the idea that SRF embryonic cardiac gene expression is dependent upon the SRF 3′-UTR enhancer, Tbx2, Tbx5, and TIP60 histone acetyltransferase activity. We tested the idea that T-box factors direct serum response factor (SRF) gene activity early in development. Analysis of SRF-LacZ âknock-inâ mice showed highly restricted expression in early embryonic cardiac and skeletal muscle mesoderm and neuroectoderm. Examination of the SRF gene for regulatory regions by linking the promoter and 5â²-flanking sequences, up to 5.5 kb, failed to target LacZ transgene activity to the heart and the tail pre-somitic mesenchyme. However, linkage of a minimal SRF promoter with the SRF 3â²-untranslated region (UTR), inundated with multimeric T-box binding sites (TBEs), restored robust reporter gene activity to embryonic heart and tail. Finer dissection of the 3â²-UTR to a small cluster of TBEs also stimulated transgene activity in the cardiac forming region and the tail, however, when the TBEs contained within these DNA sequences were mutated, preventing Tbx binding, transgene activity was lost. Tbx2, Tbx5, and the cardiac-enriched MYST family histone acetyltransferase TIP60, were observed to be mutual interactive cofactors through the TIP60 zinc finger and the T-box of the Tbx factors. In SRF-null ES cells, TIP60, Tbx2, and Tbx5 were sufficient to stimulate co-transfected SRF reporter activity, however this activity required the presence of the SRF 3â²-UTR. SRF gene transactivation was blocked by two distinct TIP60 mutants, in which either the histone acetyltransferase domain was inactivated or the Zn finger-protein binding domain was excised. Our study supports the idea that SRF embryonic cardiac gene expression is dependent upon the SRF 3â²-UTR enhancer, Tbx2, Tbx5, and TIP60 histone acetyltransferase activity. |
Author | Belaguli, Narasimhaswamy S. Schwartz, Robert J. Bruneau, Benoit G. Iyer, Dinaker Zhang, Shu Xiang Parmacek, Michael S. Trinh, Mimi Lough, John W. Barron, Matthew R. Merlo, Xanthi |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Matthew R. surname: Barron fullname: Barron, Matthew R. organization: Departments of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030 – sequence: 2 givenname: Narasimhaswamy S. surname: Belaguli fullname: Belaguli, Narasimhaswamy S. organization: Departments of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030 – sequence: 3 givenname: Shu Xiang surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Shu Xiang organization: Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030 – sequence: 4 givenname: Mimi surname: Trinh fullname: Trinh, Mimi organization: Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030 – sequence: 5 givenname: Dinaker surname: Iyer fullname: Iyer, Dinaker organization: Departments of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030 – sequence: 6 givenname: Xanthi surname: Merlo fullname: Merlo, Xanthi organization: Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226-0509 – sequence: 7 givenname: John W. surname: Lough fullname: Lough, John W. organization: Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226-0509 – sequence: 8 givenname: Michael S. surname: Parmacek fullname: Parmacek, Michael S. organization: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 – sequence: 9 givenname: Benoit G. surname: Bruneau fullname: Bruneau, Benoit G. organization: Cardiovascular Research Division, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario MG5 1X8, Canada – sequence: 10 givenname: Robert J. surname: Schwartz fullname: Schwartz, Robert J. email: rschwartz@ibt.tamhsc.edu organization: Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030 |
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Snippet | We tested the idea that T-box factors direct serum response factor (SRF) gene activity early in development. Analysis of SRF-LacZ “knock-in” mice showed highly... We tested the idea that T-box factors direct serum response factor (SRF) gene activity early in development. Analysis of SRF-LacZ âknock-inâ mice showed... We tested the idea that T-box factors direct serum response factor (SRF) gene activity early in development. Analysis of SRF-LacZ "knock-in" mice showed highly... |
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SubjectTerms | 3' Untranslated Regions 5' Flanking Region Acetyltransferases - physiology Animals Base Sequence Enhancer Elements, Genetic Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental Heart - embryology Histone Acetyltransferases Mesoderm - metabolism Mice Molecular Sequence Data Muscle, Skeletal - embryology Muscle, Skeletal - metabolism Promoter Regions, Genetic Serum Response Factor - genetics T-Box Domain Proteins - genetics Transcriptional Activation |
Title | Serum Response Factor, an Enriched Cardiac Mesoderm Obligatory Factor, Is a Downstream Gene Target for Tbx Genes |
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