Attributing Cyber Attacks
Who did it? Attribution is fundamental. Human lives and the security of the state may depend on ascribing agency to an agent. In the context of computer network intrusions, attribution is commonly seen as one of the most intractable technical problems, as either solvable or not solvable, and as depe...
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| Published in | Journal of strategic studies Vol. 38; no. 1-2; pp. 4 - 37 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
London
Routledge
02.01.2015
Taylor & Francis Ltd |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Who did it? Attribution is fundamental. Human lives and the security of the state may depend on ascribing agency to an agent. In the context of computer network intrusions, attribution is commonly seen as one of the most intractable technical problems, as either solvable or not solvable, and as dependent mainly on the available forensic evidence. But is it? Is this a productive understanding of attribution? - This article argues that attribution is what states make of it. To show how, we introduce the Q Model: designed to explain, guide, and improve the making of attribution. Matching an offender to an offence is an exercise in minimising uncertainty on three levels: tactically, attribution is an art as well as a science; operationally, attribution is a nuanced process not a black-and-white problem; and strategically, attribution is a function of what is at stake politically. Successful attribution requires a range of skills on all levels, careful management, time, leadership, stress-testing, prudent communication, and recognising limitations and challenges. |
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| AbstractList | Who did it? Attribution is fundamental. Human lives and the security of the state may depend on ascribing agency to an agent. In the context of computer network intrusions, attribution is commonly seen as one of the most intractable technical problems, as either solvable or not solvable, and as dependent mainly on the available forensic evidence. But is it? Is this a productive understanding of attribution? - This article argues that attribution is what states make of it. To show how, we introduce the Q Model: designed to explain, guide, and improve the making of attribution. Matching an offender to an offence is an exercise in minimising uncertainty on three levels: tactically, attribution is an art as well as a science; operationally, attribution is a nuanced process not a black-and-white problem; and strategically, attribution is a function of what is at stake politically. Successful attribution requires a range of skills on all levels, careful management, time, leadership, stress-testing, prudent communication, and recognising limitations and challenges. Reprinted by permission of Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. Who did it? Attribution is fundamental. Human lives and the security of the state may depend on ascribing agency to an agent. In the context of computer network intrusions, attribution is commonly seen as one of the most intractable technical problems, as either solvable or not solvable, and as dependent mainly on the available forensic evidence. But is it? Is this a productive understanding of attribution? - This article argues that attribution is what states make of it. To show how, we introduce the Q Model: designed to explain, guide, and improve the making of attribution. Matching an offender to an offence is an exercise in minimising uncertainty on three levels: tactically, attribution is an art as well as a science; operationally, attribution is a nuanced process not a black-and-white problem; and strategically, attribution is a function of what is at stake politically. Successful attribution requires a range of skills on all levels, careful management, time, leadership, stress-testing, prudent communication, and recognising limitations and challenges. Adapted from the source document. Who did it? Attribution is fundamental. Human lives and the security of the state may depend on ascribing agency to an agent. In the context of computer network intrusions, attribution is commonly seen as one of the most intractable technical problems, as either solvable or not solvable, and as dependent mainly on the available forensic evidence. But is it? Is this a productive understanding of attribution? - This article argues that attribution is what states make of it. To show how, we introduce the Q Model: designed to explain, guide, and improve the making of attribution. Matching an offender to an offence is an exercise in minimising uncertainty on three levels: tactically, attribution is an art as well as a science; operationally, attribution is a nuanced process not a black-and-white problem; and strategically, attribution is a function of what is at stake politically. Successful attribution requires a range of skills on all levels, careful management, time, leadership, stress-testing, prudent communication, and recognising limitations and challenges. |
