Nationwide survey of Leptospira antibodies in dogs in Japan: Results from microscopic agglutination test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by Leptospira interrogans sensu lato and is common in both humans and animals. In the present study, serum samples were collected from 801 dogs across all 47 prefectures in Japan, and evaluated with a microscopic agglutination test (MAT), using 5 major L...

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Published inJournal of Veterinary Medical Science Vol. 71; no. 9; pp. 1191 - 1199
Main Authors Iwamoto, E.(Yamaguchi Univ. (Japan)), Wada, Y, Fujisaki, Y, Umeki, S, Jones, M.Y, Mizuno, T, Itamoto, K, Maeda, K, Iwata, H, Okuda, M
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Japan JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE 01.09.2009
Subjects
AGGLUTINATION TESTS
Agglutination Tests - veterinary
Animals
ANTIBODIES
Antibodies, Bacterial - blood
Antibodies, Bacterial - immunology
ANTICORPS
ANTICUERPOS
canine
CHIEN
Dog Diseases - blood
Dog Diseases - epidemiology
Dog Diseases - immunology
DOGS
ELISA
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay - veterinary
EPIDEMIOLOGIA
EPIDEMIOLOGIE
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Female
JAPAN
Japan - epidemiology
JAPON
LEPTOSPIRA
Leptospira - immunology
Leptospira interrogans
leptospirosis
Leptospirosis - blood
Leptospirosis - diagnosis
Leptospirosis - epidemiology
Leptospirosis - veterinary
Male
PERRO
REACCIONES DE AGLUTINACION
REACTION D'AGGLUTINATION
TEST ELISA
ZOONOSE
ZOONOSES
ZOONOSIS
Japan
Online AccessGet full text

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Abstract Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by Leptospira interrogans sensu lato and is common in both humans and animals. In the present study, serum samples were collected from 801 dogs across all 47 prefectures in Japan, and evaluated with a microscopic agglutination test (MAT), using 5 major L. interrogans serovars (Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, Autumnalis, Hebdomadis, and Australis) as antigens, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using recombinant OmpL1 protein as the antigen. Across all dogs tested, 217 (27.0%) and 29 (3.6%) were MAT- and ELISA-positive, respectively. However, evidence strongly suggests that MAT also detected antibodies produced by vaccination. Of 243 dogs never inoculated with any canine vaccine, 41 (16.9%) from 23 prefectures were MAT and/or ELISA positive. The most commonly detected serovar was Icterohaemorrhagiae (22 dogs, 19 prefectures). Our results suggest that there are dogs with subclinical Leptospira infection throughout Japan. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first nationwide survey of Leptospira infection in dogs, and the findings are relevant not only for clinical veterinary medicine but also for public health.
AbstractList Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by Leptospira interrogans sensu lato and is common in both humans and animals. In the present study, serum samples were collected from 801 dogs across all 47 prefectures in Japan, and evaluated with a microscopic agglutination test (MAT), using 5 major L. interrogans serovars (Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, Autumnalis, Hebdomadis, and Australis) as antigens, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using recombinant OmpL1 protein as the antigen. Across all dogs tested, 217 (27.0%) and 29 (3.6%) were MAT- and ELISA-positive, respectively. However, evidence strongly suggests that MAT also detected antibodies produced by vaccination. Of 243 dogs never inoculated with any canine vaccine, 41 (16.9%) from 23 prefectures were MAT and/or ELISA positive. The most commonly detected serovar was Icterohaemorrhagiae (22 dogs, 19 prefectures). Our results suggest that there are dogs with subclinical Leptospira infection throughout Japan. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first nationwide survey of Leptospira infection in dogs, and the findings are relevant not only for clinical veterinary medicine but also for public health.Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by Leptospira interrogans sensu lato and is common in both humans and animals. In the present study, serum samples were collected from 801 dogs across all 47 prefectures in Japan, and evaluated with a microscopic agglutination test (MAT), using 5 major L. interrogans serovars (Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, Autumnalis, Hebdomadis, and Australis) as antigens, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using recombinant OmpL1 protein as the antigen. Across all dogs tested, 217 (27.0%) and 29 (3.6%) were MAT- and ELISA-positive, respectively. However, evidence strongly suggests that MAT also detected antibodies produced by vaccination. Of 243 dogs never inoculated with any canine vaccine, 41 (16.9%) from 23 prefectures were MAT and/or ELISA positive. The most commonly detected serovar was Icterohaemorrhagiae (22 dogs, 19 prefectures). Our results suggest that there are dogs with subclinical Leptospira infection throughout Japan. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first nationwide survey of Leptospira infection in dogs, and the findings are relevant not only for clinical veterinary medicine but also for public health.
Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by Leptospira interrogans sensu lato and is common in both humans and animals. In the present study, serum samples were collected from 801 dogs across all 47 prefectures in Japan, and evaluated with a microscopic agglutination test (MAT), using 5 major L. interrogans serovars (Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, Autumnalis, Hebdomadis, and Australis) as antigens, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using recombinant OmpL1 protein as the antigen. Across all dogs tested, 217 (27.0%) and 29 (3.6%) were MAT- and ELISA-positive, respectively. However, evidence strongly suggests that MAT also detected antibodies produced by vaccination. Of 243 dogs never inoculated with any canine vaccine, 41 (16.9%) from 23 prefectures were MAT and/or ELISA positive. The most commonly detected serovar was Icterohaemorrhagiae (22 dogs, 19 prefectures). Our results suggest that there are dogs with subclinical Leptospira infection throughout Japan. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first nationwide survey of Leptospira infection in dogs, and the findings are relevant not only for clinical veterinary medicine but also for public health.
Author Iwamoto, E.(Yamaguchi Univ. (Japan))
Iwata, H
Maeda, K
Itamoto, K
Mizuno, T
Fujisaki, Y
Jones, M.Y
Wada, Y
Umeki, S
Okuda, M
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References 19. World Health Organization. 2003. Human Leptospirosis: Guidance for Diagnosis, Surveillance and control.
7. Haake, D. A., Champion, C. I., Martinich, C., Shang, E. S., Blanco, D. R., Miller, J. N. and Lovett, M. A. 1993. Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the gene encoding OmpL1, a transmembrane outer membrane protein of pathogenic Leptospira spp. J. Bacteriol. 175: 4225-4234.
8. Harkin, K. R. and Gartrell, C. L. 1996. Canine leptospirosis in New Jersey and Michigan: 17 cases (1990-1995). J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 32: 495-501.
10. Katrin, H. and Craig, E.G. 2005. Diseases caused by systemic bacterial infection. pp. 616-619. In: Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 6th ed. (Ettinger, S. J. and Feldoman, E. C. eds), Elsevier Saunders, St. Louis.
14. Masuzawa, T. 2002. Leptospirosis, Ubiquitous zoonosis originated from wild rodents as reservoir. J. Jpn. Vet. Med. Assoc. 55: 324-330 (in Japanese with English abstract).
1. Akuzawa, M., Oishi, A., Fushuku, S., Deguchi, E., Misumi, K., Sakamoto, H. and Okamoto, K. 1999. Survey of the Leptospira antibody from dogs in 6 regions of Japan. J. Jpn. Vet. Med. Assoc. 52: 780-783 (in Japanese with English abstract).
4. Bolin, C. A. 1996. Diagnosis of leptospirosis: a reemerging disease of companion animals. Semin. Vet. Med. Surg. (Small Anim.) 11: 166-171.
3. Barr, S. C., McDonough, P. L., Scipioni-Ball, R. L. and Starr, J. K. 2005. Serologic responses of dogs given a commercial vaccine against Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona and Leptospira kirschneri serovar grippotyphosa. Am. J. Vet. Res. 66: 1780-1784.
6. Dey, S., Mohan, C. M., Kumar, T. M., Ramadass, P., Nainar, A. M. and Nachimuthu, K. 2004. Recombinant LipL32 antigen-based single serum dilution ELISA for detection of canine leptospirosis. Vet. Microbiol. 103: 99-106.
9. Hartman, E. G., Houten, M., Donk, J. A. and Frik, J.F. 1984. Serodiagnosis of canine leptospirosis by solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 7: 33-42.
2. Akuzawa, M., Takahashi, T., Nakamura, Y., Takenoshita, H., Morizono, M., Sakamoto, H., Okamoto, K. and Deguchi, E. 1989. Survey of Leptospira antibodies in stray dogs in Kagoshima prefecture. J. Jpn. Vet. Med. Assoc. 42: 313-317 (in Japanese with English abstract).
