The state of desalination and brine production: A global outlook

• Published in: The Science of the total environment Vol. 657; pp. 1343 - 1356
• Main Authors: Jones, Edward, Qadir, Manzoor, van Vliet, Michelle T.H., Smakhtin, Vladimir, Kang, Seong-mu
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 20.03.2019
• Subjects: Concentrate stream; desalination; Desalination technology; economic costs; environmental impact; Feedwater type; hypersalinity; Kuwait; Middle East; Northern Africa; Product water; Qatar; rain; Recovery ratio; rivers; runoff; Saudi Arabia; United Arab Emirates; water shortages; Middle East; Northern Africa; Saudi Arabia; United Arab Emirates; Kuwait; Qatar; Recovery ratio; Concentrate stream; Feedwater type; Product water; Desalination technology
• ISSN: 0048-9697; 1879-1026; 1879-1026
• DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.076

Rising water demands and diminishing water supplies are exacerbating water scarcity in most world regions. Conventional approaches relying on rainfall and river runoff in water scarce areas are no longer sufficient to meet human demands. Unconventional water resources, such as desalinated water, are expected to play a key role in narrowing the water demand-supply gap. Our synthesis of desalination data suggests that there are 15,906 operational desalination plants producing around 95 million m3/day of desalinated water for human use, of which 48% is produced in the Middle East and North Africa region. A major challenge associated with desalination technologies is the production of a typically hypersaline concentrate (termed ‘brine’) discharge that requires disposal, which is both costly and associated with negative environmental impacts. Our estimates reveal brine production to be around 142 million m3/day, approximately 50% greater than previous quantifications. Brine production in Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait and Qatar accounts for 55% of the total global share. Improved brine management strategies are required to limit the negative environmental impacts and reduce the economic cost of disposal, thereby stimulating further developments in desalination facilities to safeguard water supplies for current and future generations. [Display omitted] •Unconventional water resources are key to support SDG 6 achievement.•Desalinated water production is 95.37 million m3/day.•Brine production and energy consumption are key barriers to desalination expansion.•Brine production is 141.5 million m3/day, 50% greater than previous estimates.•Innovation and developments in brine management and disposal options are required.