SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses are lower in children and increase with age and time after infection
SARS-CoV-2 infection of children leads to a mild illness and the immunological differences with adults are unclear. Here, we report SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses in infected adults and children and find that the acute and memory CD4 + T cell responses to structural SARS-CoV-2 proteins increas...
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| Published in | Nature communications Vol. 12; no. 1; pp. 4678 - 14 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
London
Nature Publishing Group UK
29.07.2021
Nature Publishing Group Nature Portfolio |
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| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | SARS-CoV-2 infection of children leads to a mild illness and the immunological differences with adults are unclear. Here, we report SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses in infected adults and children and find that the acute and memory CD4
+
T cell responses to structural SARS-CoV-2 proteins increase with age, whereas CD8
+
T cell responses increase with time post-infection. Infected children have lower CD4
+
and CD8
+
T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 structural and ORF1ab proteins when compared with infected adults, comparable T cell polyfunctionality and reduced CD4
+
T cell effector memory. Compared with adults, children have lower levels of antibodies to β-coronaviruses, indicating differing baseline immunity. Total T follicular helper responses are increased, whilst monocyte numbers are reduced, indicating rapid adaptive co-ordination of the T and B cell responses and differing levels of inflammation. Therefore, reduced prior β-coronavirus immunity and reduced T cell activation in children might drive milder COVID-19 pathogenesis.
Why children are generally less susceptible than adults to COVID-19 is unclear and has not extensively been examined longitudinally. Here the authors compare antibodies, cytokines and immune cell responses in adults and children over 6 months post-infection showing, among other things, a reduced CD4+ and CD8+ T cell response in children. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | SARS-CoV-2 infection of children leads to a mild illness and the immunological differences with adults are unclear. Here, we report SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses in infected adults and children and find that the acute and memory CD4+ T cell responses to structural SARS-CoV-2 proteins increase with age, whereas CD8+ T cell responses increase with time post-infection. Infected children have lower CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 structural and ORF1ab proteins when compared with infected adults, comparable T cell polyfunctionality and reduced CD4+ T cell effector memory. Compared with adults, children have lower levels of antibodies to β-coronaviruses, indicating differing baseline immunity. Total T follicular helper responses are increased, whilst monocyte numbers are reduced, indicating rapid adaptive co-ordination of the T and B cell responses and differing levels of inflammation. Therefore, reduced prior β-coronavirus immunity and reduced T cell activation in children might drive milder COVID-19 pathogenesis.SARS-CoV-2 infection of children leads to a mild illness and the immunological differences with adults are unclear. Here, we report SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses in infected adults and children and find that the acute and memory CD4+ T cell responses to structural SARS-CoV-2 proteins increase with age, whereas CD8+ T cell responses increase with time post-infection. Infected children have lower CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 structural and ORF1ab proteins when compared with infected adults, comparable T cell polyfunctionality and reduced CD4+ T cell effector memory. Compared with adults, children have lower levels of antibodies to β-coronaviruses, indicating differing baseline immunity. Total T follicular helper responses are increased, whilst monocyte numbers are reduced, indicating rapid adaptive co-ordination of the T and B cell responses and differing levels of inflammation. Therefore, reduced prior β-coronavirus immunity and reduced T cell activation in children might drive milder COVID-19 pathogenesis. SARS-CoV-2 infection of children leads to a mild illness and the immunological differences with adults are unclear. Here, we report SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses in infected adults and children and find that the acute and memory CD4 + T cell responses to structural SARS-CoV-2 proteins increase with age, whereas CD8 + T cell responses increase with time post-infection. Infected children have lower CD4 + and CD8 + T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 structural and ORF1ab proteins when compared with infected adults, comparable T cell polyfunctionality and reduced CD4 + T cell effector memory. Compared with adults, children have lower levels of antibodies to β-coronaviruses, indicating differing baseline immunity. Total T follicular helper responses are increased, whilst monocyte numbers are reduced, indicating rapid adaptive co-ordination of the T and B cell responses and differing levels of inflammation. Therefore, reduced prior β-coronavirus immunity and reduced T cell activation in children might drive milder COVID-19 pathogenesis. SARS-CoV-2 infection of children leads to a mild illness and the immunological differences with adults are unclear. Here, we report SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses in infected adults and children and find that the acute and memory CD4+ T cell responses to structural SARS-CoV-2 proteins increase with age, whereas CD8+ T cell responses increase with time post-infection. Infected children have lower CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 structural and ORF1ab proteins when compared with infected adults, comparable T cell polyfunctionality and reduced CD4+ T cell effector memory. Compared with adults, children have lower levels of antibodies to β-coronaviruses, indicating differing baseline immunity. Total T follicular helper responses are increased, whilst monocyte numbers are reduced, indicating rapid adaptive co-ordination of the T and B cell responses and differing levels of inflammation. Therefore, reduced prior β-coronavirus immunity and reduced T cell activation in children might drive milder COVID-19 pathogenesis.Why children are generally less susceptible than adults to COVID-19 is