13. Levett, P. N. 2001. Leptospirosis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 14: 296-326.
18. Stokes, J. E., Kaneene, J. B., Schall, W. D., Kruger, J. M., Miller, R., Kaiser, L. and Bolin, C.A. 2007. Prevalence of serum antibodies against six Leptospira serovars in healthy dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 230: 1657-1664.
16. Rentko, V. T., Clark, N., Ross, L. A. and Schelling, S.H. 1992. Canine leptospirosis. A retrospective study of 17 cases. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 6: 235-244.
17. Shibanai, D., Ryu, E., Fukuda, Y., Ito, T., Fujii, T., Hara, Y., Abu, M., Hashimoto, M., Fukuda, N. and Yamagata, J. 1974. A survey of Leptospiral antibody of dogs in Yamaguchi prefecture. J. Jpn. Vet. Med. Assoc. 27: 753-757 (in Japanese with English abstract).
11. Klaasen, H. L., Molkenboer, M. J., Vrijenhoek, M. P. and Kaashoek, M. J. 2003. Duration of immunity in dogs vaccinated against leptospirosis with a bivalent inactivated vaccine. Vet. Microbiol. 95: 121-132.
12. Koizumi, N., Muto, M., Yamamoto, S., Baba, Y., Kudo, M., Tamae, Y., Shimomura, K., Takatori, I., Iwakiri, A., Ishikawa, K., Soma, H. and Watanabe, H. 2008. Investigation of reservoir animals of Leptospira in the northern part of Miyazaki prefecture. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 61: 465-468.
5. Birnbaum, N., Barr, S.C., Center, S.A., Schermerhorn, T., Randolph, J.F. and Simpson, K. W. 1998. Naturally acquired leptospirosis in 36 dogs: serological and clinicopathological features. J. Small Anim. Pract. 39: 231-236.
15. Okuda, M., Sakai, Y., Matsuuchi, M., Oikawa, T., Watanabe, M., Itamoto, K., Iwata, H., Kano, R., Hasegawa, A., Onishi, T. and Inokuma, H. 2005. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of canine Leptospira antibodies using recombinant OmpL1 protein. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 67: 249-254.
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18
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References_xml – reference: 13. Levett, P. N. 2001. Leptospirosis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 14: 296-326.
– reference: 11. Klaasen, H. L., Molkenboer, M. J., Vrijenhoek, M. P. and Kaashoek, M. J. 2003. Duration of immunity in dogs vaccinated against leptospirosis with a bivalent inactivated vaccine. Vet. Microbiol. 95: 121-132.
– reference: 3. Barr, S. C., McDonough, P. L., Scipioni-Ball, R. L. and Starr, J. K. 2005. Serologic responses of dogs given a commercial vaccine against Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona and Leptospira kirschneri serovar grippotyphosa. Am. J. Vet. Res. 66: 1780-1784.
– reference: 8. Harkin, K. R. and Gartrell, C. L. 1996. Canine leptospirosis in New Jersey and Michigan: 17 cases (1990-1995). J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 32: 495-501.
– reference: 18. Stokes, J. E., Kaneene, J. B., Schall, W. D., Kruger, J. M., Miller, R., Kaiser, L. and Bolin, C.A. 2007. Prevalence of serum antibodies against six Leptospira serovars in healthy dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 230: 1657-1664.
– reference: 6. Dey, S., Mohan, C. M., Kumar, T. M., Ramadass, P., Nainar, A. M. and Nachimuthu, K. 2004. Recombinant LipL32 antigen-based single serum dilution ELISA for detection of canine leptospirosis. Vet. Microbiol. 103: 99-106.
– reference: 14. Masuzawa, T. 2002. Leptospirosis, Ubiquitous zoonosis originated from wild rodents as reservoir. J. Jpn. Vet. Med. Assoc. 55: 324-330 (in Japanese with English abstract).
– reference: 16. Rentko, V. T., Clark, N., Ross, L. A. and Schelling, S.H. 1992. Canine leptospirosis. A retrospective study of 17 cases. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 6: 235-244.
– reference: 10. Katrin, H. and Craig, E.G. 2005. Diseases caused by systemic bacterial infection. pp. 616-619. In: Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 6th ed. (Ettinger, S. J. and Feldoman, E. C. eds), Elsevier Saunders, St. Louis.
