Vitamin C and E supplementation hampers cellular adaptation to endurance training in humans: a double‐blind, randomised, controlled trial
Key points Recent studies have indicated that antioxidant supplementation may blunt adaptations to exercise, such as mitochondrial biogenesis induced by endurance training. However, studies in humans are sparse and results are conflicting. Isolated vitamin C and E supplements are widely used, and un...
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Published in | The Journal of physiology Vol. 592; no. 8; pp. 1887 - 1901 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
England
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
15.04.2014
BlackWell Publishing Ltd |
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
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Abstract | Key points
Recent studies have indicated that antioxidant supplementation may blunt adaptations to exercise, such as mitochondrial biogenesis induced by endurance training. However, studies in humans are sparse and results are conflicting.
Isolated vitamin C and E supplements are widely used, and unravelling the interference of these vitamins in cellular and physiological adaptations to exercise is of interest to those who exercise for health purposes and to athletes.
Our results show that vitamin C and E supplements blunted the endurance training‐induced increase of mitochondrial proteins (COX4), which is important for improving muscular endurance.
Training‐induced increases in V̇O2 max and running performance were not detectably affected by the supplementation.
The present study contributes to understanding of how antioxidants may interfere with adaptations to exercise in humans, and the results indicate that high dosages of vitamins C and E should be used with caution.
In this double‐blind, randomised, controlled trial, we investigated the effects of vitamin C and E supplementation on endurance training adaptations in humans. Fifty‐four young men and women were randomly allocated to receive either 1000 mg of vitamin C and 235 mg of vitamin E or a placebo daily for 11 weeks. During supplementation, the participants completed an endurance training programme consisting of three to four sessions per week (primarily of running), divided into high‐intensity interval sessions [4–6 × 4–6 min; >90% of maximal heart rate (HRmax)] and steady state continuous sessions (30–60 min; 70–90% of HRmax). Maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2 max ), submaximal running and a 20 m shuttle run test were assessed and blood samples and muscle biopsies were collected, before and after the intervention. Participants in the vitamin C and E group increased their V̇O2 max (mean ± s.d.: 8 ± 5%) and performance in the 20 m shuttle test (10 ± 11%) to the same degree as those in the placebo group (mean ± s.d.: 8 ± 5% and 14 ± 17%, respectively). However, the mitochondrial marker cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV (COX4) and cytosolic peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ coactivator 1 α (PGC‐1α) increased in the m. vastus lateralis in the placebo group by 59 ± 97% and 19 ± 51%, respectively, but not in the vitamin C and E group (COX4: −13 ± 54%; PGC‐1α: −13 ± 29%; P ≤ 0.03, between groups). Furthermore, mRNA levels of CDC42 and mitogen‐activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) in the trained muscle were lower in the vitamin C and E group than in the placebo group (P ≤ 0.05). Daily vitamin C and E supplementation attenuated increases in markers of mitochondrial biogenesis following endurance training. However, no clear interactions were detected for improvements in V̇O2 max and running performance. Consequently, vitamin C and E supplementation hampered cellular adaptations in the exercised muscles, and although this did not translate to the performance tests applied in this study, we advocate caution when considering antioxidant supplementation combined with endurance exercise. |
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AbstractList | Recent studies have indicated that antioxidant supplementation may blunt adaptations to exercise, such as mitochondrial biogenesis induced by endurance training. However, studies in humans are sparse and results are conflicting.Isolated vitamin C and E supplements are widely used, and unravelling the interference of these vitamins in cellular and physiological adaptations to exercise is of interest to those who exercise for health purposes and to athletes.Our results show that vitamin C and E supplements blunted the endurance training-induced increase of mitochondrial proteins (COX4), which is important for improving muscular endurance.Training-induced increases in VO2 max and running performance were not detectably affected by the supplementation.The present study contributes to understanding of how antioxidants may interfere with adaptations to exercise in humans, and the results indicate that high dosages of vitamins C and E should be used with caution. In this double-blind, randomised, controlled trial, we investigated the effects of vitamin C and E supplementation on endurance training adaptations in humans. Fifty-four young men and women were randomly allocated to receive either 1000 mg of vitamin C and 235 mg of vitamin E or a placebo daily for 11 weeks. During supplementation, the participants completed an endurance training programme consisting of three to four sessions per week (primarily of running), divided into high-intensity interval sessions [4-6 4-6 min; >90% of maximal heart rate (HRmax)] and steady state continuous sessions (30-60 min; 70-90% of HRmax). Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max ), submaximal running and a 20 m shuttle run test were assessed and blood samples and muscle biopsies were collected, before and after the intervention. Participants in the vitamin C and E group increased their VO2 max (mean plus or minus s.d.: 8 plus or minus 5%) and performance in the 20 m shuttle test (10 plus or minus 11%) to the same degree as those in the placebo group (mean plus or minus s.d.: 8 plus or minus 5% and 14 plus or minus 17%, respectively). However, the mitochondrial marker cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV (COX4) and cytosolic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1 alpha ) increased in the m. vastus lateralis in the placebo group by 59 plus or minus 97% and 19 plus or minus 51%, respectively, but not in the vitamin C and E group (COX4: -13 plus or minus 54%; PGC-1 alpha : -13 plus or minus 29%; P less than or equal to 0.03, between groups). Furthermore, mRNA levels of CDC42 and mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) in the trained muscle were lower in the vitamin C and E group than in the placebo group (P less than or equal to 0.05). Daily vitamin C and E supplementation attenuated increases in markers of mitochondrial biogenesis following endurance training. However, no clear interactions were detected for improvements in VO2 max and running performance. Consequently, vitamin C and E supplementation hampered cellular adaptations in the exercised muscles, and although this did not translate to the performance tests applied in this study, we advocate caution when considering antioxidant supplementation combined with endurance exercise. In this double-blind, randomised, controlled trial, we investigated the effects of vitamin C and E supplementation on endurance training adaptations in humans. Fifty-four young men and women were randomly allocated to receive either 1000 mg of vitamin C and 235 mg of vitamin E or a placebo daily for 11 weeks. During supplementation, the participants completed an endurance training programme consisting of three to four sessions per week (primarily of running), divided into high-intensity interval sessions [4-6 × 4-6 min; >90% of maximal heart rate (HRmax)] and steady state continuous sessions (30-60 min; 70-90% of HRmax). Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max ), submaximal running and a 20 m shuttle run test were assessed and blood samples and muscle biopsies were collected, before and after the intervention. Participants in the vitamin C and E group increased their VO2 max (mean ± s.d.: 8 ± 5%) and performance in the 20 m shuttle test (10 ± 11%) to the same degree as those in the placebo group (mean ± s.d.: 8 ± 5% and 14 ± 17%, respectively). However, the mitochondrial marker cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV (COX4) and cytosolic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1 α (PGC-1α) increased in the m. vastus lateralis in the placebo group by 59 ± 97% and 19 ± 51%, respectively, but not in the vitamin C and E group (COX4: -13 ± 54%; PGC-1α: -13 ± 29%; P ≤ 0.03, between groups). Furthermore, mRNA levels of CDC42 and mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) in the trained muscle were lower in the vitamin C and E group than in the placebo group (P ≤ 0.05). Daily vitamin C and E supplementation attenuated increases in markers of mitochondrial biogenesis following endurance training. However, no clear interactions were detected for improvements in VO2 max and running performance. Consequently, vitamin C and E supplementation hampered cellular adaptations in the exercised muscles, and although this did not translate to the performance tests applied in this study, we advocate caution when considering antioxidant supplementation combined with endurance exercise. Key points Recent studies have indicated that antioxidant supplementation may blunt adaptations to exercise, such as mitochondrial biogenesis induced by endurance training. However, studies in humans are sparse and results are conflicting. Isolated vitamin C and E supplements are widely used, and unravelling the interference of these vitamins in cellular and physiological adaptations to exercise is of interest to those who exercise for health purposes and to athletes. Our results show that vitamin C and E supplements blunted the endurance training-induced increase of mitochondrial proteins (COX4), which is important for improving muscular endurance. Training-induced increases in and running performance were not detectably affected by the supplementation. The present study contributes