| Author | Rid, Thomas Buchanan, Ben |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Thomas surname: Rid fullname: Rid, Thomas organization: Department of War Studies, King's College London – sequence: 2 givenname: Ben surname: Buchanan fullname: Buchanan, Ben organization: Department of War Studies, King's College London |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199655014.001.0001 10.1515/9781400837403 10.21236/ADA468859 10.1007/978-0-387-75462-8_6 10.2307/2009967 10.1080/03071847.2013.787735 10.1093/oso/9780195152661.001.0001 10.1093/wentk/9780199918096.001.0001 10.1177/0967010611431079 10.1080/00396338.2013.784468 10.1111/j.1540-5842.2009.01103.x 10.1073/pnas.1322638111 10.1080/09636412.2013.816122 10.1093/jcsl/krs019 |
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| References | Nye Joseph S. (CIT0035) 2010 CIT0030 McDonald Geoff (CIT0032) 2013 CIT0031 United States of America v Wang Dong, Sun Kailiang (CIT0054) 2014 Waxman Matthew C. (CIT0057) 2011; 36 Clayton Richard (CIT0015) 2005; 653 Gostev Alexander (CIT0021) 2012 Churchill Winston S. (CIT0012) 2002; 1 Rid Thomas (CIT0041) 2013 Panetta Leon (CIT0037) 2012 Clausewitz Carl von (CIT0014) 1976 CIT0036 Weaver Nicholas (CIT0058) 2014 CIT0038 Clark David D. (CIT0013) 2011 Schoen Seth (CIT0045) 2011 Goldsmith Jack (CIT0020) 2006 CIT0040 Betz David (CIT0007) 2011 Global Threat Report (CIT0019) 2014 CIT0043 Healey Jason (CIT0023) 2013 Moran Ned (CIT0033) 2013 Zetter Kim (CIT0062) 2014 Wheeler David A. (CIT0059) 2003 Langner Ralph (CIT0027) 2013 Caltagirone Sergio (CIT0011) 2013 Libicki Martin (CIT0028) 2009 CIT0002 CIT0005 Hartley Nathaniel (CIT0022) 2014 CIT0049 Arquilla John (CIT0003) 1996 CIT0004 CIT0006 CIT0050 Slay Jill (CIT0047) 2008; 253 CIT0052 CIT0051 CIT0010 Department of Defense (CIT0017) 2011 CIT0053 CIT0055 Boebert W. Earl (CIT0008) 2011 Singer P.W. (CIT0046) 2014 Hutchins Eric M. (CIT0024) 2010 CIT0016 CIT0018 Zetter Kim (CIT0061) 2011 Verton Dan (CIT0056) 2000 CIT0060 Anderson Nate (CIT0001) 2013 Stoll Clifford (CIT0048) 1989 Kent Sherman (CIT0025) 1968; 12 Rivner Uri (CIT0042) 2011 Raiu Costin (CIT0039) 2013 Rosenbaum Ron (CIT0044) 2012 Moran Ned (CIT0034) 2014 CIT0026 CIT0029 Brenner Susan (CIT0009) 2007; 97 |
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Illusions of a Borderless World year: 2006 ident: CIT0020 doi: 10.1093/oso/9780195152661.001.0001 contributor: fullname: Goldsmith Jack – volume-title: Remarks on Cybersecurity to the Business Executives for National Security’, New York City year: 2012 ident: CIT0037 contributor: fullname: Panetta Leon – volume-title: Cyber War will Not Take Place year: 2013 ident: CIT0041 contributor: fullname: Rid Thomas – volume: 12 start-page: 11 volume-title: Studies in Intelligence year: 1968 ident: CIT0025 contributor: fullname: Kent Sherman – volume-title: The Flame: Questions and Answers, Kaspersky Lab year: 2012 ident: CIT0021 contributor: fullname: Gostev Alexander – volume-title: The Diamond Model of Intrusion Analysis year: 2013 ident: CIT0011 contributor: fullname: Caltagirone Sergio – volume-title: Cyber Power year: 2010 ident: CIT0035 contributor: fullname: Nye Joseph S. – ident: CIT0052 – volume-title: Hat-tribution to PLA Unit 61486 year: 2014 ident: CIT0022 contributor: fullname: Hartley Nathaniel – volume-title: Cybersecurity and Cyberwar year: 2014 ident: CIT0046 doi: 10.1093/wentk/9780199918096.001.0001 contributor: fullname: Singer P.W. – volume-title: Cyberdeterrence and Cyberwar year: 2009 ident: CIT0028 contributor: fullname: Libicki Martin – volume-title: A Close Look at the NSA’s Most Powerful Internet Attack Tool’, Wired year: 2014 ident: CIT0058 contributor: fullname: Weaver Nicholas – volume: 1 volume-title: The Gathering Storm: The Second World War year: 2002 ident: CIT0012 contributor: fullname: Churchill Winston S. – ident: CIT0016 doi: 10.1177/0967010611431079 – start-page: 12 volume-title: Smithsonian Magazine 43/1 year: 2012 ident: CIT0044 contributor: fullname: Rosenbaum Ron – ident: CIT0010 doi: 10.1080/00396338.2013.784468 – start-page: 41 volume-title: Proceedings of a Workshop on Deterring Cyberattacks year: 2011 ident: CIT0008 contributor: fullname: Boebert W. Earl – volume-title: Cyberspace Policy Report year: 2011 ident: CIT0017 contributor: fullname: Department of Defense – volume-title: Intelligence-Driven Computer Network Defense Informed by Analysis of Adversary Campaigns and Intrusion Kill Chains year: 2010 ident: CIT0024 contributor: fullname: Hutchins Eric M. – start-page: 25 volume-title: in Proceedings of a Workshop on Deterring Cyberattacks year: 2011 ident: CIT0013 contributor: fullname: Clark David D. – ident: CIT0031 doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5842.2009.01103.x – ident: CIT0018 – ident: CIT0004 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1322638111 – volume-title: Countdown to Zero Day year: 2014 ident: CIT0062 contributor: fullname: Zetter Kim – ident: CIT0029 doi: 10.1080/09636412.2013.816122 – ident: CIT0049 – ident: CIT0051 – ident: CIT0030 – volume-title: The Advent of Netwar year: 1996 ident: CIT0003 contributor: fullname: Arquilla John – volume-title: Igor Soumenkov, Kurt Baumgartner and Vitaly Kamluk, The MiniDuke Mystery, Kaspersky Lab year: 2013 ident: CIT0039 contributor: fullname: Raiu Costin – ident: CIT0055 – ident: CIT0053 doi: 10.1093/jcsl/krs019 |
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| SubjectTerms | Agency Attribution Computer Networks Computers Cyber Security Cybercrime Information Security Leadership Management National security Offenders Security Signals Intelligence Skills Strategic planning Traceability Uncertainty |
| Title | Attributing Cyber Attacks |
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