An assessment of global and regional sea level for years 1993–2007 in a suite of interannual CORE-II simulations
•Global mean sea level simulated in interannual CORE simulations.•Regional sea level patterns simulated in interannual CORE simulations.•Theoretical foundation for analysis of global mean sea level and regional patterns. We provide an assessment of sea level simulated in a suite of global ocean-sea...
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| Published in | Ocean modelling (Oxford) Vol. 78; pp. 35 - 89 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Elsevier Ltd
01.06.2014
Elsevier |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1463-5003 1463-5011 |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.ocemod.2014.03.004 |
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| Abstract | •Global mean sea level simulated in interannual CORE simulations.•Regional sea level patterns simulated in interannual CORE simulations.•Theoretical foundation for analysis of global mean sea level and regional patterns.
We provide an assessment of sea level simulated in a suite of global ocean-sea ice models using the interannual CORE atmospheric state to determine surface ocean boundary buoyancy and momentum fluxes. These CORE-II simulations are compared amongst themselves as well as to observation-based estimates. We focus on the final 15years of the simulations (1993–2007), as this is a period where the CORE-II atmospheric state is well sampled, and it allows us to compare sea level related fields to both satellite and in situ analyses. The ensemble mean of the CORE-II simulations broadly agree with various global and regional observation-based analyses during this period, though with the global mean thermosteric sea level rise biased low relative to observation-based analyses. The simulations reveal a positive trend in dynamic sea level in the west Pacific and negative trend in the east, with this trend arising from wind shifts and regional changes in upper 700m ocean heat content. The models also exhibit a thermosteric sea level rise in the subpolar North Atlantic associated with a transition around 1995/1996 of the North Atlantic Oscillation to its negative phase, and the advection of warm subtropical waters into the subpolar gyre. Sea level trends are predominantly associated with steric trends, with thermosteric effects generally far larger than halosteric effects, except in the Arctic and North Atlantic. There is a general anti-correlation between thermosteric and halosteric effects for much of the World Ocean, associated with density compensated changes. |
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| AbstractList | We provide an assessment of sea level simulated in a suite of global ocean-sea ice models using the interannual CORE atmospheric state to determine surface ocean boundary buoyancy and momentum fluxes. These CORE-II simulations are compared amongst themselves as well as to observation-based estimates. We focus on the final 15years of the simulations (1993-2007), as this is a period where the CORE-II atmospheric state is well sampled, and it allows us to compare sea level related fields to both satellite and in situ analyses. The ensemble mean of the CORE-II simulations broadly agree with various global and regional observation-based analyses during this period, though with the global mean thermosteric sea level rise biased low relative to observation-based analyses. The simulations reveal a positive trend in dynamic sea level in the west Pacific and negative trend in the east, with this trend arising from wind shifts and regional changes in upper 700m ocean heat content. The models also exhibit a thermosteric sea level rise in the subpolar North Atlantic associated with a transition around 1995/1996 of the North Atlantic Oscillation to its negative phase, and the advection of warm subtropical waters into the subpolar gyre. Sea level trends are predominantly associated with steric trends, with thermosteric effects generally far larger than halosteric effects, except in the Arctic and North Atlantic. There is a general anti-correlation between thermosteric and halosteric effects for much of the World Ocean, associated with density compensated changes. •Global mean sea level simulated in interannual CORE simulations.•Regional sea level patterns simulated in interannual CORE simulations.•Theoretical foundation for analysis of global mean sea level and regional patterns. We provide an assessment of sea level simulated in a suite of global ocean-sea ice models using the interannual CORE atmospheric state to determine surface ocean boundary buoyancy and momentum fluxes. These CORE-II simulations are compared amongst themselves as well as to observation-based estimates. We focus on the final 15years of the simulations (1993–2007), as this is a period where the CORE-II atmospheric state is well sampled, and it allows us to compare sea level related fields to both satellite and in situ analyses. The ensemble mean of the CORE-II simulations broadly agree with various global and regional observation-based analyses during this period, though with the global mean thermosteric sea level rise biased low relative to observation-based analyses. The simulations reveal a positive trend in dynamic sea level in the west Pacific and negative trend in the east, with this trend arising from wind shifts and regional changes in upper 700m ocean heat content. The models also exhibit a thermosteric sea level rise in the subpolar North Atlantic