to understanding of how antioxidants may interfere with adaptations to exercise in humans, and the results indicate that high dosages of vitamins C and E should be used with caution. In this double-blind, randomised, controlled trial, we investigated the effects of vitamin C and E supplementation on endurance training adaptations in humans. Fifty-four young men and women were randomly allocated to receive either 1000 mg of vitamin C and 235 mg of vitamin E or a placebo daily for 11 weeks. During supplementation, the participants completed an endurance training programme consisting of three to four sessions per week (primarily of running), divided into high-intensity interval sessions [4-6 × 4-6 min; >90% of maximal heart rate (HRmax)] and steady state continuous sessions (30-60 min; 70-90% of HRmax). Maximal oxygen uptake (), submaximal running and a 20 m shuttle run test were assessed and blood samples and muscle biopsies were collected, before and after the intervention. Participants in the vitamin C and E group increased their (mean ± s.d.: 8 ± 5%) and performance in the 20 m shuttle test (10 ± 11%) to the same degree as those in the placebo group (mean ± s.d.: 8 ± 5% and 14 ± 17%, respectively). However, the mitochondrial marker cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV (COX4) and cytosolic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-[gamma] coactivator 1 [alpha] (PGC-1[alpha]) increased in the m. vastus lateralis in the placebo group by 59 ± 97% and 19 ± 51%, respectively, but not in the vitamin C and E group (COX4: -13 ± 54%; PGC-1[alpha]: -13 ± 29%; P ≤ 0.03, between groups). Furthermore, mRNA levels of CDC42 and mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) in the trained muscle were lower in the vitamin C and E group than in the placebo group (P ≤ 0.05). Daily vitamin C and E supplementation attenuated increases in markers of mitochondrial biogenesis following endurance training. However, no clear interactions were detected for improvements in and running performance. Consequently, vitamin C and E supplementation hampered cellular adaptations in the exercised muscles, and although this did not translate to the performance tests applied in this study, we advocate caution when considering antioxidant supplementation combined with endurance exercise. In this double-blind, randomised, controlled trial, we investigated the effects of vitamin C and E supplementation on endurance training adaptations in humans. Fifty-four young men and women were randomly allocated to receive either 1000 mg of vitamin C and 235 mg of vitamin E or a placebo daily for 11 weeks. During supplementation, the participants completed an endurance training programme consisting of three to four sessions per week (primarily of running), divided into high-intensity interval sessions [4–6 × 4–6 min; >90% of maximal heart rate (HR max )] and steady state continuous sessions (30–60 min; 70–90% of HR max ). Maximal oxygen uptake ( ), submaximal running and a 20 m shuttle run test were assessed and blood samples and muscle biopsies were collected, before and after the intervention. Participants in the vitamin C and E group increased their (mean ± s.d. : 8 ± 5%) and performance in the 20 m shuttle test (10 ± 11%) to the same degree as those in the placebo group (mean ± s.d. : 8 ± 5% and 14 ± 17%, respectively). However, the mitochondrial marker cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV (COX4) and cytosolic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1 α (PGC-1α) increased in the m. vastus lateralis in the placebo group by 59 ± 97% and 19 ± 51%, respectively, but not in the vitamin C and E group (COX4: −13 ± 54%; PGC-1α: −13 ± 29%; P ≤ 0.03, between groups). Furthermore, mRNA levels of CDC42 and mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) in the trained muscle were lower in the vitamin C and E group than in the placebo group ( P ≤ 0.05). Daily vitamin C and E supplementation attenuated increases in markers of mitochondrial biogenesis following endurance training. However, no clear interactions were detected for improvements in and running performance. Consequently, vitamin C and E supplementation hampered cellular adaptations in the exercised muscles, and although this did not translate to the performance tests applied in this study, we advocate caution when considering antioxidant supplementation combined with endurance exercise. Key points Recent studies have indicated that antioxidant supplementation may blunt adaptations to exercise, such as mitochondrial biogenesis induced by endurance training. However, studies in humans are sparse and results are conflicting. Isolated vitamin C and E supplements are widely used, and unravelling the interference of these vitamins in cellular and physiological adaptations to exercise is of interest to those who exercise for health purposes and to athletes. Our results show that vitamin C and E supplements blunted the endurance training‐induced increase of mitochondrial proteins (COX4), which is important for improving muscular endurance. Training‐induced increases in and running performance were not