Presidential Expressions and Viewer Emotion: Counterempathic Responses to Televised Leader Displays

Despite the biological predisposition to recognize and mimic facial expressions, research has shown that contextual or experiential factors may elicit emotionally incongruent, or counterempathic, responses. This experimental study reports how counterempathic responses to televised leader displays ma...

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Published in	Social Science Information Vol. 43; no. 1; pp. 59 - 94
Main Authors	Bucy, Erik P., Bradley, Samuel D.
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	London, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi SAGE Publications 01.03.2004 Sage Sage Publications Ltd
Subjects	Clinton, Bill Cognition Communication Electromyography Emotions Empathy Expectations Heads of state Human body Leaders Leadership Mass Media Effects News Coverage Nonverbal Communication Physical Characteristics Physiology Political communication Presidents Programming (Broadcast) Responses Social sciences Sociology Sociology of communication and mass media. Sociolinguistics Sociology of knowledge and sociology of culture Sympathy Television Television viewing Viewers Violations Leader displays Display appropriateness Expectancy violations Electromyographic (EMG) measures Emotional communication Counterempathic responses Candidate Measurement Political Sociology Nonverbal Communication Television Program Information Social Psychology Emotions Sociology of communication
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ISSN	0539-0184 1461-7412
DOI	10.1177/05390184040689

