Comparative surface‐to‐hand and fingertip‐to‐mouth transfer efficiency of gram‐positive bacteria, gram‐negative bacteria, and phage
Aims: To determine the transfer efficiency of micro‐organisms from fomites to hands and the subsequent transfer from the fingertip to the lip. Methods and Results: Volunteers hands were sampled after the normal usage of fomites seeded with a pooled culture of a Gram‐positive bacterium (Micrococcus...
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Published in | Journal of applied microbiology Vol. 93; no. 4; pp. 585 - 592 |
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Main Authors | , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Oxford, UK
Blackwell Science Ltd
01.01.2002
Blackwell Science Oxford University Press |
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
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Abstract | Aims: To determine the transfer efficiency of micro‐organisms from fomites to hands and the subsequent transfer from the fingertip to the lip.
Methods and Results: Volunteers hands were sampled after the normal usage of fomites seeded with a pooled culture of a Gram‐positive bacterium (Micrococcus luteus), a Gram‐negative bacterium (Serratia rubidea) and phage PRD‐1 (Period A). Activities included wringing out a dishcloth/sponge, turning on/off a kitchen faucet, cutting up a carrot, making hamburger patties, holding a phone receiver, and removing laundry from the washing machine. Transfer efficiencies were 38·47% to 65·80% and 27·59% to 40·03% for the phone receiver and faucet, respectively. Transfer efficiencies from porous fomites were <0·01%. In most cases, M.luteus was transferred most efficiently, followed by phage PRD‐1 and S. rubidea. When the volunteers' fingertips were inoculated with the pooled organisms and held to the lip area (Period B), transfer rates of 40·99%, 33·97%, and 33·90% occurred with M. luteus, S. rubidea, and PRD‐1, respectively.
Conclusions: The highest bacteral transfer rates from fomites to the hands were seen with the hard, non‐porous surfaces. Even with low transfer rates, the numbers of bacteria transferred to the hands were still high (up to 106 cells). Transfer of bacteria from the fingertip to the lip is similar to that observed from hard surfaces to hands.
Significance and Impact of the Study: Infectious doses of pathogens may be transferred to the mouth after handling an everyday contaminated household object. |
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AbstractList | Aims: To determine the transfer efficiency of micro-organisms from fomites to hands and the subsequent transfer from the fingertip to the lip. Methods and Results: Volunteers hands were sampled after the normal usage of fomites seeded with a pooled culture of a Gram-positive bacterium (Micrococcus luteus), a Gram-negative bacterium (Serratia rubidea) and phage PRD-1 (Period A). Activities included wringing out a dishcloth/sponge, turning on/off a kitchen faucet, cutting up a carrot, making hamburger patties, holding a phone receiver, and removing laundry from the washing machine. Transfer efficiencies were 38·47% to 65·80% and 27·59% to 40·03% for the phone receiver and faucet, respectively. Transfer efficiencies from porous fomites were <0·01%. In most cases, M.luteus was transferred most efficiently, followed by phage PRD-1 and S. rubidea. When the volunteers' fingertips were inoculated with the pooled organisms and held to the lip area (Period B), transfer rates of 40·99%, 33·97%, and 33·90% occurred with M. luteus, S. rubidea, and PRD-1, respectively. Conclusions: The highest bacteral transfer rates from fomites to the hands were seen with the hard, non-porous surfaces. Even with low transfer rates, the numbers of bacteria transferred to the hands were still high (up to 106 cells). Transfer of bacteria from the fingertip to the lip is similar to that observed from hard surfaces to hands. Significance and Impact of the Study: Infectious doses of pathogens may be transferred to the mouth after handling an everyday contaminated household object. Aims: To determine the transfer efficiency of micro-organisms from fomites to hands and the subsequent transfer from the fingertip to the lip. Methods and Results: Volunteers hands were sampled after the normal usage of fomites seeded with a pooled culture of a Gram-positive bacterium (Micrococcus luteus), a Gram-negative bacterium (Serratia rubidea) and phage PRD-1 (Period A). Activities included wringing out a dishcloth/sponge, turning on/off a kitchen faucet, cutting up a carrot, making hamburger patties, holding a phone receiver, and removing laundry from the washing machine. Transfer efficiencies were 38.47% to 65.80% and 27.59% to 40.03% for the phone receiver and faucet, respectively. Transfer efficiencies from porous fomites were <0.01%. In most cases, M. luteus was transferred most efficiently, followed by phage PRD-1 and S. rubidea. When the volunteers' fingertips were inoculated with the pooled organisms and held to the lip area (Period B), transfer rates of 40.99%, 33.97%, and 33.90% occurred with M. luteus, S. rubidea, and PRD-1, respectively. Conclusions: The highest bacteral transfer rates from fomites to the hands were seen with the hard, non-porous surfaces. Even with low transfer rates, the numbers of bacteria transferred to the hands were still high (up to 10 super(6) cells). Transfer of bacteria from the fingertip to the lip is similar to that observed from hard surfaces to hands. Significance and Impact of the Study: Infectious doses of pathogens may be transferred to the mouth after handling an everyday contaminated household object. To determine the transfer efficiency of micro-organisms from fomites to hands and the subsequent transfer from the fingertip to the lip. Volunteers hands were sampled after the normal usage of fomites seeded with a pooled culture of a Gram-positive bacterium (Micrococcus luteus), a Gram-negative bacterium (Serratia rubidea) and phage PRD-1 (Period A). Activities included wringing out a dishcloth/sponge, turning on/off a kitchen faucet, cutting up a carrot, making hamburger patties, holding a phone receiver, and removing laundry from the washing machine. Transfer efficiencies were 38.47% to 65.80% and 27.59% to 40.03% for the phone receiver and faucet, respectively. Transfer efficiencies from porous fomites were <0.01%. In most cases, M.luteus was transferred most efficiently, followed by phage PRD-1 and S. rubidea. When the volunteers' fingertips were inoculated with the pooled organisms and held to the lip area (Period B), transfer rates of 40.99%, 33.97%, and 33.90% occurred with M. luteus, S. rubidea, and PRD-1, respectively. The highest bacteral transfer rates from fomites to the hands were seen with the hard, non-porous surfaces. Even with low transfer rates, the numbers of bacteria transferred to the hands were still high (up to 10(6) cells). Transfer of bacteria from the fingertip to the lip is similar to that observed from hard surfaces to hands. Infectious doses of pathogens may be transferred to the mouth after handling an everyday contaminated household object. Aims: To determine the transfer efficiency of micro‐organisms from fomites to hands and the subsequent transfer from the fingertip to the lip. Methods and Results: Volunteers hands were sampled after the normal usage of fomites seeded with a pooled culture of a Gram‐positive bacterium (Micrococcus luteus), a Gram‐negative bacterium (Serratia rubidea) and phage PRD‐1 (Period A). Activities included wringing out a dishcloth/sponge, turning on/off a kitchen faucet, cutting up a carrot, making hamburger patties, holding a phone receiver, and removing laundry from the washing machine. Transfer efficiencies were 38·47% to 65·80% and 27·59% to 40·03% for the phone receiver and faucet, respectively. Transfer efficiencies from porous fomites were <0·01%. In most cases, M.luteus was transferred most efficiently, followed by phage PRD‐1 and S. rubidea. When the volunteers' fingertips were inoculated with the pooled organisms and held to the lip area (Period B), transfer rates of 40·99%, 33·97%, and 33·90% occurred with M. luteus, S. rubidea, and PRD‐1, respectively. Conclusions: The highest bacteral transfer rates from fomites to the hands were seen with the hard, non‐porous surfaces. Even with low transfer rates, the numbers of bacteria transferred to the hands were still high (up to 106 cells). Transfer of bacteria from the fingertip to the lip is similar to that observed from hard surfaces to hands. Significance and Impact of the Study: Infectious doses of pathogens may be transferred to the mouth after handling an everyday contaminated household object. AIMSTo determine the transfer efficiency of micro-organisms from fomites to hands and the subsequent transfer from the fingertip to the lip.METHODS AND RESULTSVolunteers hands were sampled after the normal