41 Year Long-Term Durability of High Volume Blast-Furnace Slag Cement Concrete
In this study, we investigated the durability of high-volume ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) blended cement concrete containing over 70% of GGBS for possible general structural applications. The concrete specimens used were exposed to natural outdoor conditions for 41 years on a building...
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| Published in | Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology Vol. 19; no. 3; pp. 248 - 258 |
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| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Tokyo
Japan Concrete Institute
24.03.2021
Japan Science and Technology Agency |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1346-8014 1347-3913 |
| DOI | 10.3151/jact.19.248 |
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| Abstract | In this study, we investigated the durability of high-volume ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) blended cement concrete containing over 70% of GGBS for possible general structural applications. The concrete specimens used were exposed to natural outdoor conditions for 41 years on a building rooftop. The following is found. The exposed top surface of concrete with 88.5% GGBS 4000 replacement, the exposed top surface and the corners of sulfated slag cement showed peel failure of the paste, but the specimens of concrete with 68.5% GGBS 4000 and GGBS 2000 replacement were in sound condition. The compressive strength of all mix proportions did not decrease significantly over 41 years. The carbonation depth of concrete specimens containing 70% GGBS was about 7 to 9 mm, and about 15 mm for specimens containing 90% GGBS. Despite the high volume of GGBS content (70%) in the concrete specimens, traces of Ca(OH)2, which is involved in the chemical reaction of GGBS, were found in parts that remained uncarbonated. Ca(OH)2 increases the alkalinity of the specimen and is thus considered to have a rebar corrosion-inhibiting effect. This paper is the English translation from the authors’ previous work [Hashimoto, M., et al., (2019). “A study on the long-term durability of high-volume bast-furnace slag cement concrete for 41 years.” Concrete Research and Technology, Vol.30, pp.77-84. (in Japanese)]. |
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| AbstractList | In this study, we investigated the durability of high-volume ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) blended cement concrete containing over 70% of GGBS for possible general structural applications. The concrete specimens used were exposed to natural outdoor conditions for 41 years on a building rooftop. The following is found. The exposed top surface of concrete with 88.5% GGBS 4000 replacement, the exposed top surface and the corners of sulfated slag cement showed peel failure of the paste, but the specimens of concrete with 68.5% GGBS 4000 and GGBS 2000 replacement were in sound condition. The compressive strength of all mix proportions did not decrease significantly over 41 years. The carbonation depth of concrete specimens containing 70% GGBS was about 7 to 9 mm, and about 15 mm for specimens containing 90% GGBS. Despite the high volume of GGBS content (70%) in the concrete specimens, traces of Ca(OH)2, which is involved in the chemical reaction of GGBS, were found in parts that remained uncarbonated. Ca(OH)2 increases the alkalinity of the specimen and is thus considered to have a rebar corrosion-inhibiting effect. This paper is the English translation from the authors’ previous work [Hashimoto, M., et al., (2019). “A study on the long-term durability of high-volume bast-furnace slag cement concrete for 41 years.” Concrete Research and Technology, Vol.30, pp.77-84. (in Japanese)]. |
| Author | Hashimoto, Manabu Kurata, Kazuhide Ohtsuka, Yusuke Dan, Yasuhiro |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 fullname: Dan, Yasuhiro organization: Nippon Steel Blast Furnace Slag Cement Co., Ltd, Fukuoka, Japan – sequence: 1 fullname: Kurata, Kazuhide organization: Kajima Corporation, Tokyo, Japan – sequence: 1 fullname: Ohtsuka, Yusuke organization: Nippon Steel Blast Furnace Slag Cement Co., Ltd, Fukuoka, Japan – sequence: 1 fullname: Hashimoto, Manabu organization: Kajima Corporation, Tokyo, Japan |
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| Cites_doi | 10.2208/jscej.2005.802_49 10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.105796 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.01.007 10.1016/j.matdes.2014.05.001 10.2208/jscej.1997.564_121 10.3151/jact.2.121 10.3151/jact.19.118 10.3151/coj.48.9_69 10.1016/S0958-9465(03)00149-5 10.3390/app10072504 10.14250/cement.65.20 10.1680/macr.14.00074 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.033 10.14250/cement.68.233 10.12989/acc.2015.3.1.001 10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.65.13_1825 10.3390/ma11081474 10.1007/BF01912193 10.1016/S0008-8846(97)00102-6 10.3151/crt.30.77 10.3151/crt.28.47 10.1680/adcr.13.00029 10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.01.003 10.14250/cement.63.22 10.3151/jact.19.133 10.35940/ijitee.L3186.129219 10.1016/B978-0-08-102156-9.00012-2 10.2320/matertrans.M2010350 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.10.075 10.1680/jmacr.15.00449 10.12989/acc.2016.4.2.107 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2008.05.005 10.1016/S0958-9465(97)00011-5 10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00208-8 |