associated with a transition around 1995/1996 of the North Atlantic Oscillation to its negative phase, and the advection of warm subtropical waters into the subpolar gyre. Sea level trends are predominantly associated with steric trends, with thermosteric effects generally far larger than halosteric effects, except in the Arctic and North Atlantic. There is a general anti-correlation between thermosteric and halosteric effects for much of the World Ocean, associated with density compensated changes. We provide an assessment of sea level simulated in a suite of global ocean-sea ice models using the interannual CORE atmospheric state to determine surface ocean boundary buoyancy and momentum fluxes. These CORE-II simulations are compared amongst themselves as well as to observation-based estimates. We focus on the final 15 years of the simulations (1993–2007), as this is a period where the CORE-II atmospheric state is well sampled, and it allows us to compare sea level related fields to both satellite and in situ analyses. The ensemble mean of the CORE-II simulations broadly agree with various global and regional observation-based analyses during this period, though with the global mean thermosteric sea level rise biased low relative to observation-based analyses. The simulations reveal a positive trend in dynamic sea level in the west Pacific and negative trend in the east, with this trend arising from wind shifts and regional changes in upper 700 m ocean heat content. The models also exhibit a thermosteric sea level rise in the subpolar North Atlantic associated with a transition around 1995/1996 of the North Atlantic Oscillation to its negative phase, and the advection of warm subtropical waters into the subpolar gyre. Sea level trends are predominantly associated with steric trends, with thermosteric effects generally far larger than halosteric effects, except in the Arctic and North Atlantic. There is a general anti-correlation between thermosteric and halosteric effects for much of the World Ocean, associated with density compensated changes. |
| Author | Danabasoglu, Gokhan Ilicak, Mehmet Lu, Jianhua Mishra, Akhilesh Valcke, Sophie Wang, Qiang Biastoch, Arne Domingues, Catia M. Schwarzkopf, Franziska U. Bi, Daohua Samuels, Bonita L. Yin, Jianjun Farneti, Riccardo Palter, Jaime B. Bentsen, Mats Drange, Helge Greatbatch, Richard J. Holland, David M. Uotila, Petteri Griffies, Stephen M. Marsland, Simon J. Durack, Paul J. Treguier, Anne Marie Chassignet, Eric Winton, Michael Bates, Susan C. Zhang, Xuebin Behrens, Erik Voldoire, Aurore Böning, Claus W. Large, William G. Sidorenko, Dmitry Goddard, Paul Salas y Mélia, David Tsujino, Hiroyuki Danilov, Sergey Lorbacher, Katja Fernandez, Elodie Tseng, Yu-heng George Nurser, A.J. Schröter, Jens Bozec, Alexandra |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Stephen M. surname: Griffies fullname: Griffies, Stephen M. email: Stephen.Griffies@noaa.gov organization: NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Jianjun surname: Yin fullname: Yin, Jianjun organization: Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Paul J. surname: Durack fullname: Durack, Paul J. organization: Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Paul surname: Goddard fullname: Goddard, Paul organization: Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: Susan C. surname: Bates fullname: Bates, Susan C. organization: National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, USA – sequence: 6 givenname: Erik surname: Behrens fullname: Behrens, Erik organization: GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany – sequence: 7 givenname: Mats surname: Bentsen fullname: Bentsen, Mats organization: Uni Climate, Uni Research Ltd., Bergen, Norway – sequence: 8 givenname: Daohua surname: Bi fullname: Bi, Daohua organization: Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, a partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Melbourne, Australia – sequence: 9 givenname: Arne surname: Biastoch fullname: Biastoch, Arne organization: GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany – sequence: 10 givenname: Claus W. surname: Böning fullname: Böning, Claus W. organization: GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany – sequence: 11 givenname: Alexandra surname: Bozec fullname: Bozec, Alexandra organization: Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies (COAPS), Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA – sequence: 12 givenname: Eric surname: Chassignet fullname: Chassignet, Eric organization: Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies (COAPS), Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA – sequence: 13 givenname: Gokhan surname: Danabasoglu fullname: Danabasoglu, Gokhan organization: National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, USA – sequence: 14 givenname: Sergey surname: Danilov fullname: Danilov, Sergey organization: Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany – sequence: 15 givenname: Catia M. surname: Domingues fullname: Domingues, Catia M. organization: Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia – sequence: 16 givenname: Helge surname: Drange fullname: Drange, Helge organization: University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway – sequence: 17 givenname: Riccardo surname: Farneti fullname: Farneti, Riccardo organization: International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, Italy – sequence: 18 givenname: Elodie surname: Fernandez fullname: Fernandez, Elodie