usage of fomites seeded with a pooled culture of a Gram-positive bacterium (Micrococcus luteus), a Gram-negative bacterium (Serratia rubidea) and phage PRD-1 (Period A). Activities included wringing out a dishcloth/sponge, turning on/off a kitchen faucet, cutting up a carrot, making hamburger patties, holding a phone receiver, and removing laundry from the washing machine. Transfer efficiencies were 38.47% to 65.80% and 27.59% to 40.03% for the phone receiver and faucet, respectively. Transfer efficiencies from porous fomites were <0.01%. In most cases, M.luteus was transferred most efficiently, followed by phage PRD-1 and S. rubidea. When the volunteers' fingertips were inoculated with the pooled organisms and held to the lip area (Period B), transfer rates of 40.99%, 33.97%, and 33.90% occurred with M. luteus, S. rubidea, and PRD-1, respectively.CONCLUSIONSThe highest bacteral transfer rates from fomites to the hands were seen with the hard, non-porous surfaces. Even with low transfer rates, the numbers of bacteria transferred to the hands were still high (up to 10(6) cells). Transfer of bacteria from the fingertip to the lip is similar to that observed from hard surfaces to hands.SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDYInfectious doses of pathogens may be transferred to the mouth after handling an everyday contaminated household object. |
Author | Gerba, C. Maxwell, S. Rusin, P. |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: P. surname: Rusin fullname: Rusin, P. – sequence: 2 givenname: S. surname: Maxwell fullname: Maxwell, S. – sequence: 3 givenname: C. surname: Gerba fullname: Gerba, C. |
BackLink | http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=13915554$$DView record in Pascal Francis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12234341$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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ContentType | Journal Article |
Copyright | 2003 INIST-CNRS Copyright Blackwell Science Ltd. 2002 |
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References | 1973; 288 1990; 53 2000; 28 1986; 154 1995; 16 1987; 50 1968; 120 1991; 54 1990; 18 1989; 159 2000; 63 1996 1990a; 68 1975; 75 1995; 333 1982; 146 2001; 29 1996; 36 1998; 85 1993; 168 2001; 64 1970; 79 1983; 118 1992; 30 1990; 1 1990b; 68 1984; 92 2000; 38 1986; 61 2000 1978; 88 1988; 26 1980; 12 1982; 4 1988; 7 1986; 49 1983 1982; 116 1980; 141 1996; 42 1979; 83 Ekanem (2023020118574073200_b5) 1983; 118 Bures (2023020118574073200_b6) 2000; 28 Gill (2023020118574073200_b39) 1996; 36 Scott (2023020118574073200_b21) 1990; 68 Cone (2023020118574073200_b13) 1988; 7 Adler (2023020118574073200_b20) 1996 Gwaltney (2023020118574073200_b35) 1978; 88 Noskin (2023020118574073200_b17) 1995; 16 Pancic (2023020118574073200_b10) 1980; 12 Ward (2023020118574073200_b32) 1986; 154 Deboer (2023020118574073200_b37) 1990; 53 Gwaltney (2023020118574073200_b33) 2000 Gwaltney (2023020118574073200_b4) 1982; 116 Hendley (2023020118574073200_b1) 1973; 288 Boyce (2023020118574073200_b26) 1995; 333 Ramos (2023020118574073200_b42) 2000; 63 Mackintosh (2023020118574073200_b8) 1984; 92 Hall (2023020118574073200_b3) 1980; 141 Scott (2023020118574073200_b7) 1990; 68 Davis (2023020118574073200_b24) 1968; 120 Spender (2023020118574073200_b12) 1986; 61 Mbithi (2023020118574073200_b19) 1992; 30 Bean (2023020118574073200_b9) 1982; 146 Dupont (2023020118574073200_b25) 1989; 159 Gill (2023020118574073200_b41) 1996; 42 Snelling (2023020118574073200_b15) 1991; 54 Feachem (2023020118574073200_b27) 1983 Shaw (2023020118574073200_b40) 1987; 50 Dewit (2023020118574073200_b36) 1979; 83 Mannng (2023020118574073200_b44) 2001; 29 Reed (2023020118574073200_b2) 1975; 75 Bloomfield (2023020118574073200_b11) 2001; 29 Douglas (2023020118574073200_b31) 1970; 79 Falsey (2023020118574073200_b16) 1993; 168 Perez (2023020118574073200_b14) 1990; 1 Larson (2023020118574073200_b43) 2000; 28 Dickson (2023020118574073200_b22) 2001; 64 Blaser (2023020118574073200_b28) 1982; 4 Neely (2023020118574073200_b18) 2000; 38 Ansari (2023020118574073200_b29) 1988; 26 Daise (2023020118574073200_b38) 1986; 49 Brady (2023020118574073200_b30) 1990; 18 Rusin (2023020118574073200_b34) 2000 Rusin (2023020118574073200_b23) 1998; 85 |