detectably affected by the supplementation. The present study contributes to understanding of how antioxidants may interfere with adaptations to exercise in humans, and the results indicate that high dosages of vitamins C and E should be used with caution. Abstract In this double‐blind, randomised, controlled trial, we investigated the effects of vitamin C and E supplementation on endurance training adaptations in humans. Fifty‐four young men and women were randomly allocated to receive either 1000 mg of vitamin C and 235 mg of vitamin E or a placebo daily for 11 weeks. During supplementation, the participants completed an endurance training programme consisting of three to four sessions per week (primarily of running), divided into high‐intensity interval sessions [4–6 × 4–6 min; >90% of maximal heart rate (HR max )] and steady state continuous sessions (30–60 min; 70–90% of HR max ). Maximal oxygen uptake ( ), submaximal running and a 20 m shuttle run test were assessed and blood samples and muscle biopsies were collected, before and after the intervention. Participants in the vitamin C and E group increased their (mean ± s.d. : 8 ± 5%) and performance in the 20 m shuttle test (10 ± 11%) to the same degree as those in the placebo group (mean ± s.d. : 8 ± 5% and 14 ± 17%, respectively). However, the mitochondrial marker cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV (COX4) and cytosolic peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ coactivator 1 α (PGC‐1α) increased in the m. vastus lateralis in the placebo group by 59 ± 97% and 19 ± 51%, respectively, but not in the vitamin C and E group (COX4: −13 ± 54%; PGC‐1α: −13 ± 29%; P ≤ 0.03, between groups). Furthermore, mRNA levels of CDC42 and mitogen‐activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) in the trained muscle were lower in the vitamin C and E group than in the placebo group ( P ≤ 0.05). Daily vitamin C and E supplementation attenuated increases in markers of mitochondrial biogenesis following endurance training. However, no clear interactions were detected for improvements in and running performance. Consequently, vitamin C and E supplementation hampered cellular adaptations in the exercised muscles, and although this did not translate to the performance tests applied in this study, we advocate caution when considering antioxidant supplementation combined with endurance exercise. Key points Recent studies have indicated that antioxidant supplementation may blunt adaptations to exercise, such as mitochondrial biogenesis induced by endurance training. However, studies in humans are sparse and results are conflicting. Isolated vitamin C and E supplements are widely used, and unravelling the interference of these vitamins in cellular and physiological adaptations to exercise is of interest to those who exercise for health purposes and to athletes. Our results show that vitamin C and E supplements blunted the endurance training‐induced increase of mitochondrial proteins (COX4), which is important for improving muscular endurance. Training‐induced increases in V̇O2 max and running performance were not detectably affected by the supplementation. The present study contributes to understanding of how antioxidants may interfere with adaptations to exercise in humans, and the results indicate that high dosages of vitamins C and E should be used with caution. In this double‐blind, randomised, controlled trial, we investigated the effects of vitamin C and E supplementation on endurance training adaptations in humans. Fifty‐four young men and women were randomly allocated to receive either 1000 mg of vitamin C and 235 mg of vitamin E or a placebo daily for 11 weeks. During supplementation, the participants completed an endurance training programme consisting of three to four sessions per week (primarily of running), divided into high‐intensity interval sessions [4–6 × 4–6 min; >90% of maximal heart rate (HRmax)] and steady state continuous sessions (30–60 min; 70–90% of HRmax). Maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2 max ), submaximal running and a 20 m shuttle run test were assessed and blood samples and muscle biopsies were collected, before and after the intervention. Participants in the vitamin C and E group increased their V̇O2 max (mean ± s.d.: 8 ± 5%) and performance in the 20 m shuttle test (10 ± 11%) to the same degree as those in the placebo group (mean ± s.d.: 8 ± 5% and 14 ± 17%, respectively). However, the mitochondrial marker cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV (COX4) and cytosolic peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ coactivator 1 α (PGC‐1α) increased in the m. vastus lateralis in the placebo group by 59 ± 97% and 19 ± 51%, respectively, but not in the vitamin C and E group (COX4: −13 ± 54%; PGC‐1α: −13 ± 29%; P ≤ 0.03, between groups). Furthermore, mRNA levels of CDC42 and mitogen‐activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) in the trained muscle were lower in the vitamin C and E group than in the placebo group (P ≤ 0.05). Daily vitamin C and E supplementation attenuated increases in markers of mitochondrial biogenesis following endurance training. However, no clear interactions were detected for improvements in V̇O2 max and running performance. Consequently, vitamin C and E supplementation hampered cellular adaptations in the exercised muscles, and although this did not translate to the performance tests applied in this study, we advocate caution when considering antioxidant supplementation combined with endurance exercise. |