organization: Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancéen Calcul Scientifique (CERFACS), URA 1875, CNRS/INSU, Toulouse, France – sequence: 19 givenname: Richard J. surname: Greatbatch fullname: Greatbatch, Richard J. organization: GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany – sequence: 20 givenname: David M. surname: Holland fullname: Holland, David M. organization: New York University, New York 10012, USA – sequence: 21 givenname: Mehmet surname: Ilicak fullname: Ilicak, Mehmet organization: Uni Climate, Uni Research Ltd., Bergen, Norway – sequence: 22 givenname: William G. surname: Large fullname: Large, William G. organization: National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, USA – sequence: 23 givenname: Katja surname: Lorbacher fullname: Lorbacher, Katja organization: Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, a partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Melbourne, Australia – sequence: 24 givenname: Jianhua surname: Lu fullname: Lu, Jianhua organization: Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies (COAPS), Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA – sequence: 25 givenname: Simon J. surname: Marsland fullname: Marsland, Simon J. organization: Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, a partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Melbourne, Australia – sequence: 26 givenname: Akhilesh surname: Mishra fullname: Mishra, Akhilesh organization: Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies (COAPS), Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA – sequence: 27 givenname: A.J. surname: George Nurser fullname: George Nurser, A.J. organization: National Oceanography Centre Southampton (NOCS), Southampton, UK – sequence: 28 givenname: David surname: Salas y Mélia fullname: Salas y Mélia, David organization: Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques (CNRM-GAME), Toulouse, France – sequence: 29 givenname: Jaime B. surname: Palter fullname: Palter, Jaime B. organization: McGill University, Montreal, Canada – sequence: 30 givenname: Bonita L. surname: Samuels fullname: Samuels, Bonita L. organization: NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, USA – sequence: 31 givenname: Jens surname: Schröter fullname: Schröter, Jens organization: Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany – sequence: 32 givenname: Franziska U. surname: Schwarzkopf fullname: Schwarzkopf, Franziska U. organization: GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany – sequence: 33 givenname: Dmitry surname: Sidorenko fullname: Sidorenko, Dmitry organization: Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany – sequence: 34 givenname: Anne Marie surname: Treguier fullname: Treguier, Anne Marie organization: Laboratoire de Physique des Oceans, UMR 6523, CNRS-Ifremer-IRD-UBO, Plouzane, France – sequence: 35 givenname: Yu-heng surname: Tseng fullname: Tseng, Yu-heng organization: National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, USA – sequence: 36 givenname: Hiroyuki surname: Tsujino fullname: Tsujino, Hiroyuki organization: Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency, Tsukuba, Japan – sequence: 37 givenname: Petteri surname: Uotila fullname: Uotila, Petteri organization: Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, a partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Melbourne, Australia – sequence: 38 givenname: Sophie surname: Valcke fullname: Valcke, Sophie organization: Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancéen Calcul Scientifique (CERFACS), URA 1875, CNRS/INSU, Toulouse, France – sequence: 39 givenname: Aurore surname: Voldoire fullname: Voldoire, Aurore organization: Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques (CNRM-GAME), Toulouse, France – sequence: 40 givenname: Qiang surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Qiang organization: Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany – sequence: 41 givenname: Michael surname: Winton fullname: Winton, Michael organization: NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, USA – sequence: 42 givenname: Xuebin surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Xuebin organization: Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, a partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Hobart, Australia |
| BackLink | https://hal.science/hal-01132137$$DView record in HAL |
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| Copyright | 2014 Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License |
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| DOI | 10.1016/j.ocemod.2014.03.004 |
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| Snippet | •Global mean sea level simulated in interannual CORE simulations.•Regional sea level patterns simulated in interannual CORE simulations.•Theoretical foundation... We provide an assessment of sea level simulated in a suite of global ocean-sea ice models using the interannual CORE atmospheric state to determine surface... |
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| SubjectTerms | Assessments Atmospherics Computer simulation CORE global ocean-ice simulations Earth Sciences Global sea level North Atlantic oscillation Ocean heat content Oceanography Oceans Regional Sciences of the Universe Sea level Steric sea level Trends |
| Title | An assessment of global and regional sea level for years 1993–2007 in a suite of interannual CORE-II simulations |
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