Dissociating the Roles of the Cerebellum and Motor Cortex during Adaptive Learning: The Motor Cortex Retains What the Cerebellum Learns
Adaptation to a novel visuomotor transformation has revealed important principles regarding learning and memory. Computational and behavioral studies have suggested that acquisition and retention of a new visuomotor transformation are distinct processes. However, this dissociation has never been cle...
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| Published in | Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. 1991) Vol. 21; no. 8; pp. 1761 - 1770 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
Oxford University Press
01.08.2011
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Adaptation to a novel visuomotor transformation has revealed important principles regarding learning and memory. Computational and behavioral studies have suggested that acquisition and retention of a new visuomotor transformation are distinct processes. However, this dissociation has never been clearly shown. Here, participants made fast reaching movements while unexpectedly a 30-degree visuomotor transformation was introduced. During visuomotor adaptation, subjects received cerebellar, primary motor cortex (M1) or sham anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a noninvasive form of brain stimulation known to increase excitability. We found that cerebellar tDCS caused faster adaptation to the visuomotor transformation, as shown by a rapid reduction of movement errors. These findings were not present with similar modulation of visual cortex excitability. In contrast, tDCS over M1 did not affect adaptation, but resulted in a marked increase in retention of the newly learnt visuomotor transformation. These results show a clear dissociation in the processes of acquisition and retention during adaptive motor learning and demonstrate that the cerebellum and primary motor cortex have distinct functional roles. Furthermore, they show that is possible to enhance cerebellar function using tDCS. |
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| AbstractList | Adaptation to a novel visuomotor transformation has revealed important principles regarding learning and memory. Computational and behavioral studies have suggested that acquisition and retention of a new visuomotor transformation are distinct processes. However, this dissociation has never been clearly shown. Here, participants made fast reaching movements while unexpectedly a 30-degree visuomotor transformation was introduced. During visuomotor adaptation, subjects received cerebellar, primary motor cortex (M1) or sham anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a noninvasive form of brain stimulation known to increase excitability. We found that cerebellar tDCS caused faster adaptation to the visuomotor transformation, as shown by a rapid reduction of movement errors. These findings were not present with similar modulation of visual cortex excitability. In contrast, tDCS over M1 did not affect adaptation, but resulted in a marked increase in retention of the newly learnt visuomotor transformation. These results show a clear dissociation in the processes of acquisition and retention during adaptive motor learning and demonstrate that the cerebellum and primary motor cortex have distinct functional roles. Furthermore, they show that is possible to enhance cerebellar function using tDCS.Adaptation to a novel visuomotor transformation has revealed important principles regarding learning and memory. Computational and behavioral studies have suggested that acquisition and retention of a new visuomotor transformation are distinct processes. However, this dissociation has never been clearly shown. Here, participants made fast reaching movements while unexpectedly a 30-degree visuomotor transformation was introduced. During visuomotor adaptation, subjects received cerebellar, primary motor cortex (M1) or sham anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a noninvasive form of brain stimulation known to increase excitability. We found that cerebellar tDCS caused faster adaptation to the visuomotor transformation, as shown by a rapid reduction of movement errors. These findings were not present with similar modulation of visual cortex excitability. In contrast, tDCS over M1 did not affect adaptation, but resulted in a marked increase in retention of the newly learnt visuomotor transformation. These results show a clear dissociation in the processes of acquisition and retention during adaptive motor learning and demonstrate that the cerebellum and primary motor cortex have distinct functional roles. Furthermore, they show that is possible to enhance cerebellar function using tDCS. Adaptation to a novel visuomotor transformation has revealed important principles regarding learning and memory. Computational and behavioral studies have suggested that acquisition and retention of a new visuomotor transformation are distinct processes. However, this dissociation has never been clearly shown. Here, participants made fast reaching movements while unexpectedly a 30-degree visuomotor transformation was introduced. During visuomotor adaptation, subjects received cerebellar, primary motor cortex (M1) or sham anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a noninvasive form of brain stimulation known to increase excitability. We found that cerebellar tDCS caused faster adaptation to the visuomotor transformation, as shown by a rapid reduction of movement errors. These findings were not present with similar modulation of visual cortex excitability. In contrast, tDCS over M1 did not affect adaptation, but resulted in a marked increase in retention of the newly learnt visuomotor transformation. These results show a clear dissociation in the processes of acquisition and retention during adaptive motor learning and demonstrate that the cerebellum and primary motor cortex have distinct functional roles. Furthermore, they show that is possible to enhance cerebellar function using tDCS. |
| Author | Orban de Xivry, Jean-Jacques Galea, Joseph M. Vazquez, Alejandro Pasricha, Neel Celnik, Pablo |
| AuthorAffiliation | 1 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA 3 Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA 4 Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 1 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA – name: 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA – name: 4 Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA – name: 3 Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Joseph M. surname: Galea fullname: Galea, Joseph M. organization: 1Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Alejandro surname: Vazquez fullname: Vazquez, Alejandro organization: 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Neel surname: Pasricha fullname: Pasricha, Neel organization: 3Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Jean-Jacques surname: Orban de Xivry fullname: Orban de Xivry, Jean-Jacques organization: 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: Pablo surname: Celnik fullname: Celnik, Pablo email: pcelnik@jhmi.edu organization: 1Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21139077$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Snippet | Adaptation to a novel visuomotor transformation has revealed important principles regarding learning and memory. Computational and behavioral studies have... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adaptation, Physiological - physiology Adult Cerebellum - physiology Electric Stimulation - methods Female Humans Learning - physiology Male Motor Cortex - physiology Movement - physiology Orientation - physiology Psychomotor Performance - physiology Space Perception - physiology Young Adult |
| Title | Dissociating the Roles of the Cerebellum and Motor Cortex during Adaptive Learning: The Motor Cortex Retains What the Cerebellum Learns |
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