– reference: 17. Shibanai, D., Ryu, E., Fukuda, Y., Ito, T., Fujii, T., Hara, Y., Abu, M., Hashimoto, M., Fukuda, N. and Yamagata, J. 1974. A survey of Leptospiral antibody of dogs in Yamaguchi prefecture. J. Jpn. Vet. Med. Assoc. 27: 753-757 (in Japanese with English abstract).
– reference: 19. World Health Organization. 2003. Human Leptospirosis: Guidance for Diagnosis, Surveillance and control.
– reference: 1. Akuzawa, M., Oishi, A., Fushuku, S., Deguchi, E., Misumi, K., Sakamoto, H. and Okamoto, K. 1999. Survey of the Leptospira antibody from dogs in 6 regions of Japan. J. Jpn. Vet. Med. Assoc. 52: 780-783 (in Japanese with English abstract).
– reference: 7. Haake, D. A., Champion, C. I., Martinich, C., Shang, E. S., Blanco, D. R., Miller, J. N. and Lovett, M. A. 1993. Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the gene encoding OmpL1, a transmembrane outer membrane protein of pathogenic Leptospira spp. J. Bacteriol. 175: 4225-4234.
– reference: 2. Akuzawa, M., Takahashi, T., Nakamura, Y., Takenoshita, H., Morizono, M., Sakamoto, H., Okamoto, K. and Deguchi, E. 1989. Survey of Leptospira antibodies in stray dogs in Kagoshima prefecture. J. Jpn. Vet. Med. Assoc. 42: 313-317 (in Japanese with English abstract).
– reference: 12. Koizumi, N., Muto, M., Yamamoto, S., Baba, Y., Kudo, M., Tamae, Y., Shimomura, K., Takatori, I., Iwakiri, A., Ishikawa, K., Soma, H. and Watanabe, H. 2008. Investigation of reservoir animals of Leptospira in the northern part of Miyazaki prefecture. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 61: 465-468.
– reference: 9. Hartman, E. G., Houten, M., Donk, J. A. and Frik, J.F. 1984. Serodiagnosis of canine leptospirosis by solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 7: 33-42.
– reference: 15. Okuda, M., Sakai, Y., Matsuuchi, M., Oikawa, T., Watanabe, M., Itamoto, K., Iwata, H., Kano, R., Hasegawa, A., Onishi, T. and Inokuma, H. 2005. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of canine Leptospira antibodies using recombinant OmpL1 protein. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 67: 249-254.
– reference: 4. Bolin, C. A. 1996. Diagnosis of leptospirosis: a reemerging disease of companion animals. Semin. Vet. Med. Surg. (Small Anim.) 11: 166-171.
– reference: 5. Birnbaum, N., Barr, S.C., Center, S.A., Schermerhorn, T., Randolph, J.F. and Simpson, K. W. 1998. Naturally acquired leptospirosis in 36 dogs: serological and clinicopathological features. J. Small Anim. Pract. 39: 231-236.
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Snippet Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by Leptospira interrogans sensu lato and is common in both humans and animals. In the present study, serum...
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SubjectTerms AGGLUTINATION TESTS
Agglutination Tests - veterinary
Animals
ANTIBODIES
Antibodies, Bacterial - blood
Antibodies, Bacterial - immunology
ANTICORPS
ANTICUERPOS
canine
CHIEN
Dog Diseases - blood
Dog Diseases - epidemiology
Dog Diseases - immunology
DOGS
ELISA
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay - veterinary
EPIDEMIOLOGIA
EPIDEMIOLOGIE
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Female
JAPAN
Japan - epidemiology
JAPON
LEPTOSPIRA
Leptospira - immunology
Leptospira interrogans
leptospirosis
Leptospirosis - blood
Leptospirosis - diagnosis
Leptospirosis - epidemiology
Leptospirosis - veterinary
Male
PERRO
REACCIONES DE AGLUTINACION
REACTION D'AGGLUTINATION
TEST ELISA
ZOONOSE
ZOONOSES
ZOONOSIS
Title Nationwide survey of Leptospira antibodies in dogs in Japan: Results from microscopic agglutination test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
URI https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jvms/71/9/71_9_1191/_article/-char/en
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19801899
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Volume 71
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