unclear and has not extensively been examined longitudinally. Here the authors compare antibodies, cytokines and immune cell responses in adults and children over 6 months post-infection showing, among other things, a reduced CD4+ and CD8+ T cell response in children. Why children are generally less susceptible than adults to COVID-19 is unclear and has not extensively been examined longitudinally. Here the authors compare antibodies, cytokines and immune cell responses in adults and children over 6 months post-infection showing, among other things, a reduced CD4+ and CD8+ T cell response in children. SARS-CoV-2 infection of children leads to a mild illness and the immunological differences with adults are unclear. Here, we report SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses in infected adults and children and find that the acute and memory CD4 + T cell responses to structural SARS-CoV-2 proteins increase with age, whereas CD8 + T cell responses increase with time post-infection. Infected children have lower CD4 + and CD8 + T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 structural and ORF1ab proteins when compared with infected adults, comparable T cell polyfunctionality and reduced CD4 + T cell effector memory. Compared with adults, children have lower levels of antibodies to β-coronaviruses, indicating differing baseline immunity. Total T follicular helper responses are increased, whilst monocyte numbers are reduced, indicating rapid adaptive co-ordination of the T and B cell responses and differing levels of inflammation. Therefore, reduced prior β-coronavirus immunity and reduced T cell activation in children might drive milder COVID-19 pathogenesis. Why children are generally less susceptible than adults to COVID-19 is unclear and has not extensively been examined longitudinally. Here the authors compare antibodies, cytokines and immune cell responses in adults and children over 6 months post-infection showing, among other things, a reduced CD4+ and CD8+ T cell response in children. |
| ArticleNumber | 4678 |
| Author | Cheng, Samuel M. S. Kwan, Mike Y. W. Peiris, Malik Ma, Fionn N. L. Valkenburg, Sophie A. Cohen, Carolyn A. Kavian, Niloufar Tsang, Owen T. Y. Chan, Wai Hung Yau, Yat Sun Lau, Eric H. Y. Chiu, Susan S. Li, Athena P. Y. Poon, Leo L. M. Hachim, Asmaa Hui, David S. C. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Carolyn A. surname: Cohen fullname: Cohen, Carolyn A. organization: HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong – sequence: 2 givenname: Athena P. Y. surname: Li fullname: Li, Athena P. Y. organization: HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong – sequence: 3 givenname: Asmaa surname: Hachim fullname: Hachim, Asmaa organization: HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong – sequence: 4 givenname: David S. C. orcidid: 0000-0003-4382-2445 surname: Hui fullname: Hui, David S. C. organization: Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong – sequence: 5 givenname: Mike Y. W. orcidid: 0000-0002-1476-9625 surname: Kwan fullname: Kwan, Mike Y. W. organization: Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Hong Kong Hospital Authority Infectious Disease Center, Princess Margaret Hospital – sequence: 6 givenname: Owen T. Y. surname: Tsang fullname: Tsang, Owen T. Y. organization: Infectious Diseases Centre, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong – sequence: 7 givenname: Susan S. surname: Chiu fullname: Chiu, Susan S. organization: Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong and Queen Mary Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong – sequence: 8 givenname: Wai Hung orcidid: 0000-0002-9256-4799 surname: Chan fullname: Chan, Wai Hung organization: Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong – sequence: 9 givenname: Yat Sun orcidid: 0000-0002-5471-9139 surname: Yau fullname: Yau, Yat Sun organization: Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong – sequence: 10 givenname: Niloufar surname: Kavian fullname: Kavian, Niloufar organization: HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong – sequence: 11 givenname: Fionn N. L. surname: Ma fullname: Ma, Fionn N. L. organization: HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong – sequence: 12 givenname: Eric H. Y. orcidid: 0000-0002-6688-9637 surname: Lau fullname: Lau, Eric H. Y. organization: WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong – sequence: 13 givenname: Samuel M. S. surname: Cheng fullname: Cheng, Samuel M. S. organization: Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong – sequence: 14 givenname: Leo L. M. orcidid: 0000-0002-9101-7953 surname: Poon fullname: Poon, Leo L. M. organization: HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong – sequence: 15 givenname: Malik orcidid: 0000-0001-8217-5995 surname: Peiris fullname: Peiris, Malik organization: HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong – sequence: 16 givenname: Sophie A. orcidid: 0000-0002-0768-9926 surname: Valkenburg fullname: Valkenburg, Sophie A. email: sophiev@hku.hk organization: HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong |
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| Snippet | SARS-CoV-2 infection of children leads to a mild illness and the immunological differences with adults are unclear. Here, we report SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell... Why children are generally less susceptible than adults to COVID-19 is unclear and has not extensively been examined longitudinally. Here the authors compare... |
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| SubjectTerms | 13/1 13/21 13/31 631/250/2152/1566 631/250/255/2514 Adults Antibodies CD4 antigen CD8 antigen Cell activation Children Coronaviruses COVID-19 Cytokines Humanities and Social Sciences Immune system Immunity Immunological memory Immunology Infections Inflammation Lymphocytes Lymphocytes T Memory cells Monocytes multidisciplinary Ordination Pathogenesis Proteins Science Science (multidisciplinary) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Viral diseases |
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| Title | SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses are lower in children and increase with age and time after infection |
| URI | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/s41467-021-24938-4 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2556149200 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2557222511 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC8322064 https://doaj.org/article/4a06b354eca4474d953f5855491515f4 |
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