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Abstract	Despite the biological predisposition to recognize and mimic facial expressions, research has shown that contextual or experiential factors may elicit emotionally incongruent, or counterempathic, responses. This experimental study reports how counterempathic responses to televised leader displays may be evoked in political communication. Findings suggest that unexpected nonverbal communication is subject to cognitive appraisal, which may influence emotional responding. Subjects were shown a series of four news stories, each followed by a 30-second televised reaction of President Bill Clinton. The story–reaction sequences varied by story topic, level of emotion and degree of leader display appropriateness. Physiological (heart rate, skin conductance and facial muscle activation, or EMG) and emotional self-report measures indicated that evaluations of display appropriateness moderated how much attention was given to the display, the affective direction of viewers’ facial muscle activation and the level of autonomic activation, or arousal. The EMG data showed that viewers frowned in response to positive expressive displays that followed positive news. Smiling activation also decreased for high-intensity, positive displays. By manipulating the valence and intensity of the associated news event, facial mimicry, and emotional responses to leaders generally, are shown to be situationally influenced by the larger social and informational context.
AbstractList	Despite the biological predisposition to recognize and mimic facial expressions, research has shown that contextual or experiential factors may elicit emotionally incongruent, or counterempathic, responses. This experimental study reports how counterempathic responses to televised leader displays may be evoked in political communication. Findings suggest that unexpected nonverbal communication is subject to cognitive appraisal, which may influence emotional responding. Subjects were shown a series of four news stories, each followed by a 30-second televised reaction of President Bill Clinton. The story-reaction sequences varied by story topic, level of emotion and degree of leader display appropriateness. Physiological (heart rate, skin conductance and facial muscle activation, or EMG) and emotional self-report measures indicated that evaluations of display appropriateness moderated how much attention was given to the display, the affective direction of viewers' facial muscle activation and the level of autonomic activation, or arousal. The EMG data showed that viewers frowned in response to positive expressive displays that followed positive news. Smiling activation also decreased for high-intensity, positive displays. By manipulating the valence and intensity of the associated news event, facial mimicry, and emotional responses to leaders generally, are shown to be situationally influenced by the larger social and informational context. ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: Despite the biological predisposition to recognize and mimic facial expressions, research has shown that contextual or experiential factors may elicit emotionally incongruent, or counterempathic, responses. This experimental study reports how counteremphatic responses to televised leader displays may be evoked in political communication. Findings suggest that unexpected nonverbal communication is subject to cognitive appraisal, which may influence emotional responding. Subjects were shown a series of four news stories, each followed by a 30-second televised reaction of President Bill Clinton. The story-reaction sequences varied by story topic, level of emotion and degree of leader display appropriateness. Physiological (heart rate, skin conductance and facial muscle activation, or EMG) and emotional self-report measures indicated that evaluations of display appropriateness moderated how much attention was given to the display, the affective direction of viewers' facial muscle activation and the level of autonomic activation, or arousal. The EMG data showed that viewers frowned in response to positive expressive displays that followed positive news. Smiling activation also decreased for high-intensity, positive displays. By manipulating the valence and intensity of the associated news event, facial mimicry, and emotional responses to leaders generally, are shown to be situationally influenced by the larger social and informational context. // ABSTRACT IN FRENCH: En dépit des prédispositions biologiques qui permettent d'identifier et d'imiter des expressions faciales, la recherche montre que des facteurs contextuels ou empiriques peuvent induire des réponses émotionnellement non-pertinentes. ou contre-empathiques. Cette étude empirique montre comment des réponses contre-empathiques à des expressions faciales télévisées de dirigeants politiques peuvent se produire dans la communication politique. Les résultats suggèrent qu'une communication non-verbale inattendue est soumise à une évaluation cognitive qui peut influencer la réponse émotionnelle. On montre aux sujets une série de quatre sujets d'information, chacun suivi d'une réaction télévisée de 30 secondes du Président Bill Clinton. Les séquences sujet d'information-réaction sont très différentes par le thème, le niveau d'émotion et le degré de pertinence de la réaction du dirigeant. Des mesures physiologiques (rythme cardiaque, conductivité de la peau et activation des muscles faciaux, ou EMG) et des mesures d'auto-évaluation émotionnelle indiquent que l'évaluation de la pertinence de la réaction modère le niveau d'attention porté à la réaction, la direction affective de l'activation des muscles faciaux des spectateurs et le niveau d'activation autonome, ou stimulation. Les données des mesures électromyographiques (EMG) montrent que les spectateurs froncent les sourcils en réponse à des expressions positives succédant à une information positive. L'activation du sourire décroît également pour des expressions très fortement positives. En manipulant la valence et l'intensité du sujet d'information associé, on peut montrer que l'imitation faciale, et les réponses émotionnelles aux dirigeants de façon plus générale, sont influencées par le contexte social et informationnel plus large. Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Ltd Despite the biological predisposition to recognize and mimic facial expressions, research has shown that contextual or experiential factors may elicit emotionally incongruent, or counterempathic, responses. This experimental study reports how counterempathic responses to televised leader displays may be evoked in political communication. Findings suggest that unexpected nonverbal communication is subject to cognitive appraisal, which may influence emotional responding. Subjects were shown a series of four news stories, each followed by a 30-second televised reaction of President Bill Clinton. The story-reaction sequences varied by story topic, level of emotion and degree of leader display appropriateness. Physiological (heart rate, skin conductance and facial muscle activation, or EMG) and emotional self-report measures indicated that evaluations of display appropriateness moderated how much attention was given to the display, the affective direction of viewers' facial muscle activation and the level of autonomic activation, or arousal. The EMG data showed that viewers frowned in response to positive expressive displays that followed positive news. Smiling activation also decreased for high-intensity, positive displays. By manipulating the valence and intensity of the associated news event, facial mimicry, and emotional responses to leaders generally, are shown to be situationally influenced by the larger social and informational context. (Original abstract) Despite the biological predisposition to recognize & mimic facial expressions, research has shown that contextual or experiential factors may elicit emotionally incongruent, or counterempathic, responses. This experimental study reports how counterempathic responses to televised leader displays may be evoked in political communication. Findings suggest that unexpected nonverbal communication is subject to cognitive appraisal, which may influence emotional responding. Subjects were shown a series of four news stories, each followed by a 30-second televised reaction of President Bill Clinton. The story-reaction sequences varied by story topic, level of emotion, & degree of leader display appropriateness. Physiological (heart rate, skin conductance & facial muscle activation, or EMG) & emotional self-report measures indicated that evaluations of display appropriateness moderated how much attention was given to the display, the affective direction of viewers' facial muscle activation & the level of autonomic activation, or arousal. The EMG data showed that viewers frowned in response to positive expressive displays that followed positive news. Smiling activation also decreased for high-intensity, positive displays. By manipulating the valence & intensity of the associated news event, facial mimicry, & emotional responses to leaders generally, are shown to be situationally influenced by the larger social & informational context. 9 Figures, 65 References. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Ltd., copyright 2004.]
Author	Bucy, Erik P. Bradley, Samuel D.
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Keywords	Leader displays Display appropriateness Expectancy violations Electromyographic (EMG) measures Emotional communication Counterempathic responses Candidate Measurement Political Sociology Nonverbal Communication Television Program Information Social Psychology Emotions Sociology of communication
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Snippet	Despite the biological predisposition to recognize and mimic facial expressions, research has shown that contextual or experiential factors may elicit... ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: Despite the biological predisposition to recognize and mimic facial expressions, research has shown that contextual or experiential... Despite the biological predisposition to recognize & mimic facial expressions, research has shown that contextual or experiential factors may elicit...
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SubjectTerms	Clinton, Bill Cognition Communication Electromyography Emotions Empathy Expectations Heads of state Human body Leaders Leadership Mass Media Effects News Coverage Nonverbal Communication Physical Characteristics Physiology Political communication Presidents Programming (Broadcast) Responses Social sciences Sociology Sociology of communication and mass media. Sociolinguistics Sociology of knowledge and sociology of culture Sympathy Television Television viewing Viewers Violations
Title	Presidential Expressions and Viewer Emotion: Counterempathic Responses to Televised Leader Displays
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