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| References_xml | – reference: 24) Kumar, S., Kumar, R., Bandopadhyay, A., Alex, T. C., Ravi Kumar, B., Das, S. K. and Mehrotra, S. P., (2008). “Mechanical activation of granulated blast furnace slag and its effect on the properties and structure of portland slag cement.” Cement & Concrete Composites, 30(8), 679-685. – reference: 15) Ikeda, K. and Li, Z., (2015). “Development of paper sludge ash-based geopolymer and application to the solidification of nuclear waste water.” In:/Proc. 14th ICCC, Beijing, Session 6, Alternative binders, 36, 1-14. – reference: 7) Chao, Q. L., Ravindra, K. D. and Gurmel, S. G., (2016). “Carbonation resistance of GGBS concrete.” Magazine of Concrete Research, 68(18), 936-969. – reference: 17) Jan, P., Patrycja, M. and Beata, L. P., (2016).“Influence of hardening accelerating admixtures on properties of cement with ground granulated blast furnace slag.” Procedia Engineering, 161, 1070-1075. – reference: 37) Nakamoto, J., Togawa, K. and Fujii, M., (1997). “A study on the strength development of high blast-furnace slag content concrete.” Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, 564, 121-131. (in Japanese) – reference: 34) Miguel, A. S., Esteban, E., Cristina, A. and Daniel, D. B., (2018). “Effect of curing time on granulated blast-furnace slag cement mortars carbonation.” Cement and Concrete Composites, 90, 257-265. – reference: 38) Ngala, V. T. and Page, C. L., (1997). “Effects of carbonation on pore structure and diffusional properties of hydrated cement pastes.” Cement and Concrete Research, 27(7), 995-1007. – reference: 45) Sakai, E., Ansai, T., Atarashi, D. and Ikeo, Y., (2011). “Material design of high volume blast furnace slag cement in consideration of early hydration of cement.” Cement Science and Concrete Technology, 65(1), 20-26. (in Japanese) – reference: 25) Kwak, D., Kokubu, K. and Uji, K., (2005). “A study on carbonation rate of mortar using ground granulated blast-furnace slag.” Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, 802, 49-59. (in Japanese) – reference: 30) Liu, S., Wang, Z. and Li, X., (2014) “Long-term properties of concrete containing ground granulated blast furnace slag and steel slag.” Magazine of Concrete Research, 66(21), 1095-1103. – reference: 53) Voinovitch, I. A. and Dron, R., (1976). “Action des differents activants sur l'hydratation du laitier granul.” Silic. Ind., 41(4-5), 209-212. – reference: 47) Sean, M. and Yixin, S., (2010). “Carbonation curing of slag-cement concrete for binding CO2 and improving performance.” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 22(4). – reference: 43) Richardson, D. N., (2006). “Strength and durability characteristics of a 70% ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) concrete mix.” Organizational Results Research Report, Missouri Department of Transportation. – reference: 3) Ayano, T. and Fujii, T., (2021). “Improvement of concrete properties using granulated blast furnace slag sand.” Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 19(2), 118-132. – reference: 28) Li, Z., Thomas, R. J. and Peethamparan, S., (2019). “Alkali-silica reactivity of alkali-activated concrete subjected to ASTM C 1293 and 1567 alkali-silica reactivity tests.” Cement and Concrete Research, 123, 105796. – reference: 5) Cabrera, J. A., Escalante, J. I. and Castro, P., (2016). “Compression resistance of concretes with blast furnace slag. Re-visited state-of-the-art.” Revista ALCONPAT, 6(1), 64-83. – reference: 42) Prasanna, P. K., Srinivasu, K. and Murthy, A. R., (2019). “Compressive strength assessment using GGBS and randomly distributed fibers in.” International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 9(2), 1078-1086. – reference: 10) Deb, P. S., Nath, P. and Sarker, P. K., (2014). “The effects of ground granulated blast-furnace slag blending with fly ash and activator content on the workability and strength properties of geopolymer concrete cured at ambient temperature.” Materials & Design, 62, 32-39. – reference: 32) Matsushita, F., Aono, Y. and Shibata, S., (2004). “Microstructure changes in autoclaved aerated concrete during carbonation under working and accelerated conditions.” Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 2(1), 121-129. – reference: 26) Lee, B., Kim, G., Nam, J., Cho, B., Hama, Y. and Kim, R., (2016). “Compressive strength, resistance to chloride-ion penetration and freezing/thawing of slag-replaced concrete and cementless slag concrete containing desulfurization slag activator.” Construction and Building Materials, 128, 341-348. – reference: 56) Wu, B. and Ye, G., (2016). “Carbonation mechanism of different kind of C-S-H : rate and products.” Concrete with Supplementary Cementitious Materials, 455. – reference: 54) Wang, K., Ren, L. and Yang, L., (2018). “Excellent carbonation behavior of rankinite prepared by calcining the C-S-H: Potential recycling of waste concrete powders for prefabricated building products.” Materials, 11(8). – reference: 41) Plusquellec, G., Geiker, M. R., Lindgård, J. and De Weerdt, K., (2018). “Determining the free alkali metal content in concrete – Case study of an ASR-affected dam.” Cement and Concrete Research, 105, 111-125. – reference: 39) Nito, N., Hanehara, S. and Koibuchi, K., (2008). “Influence of hydration heat of blast-furnace slag cement by surface area of blast-furnace slag and anhydride content.” Cement Science and Concrete Technology, 62, 101-107. (in Japanese) – reference: 48) Shahrajabian, F. and Behfarnia, K., (2018). “The effects of nano particles on freeze and thaw resistance of alkali-activated slag concrete.” Construction and Building Materials, 176, 172-178. – reference: 6) Cao, H. 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| SubjectTerms | Alkalinity Blast furnace chemistry Blast furnace components Blast furnace practice Carbonation Cement Chemical reactions Compressive strength Concrete Corrosion effects Durability GGBS Granulation Rebar Reinforcing steels Roofs Slag cements Slaked lime |
| Title | 41 Year Long-Term Durability of High Volume Blast-Furnace Slag Cement Concrete |
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