Author | Wiig, Håvard Paulsen, Gøran Hallén, Jostein Paur, Ingvild Østgaard, Hege Nymo Midttun, Magnus Bastani, Nasser E. Blomhoff, Rune Ulseth, Elisabeth Tallaksen Garthe, Ina Freuchen, Fredrik Rønnestad, Bent Ronny Holden, Geir Cumming, Kristoffer T. Benestad, Haakon B. Raastad, Truls Sveen, Ole Skaug, Arne Buer, Charlotte |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Gøran surname: Paulsen fullname: Paulsen, Gøran organization: Norwegian Olympic Federation – sequence: 2 givenname: Kristoffer T. surname: Cumming fullname: Cumming, Kristoffer T. organization: Norwegian School of Sport Sciences – sequence: 3 givenname: Geir surname: Holden fullname: Holden, Geir organization: Norwegian School of Sport Sciences – sequence: 4 givenname: Jostein surname: Hallén fullname: Hallén, Jostein organization: Norwegian School of Sport Sciences – sequence: 5 givenname: Bent Ronny surname: Rønnestad fullname: Rønnestad, Bent Ronny organization: Lillehammer University College – sequence: 6 givenname: Ole surname: Sveen fullname: Sveen, Ole organization: Østfold University College – sequence: 7 givenname: Arne surname: Skaug fullname: Skaug, Arne organization: Østfold University College – sequence: 8 givenname: Ingvild surname: Paur fullname: Paur, Ingvild organization: Departments of Nutrition – sequence: 9 givenname: Nasser E. surname: Bastani fullname: Bastani, Nasser E. organization: Departments of Nutrition – sequence: 10 givenname: Hege Nymo surname: Østgaard fullname: Østgaard, Hege Nymo organization: Norwegian School of Sport Sciences – sequence: 11 givenname: Charlotte surname: Buer fullname: Buer, Charlotte organization: Norwegian School of Sport Sciences – sequence: 12 givenname: Magnus surname: Midttun fullname: Midttun, Magnus organization: Norwegian School of Sport Sciences – sequence: 13 givenname: Fredrik surname: Freuchen fullname: Freuchen, Fredrik organization: Norwegian School of Sport Sciences – sequence: 14 givenname: Håvard surname: Wiig fullname: Wiig, Håvard organization: Norwegian School of Sport Sciences – sequence: 15 givenname: Elisabeth Tallaksen surname: Ulseth fullname: Ulseth, Elisabeth Tallaksen organization: University of Oslo – sequence: 16 givenname: Ina surname: Garthe fullname: Garthe, Ina organization: Norwegian Olympic Federation – sequence: 17 givenname: Rune surname: Blomhoff fullname: Blomhoff, Rune organization: Oslo University Hospital – sequence: 18 givenname: Haakon B. surname: Benestad fullname: Benestad, Haakon B. organization: University of Oslo – sequence: 19 givenname: Truls surname: Raastad fullname: Raastad, Truls organization: Norwegian School of Sport Sciences |
BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24492839$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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Recent studies have indicated that antioxidant supplementation may blunt adaptations to exercise, such as mitochondrial biogenesis induced by... In this double-blind, randomised, controlled trial, we investigated the effects of vitamin C and E supplementation on endurance training adaptations in humans.... Key points Recent studies have indicated that antioxidant supplementation may blunt adaptations to exercise, such as mitochondrial biogenesis induced by... Recent studies have indicated that antioxidant supplementation may blunt adaptations to exercise, such as mitochondrial biogenesis induced by endurance... |
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SubjectTerms | Adaptation, Physiological Adult Ascorbic Acid - administration & dosage Ascorbic Acid - pharmacology Biosynthesis cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein - genetics cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein - metabolism Dietary Supplements Double-Blind Method Electron Transport Complex IV - genetics Electron Transport Complex IV - metabolism Exercise Female Humans Integrative Kinases Male Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 - genetics Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 - metabolism Muscle, Skeletal - drug effects Muscle, Skeletal - metabolism Muscle, Skeletal - physiology Oxygen Consumption - drug effects Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha Physical Endurance - drug effects Transcription Factors - genetics Transcription Factors - metabolism Vitamin C Vitamin E - administration & dosage Vitamin E - pharmacology Vitamins - administration & dosage Vitamins - pharmacology |
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Title | Vitamin C and E supplementation hampers cellular adaptation to endurance training in humans: a double‐blind, randomised, controlled trial |
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