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article-title: Reduction of faecal coliform, coliform and heterotrophic plate count bacteria in the household kitchen and bathroom by disinfection with hypochlorite cleaners publication-title: Journal of Applied Microbiology doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1998.00598.x contributor: fullname: Rusin – volume: 38 start-page: 724 year: 2000 ident: 2023020118574073200_b18 article-title: Survival of enterococci and staphylococci on hospital fabrics and plastic publication-title: Journal of Clinical Microbiology doi: 10.1128/JCM.38.2.724-726.2000 contributor: fullname: Neely – volume: 154 start-page: 871 year: 1986 ident: 2023020118574073200_b32 article-title: Human rotavirus studies in human volunteers: determination of infectious dose and serological response to infection publication-title: Journal of Infectious Diseases doi: 10.1093/infdis/154.5.871 contributor: fullname: Ward – volume: 168 start-page: 493 year: 1993 ident: 2023020118574073200_b16 article-title: Transmission of Chlamydia pneumoniae publication-title: Journal of Infectious Diseases doi: 10.1093/infdis/168.2.493 contributor: fullname: Falsey – volume: 28 start-page: 465 year: 2000 ident: 2023020118574073200_b6 article-title: Computer keyboards and faucet handles as reservoirs of nosocomial pathogens in the intensive care unit publication-title: American Journal of Infection Control doi: 10.1067/mic.2000.107267 contributor: fullname: Bures – volume: 1 start-page: 54 year: 1990 ident: 2023020118574073200_b14 article-title: Survival of gonococci from urethral discharge on fomites publication-title: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases doi: 10.1007/BF01969538 contributor: fullname: Perez – start-page: 1943 volume-title: Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases year: 2000 ident: 2023020118574073200_b33 contributor: fullname: Gwaltney – volume: 30 start-page: 757 year: 1992 ident: 2023020118574073200_b19 article-title: Survival of hepatitis A virus on human hands and its transfer on contact with animate and inanimate surfaces publication-title: Journal of Clinical Microbiology doi: 10.1128/jcm.30.4.757-763.1992 contributor: fullname: Mbithi – start-page: 437 volume-title: Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control year: 1996 ident: 2023020118574073200_b20 contributor: fullname: Adler – volume: 68 start-page: 279 year: 1990 ident: 2023020118574073200_b21 article-title: Investigations of the effectiveness of detergent washing, drying and chemical disinfection on contamination of cleaning cloths publication-title: Journal of Applied Bacteriology doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1990.tb02575.x contributor: fullname: Scott |
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Snippet | Aims: To determine the transfer efficiency of micro‐organisms from fomites to hands and the subsequent transfer from the fingertip to the lip.
Methods and... To determine the transfer efficiency of micro-organisms from fomites to hands and the subsequent transfer from the fingertip to the lip. Volunteers hands were... Aims: To determine the transfer efficiency of micro-organisms from fomites to hands and the subsequent transfer from the fingertip to the lip. Methods and... AIMSTo determine the transfer efficiency of micro-organisms from fomites to hands and the subsequent transfer from the fingertip to the lip.METHODS AND... |
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SubjectTerms | Adolescent Adult Aged Bacterial Infections - microbiology Bacterial Infections - transmission Bacteriology Bacteriophage PRD1 - isolation & purification Biological and medical sciences Colony Count, Microbial Disease Reservoirs Disinfection - methods Fingers - microbiology Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Gram-Negative Bacteria - isolation & purification Gram-Positive Bacteria - isolation & purification Hand - microbiology Hand Disinfection Humans Microbiology Micrococcus luteus - isolation & purification Middle Aged Miscellaneous Mouth - microbiology Serratia - isolation & purification Virus Diseases - transmission Virus Diseases - virology |
Title | Comparative surface‐to‐hand and fingertip‐to‐mouth transfer efficiency of gram‐positive bacteria, gram‐negative bacteria, and phage |
URI | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2672.2002.01734.x https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12234341 https://www.proquest.com/docview/232964864 https://search.proquest.com/docview/18502932 https://search.proquest.com/docview/72098169 |
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