Design and Analysis of Arm-in-Cage Experiments: Inference for Three-State Progressive Disease Models with Common Periodic Observation Times
We develop statistical methods for designing and analyzing arm-in-cage experiments used to test the efficacy of insect repellents and other topical treatments. In these experiments, a controlled amount of the treatment is applied to a volunteer's forearm, which then is exposed to the insects by...
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Published in | Biometrics Vol. 64; no. 2; pp. 337 - 344 |
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Main Authors | , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Malden, USA
Blackwell Publishing Inc
01.06.2008
Blackwell Publishing Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
Subjects | |
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Abstract | We develop statistical methods for designing and analyzing arm-in-cage experiments used to test the efficacy of insect repellents and other topical treatments. In these experiments, a controlled amount of the treatment is applied to a volunteer's forearm, which then is exposed to the insects by being placed into a special cage. Arms are not kept in the cages continuously, but rather placed there periodically for a brief period of time, during which it is noted whether an insect lands (but does not bite) or (lands and) bites. Efficacy of a repellent can be described using a progressive three-state model in which the first two states represent varying degrees of protection (no landing and landing without biting) and the third state occurs once protection is completely lost (biting). Because subjects within a treatment group follow the same cage visit schedule, transition times between states are interval censored into one of several fixed intervals. We develop an approach that uses a mixture of nonparametric and parametric techniques for estimating the parameters of interest when sojourn times are dependent. Design considerations for arm-in-cage experiments are addressed and the proposed methods are illustrated on data from a recent arm-in-cage experiment as well as simulated data. /// Nous développons des méthodes statistiques pour planifier et analyser les expériences "arm-in-cage" utilisées pour tester l'efficacité des insecticides et autres traitements tropicaux. Dans ces expériences, une quantité contrôlée de traitement est appliquée sur l'avant-bras d'un volontaire qui est ensuite exposé aux insectes en étant placé dans une cage spéciale. Les bras ne sont pas maintenus dans les cages de façon continue, mais placés là de façon périodique pour une brève période de temps, pendant laquelle on note si un insecte se pose (mais ne pique pas) ou (se pose) et pique. L'efficacité d'un insecticide peut être décrite en utilisant un modèle à trois états progressifs dans lequel les deux premiers états représentent les degrés de protection (pas de pose et pose sans piqûre) et le troisième état survient une fois que la protection est complément perdue (piqûre). Comme les sujets à l'intérieur d'un groupe de traitement suivent le même planning de visites de cages, les temps de transition entre les états sont un intervalle censuré composés de un ou plusieurs intervalles fixés. Nous développons une approche qui utilise un mélange de techniques paramétriques et non paramétriques pour estimer les paramètres d'intérêt quand les temps de séjour sont dépendants. Nous adressons des recommandations pour la planification d'expériences "arm-in-cage" et illustrons les méthodes proposées sur des données issues d'une expérience "arm-in-cage" récente aussi bien que sur des données simulées. |
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AbstractList | Summary
We develop statistical methods for designing and analyzing arm‐in‐cage experiments used to test the efficacy of insect repellents and other topical treatments. In these experiments, a controlled amount of the treatment is applied to a volunteer's forearm, which then is exposed to the insects by being placed into a special cage. Arms are not kept in the cages continuously, but rather placed there periodically for a brief period of time, during which it is noted whether an insect lands (but does not bite) or (lands and) bites. Efficacy of a repellent can be described using a progressive three‐state model in which the first two states represent varying degrees of protection (no landing and landing without biting) and the third state occurs once protection is completely lost (biting). Because subjects within a treatment group follow the same cage visit schedule, transition times between states are interval censored into one of several fixed intervals. We develop an approach that uses a mixture of nonparametric and parametric techniques for estimating the parameters of interest when sojourn times are dependent. Design considerations for arm‐in‐cage experiments are addressed and the proposed methods are illustrated on data from a recent arm‐in‐cage experiment as well as simulated data. We develop statistical methods for designing and analyzing arm-in-cage experiments used to test the efficacy of insect repellents and other topical treatments. In these experiments, a controlled amount of the treatment is applied to a volunteer's forearm, which then is exposed to the insects by being placed into a special cage. Arms are not kept in the cages continuously, but rather placed there periodically for a brief period of time, during which it is noted whether an insect lands (but does not bite) or (lands and) bites. Efficacy of a repellent can be described using a progressive three-state model in which the first two states represent varying degrees of protection (no landing and landing without biting) and the third state occurs once protection is completely lost (biting). Because subjects within a treatment group follow the same cage visit schedule, transition times between states are interval censored into one of several fixed intervals. We develop an approach that uses a mixture of nonparametric and parametric techniques for estimating the parameters of interest when sojourn times are dependent. Design considerations for arm-in-cage experiments are addressed and the proposed methods are illustrated on data from a recent arm-in-cage experiment as well as simulated data. /// Nous développons des méthodes statistiques pour planifier et analyser les expériences "arm-in-cage" utilisées pour tester l'efficacité des insecticides et autres traitements tropicaux. Dans ces expériences, une quantité contrôlée de traitement est appliquée sur l'avant-bras d'un volontaire qui est ensuite exposé aux insectes en étant placé dans une cage spéciale. Les bras ne sont pas maintenus dans les cages de façon continue, mais placés là de façon périodique pour une brève période de temps, pendant laquelle on note si un insecte se pose (mais ne pique pas) ou (se pose) et pique. L'efficacité d'un insecticide peut être décrite en utilisant un modèle à trois états progressifs dans lequel les deux premiers états représentent les degrés de protection (pas de pose et pose sans piqûre) et le troisième état survient une fois que la protection est complément perdue (piqûre). Comme les sujets à l'intérieur d'un groupe de traitement suivent le même planning de visites de cages, les temps de transition entre les états sont un intervalle censuré composés de un ou plusieurs intervalles fixés. Nous développons une approche qui utilise un mélange de techniques paramétriques et non paramétriques pour estimer les paramètres d'intérêt quand les temps de séjour sont dépendants. Nous adressons des recommandations pour la planification d'expériences "arm-in-cage" et illustrons les méthodes proposées sur des données issues d'une expérience "arm-in-cage" récente aussi bien que sur des données simulées. We develop statistical methods for designing and analyzing arm-in-cage experiments used to test the efficacy of insect repellents and other topical treatments. In these experiments, a controlled amount of the treatment is applied to a volunteer's forearm, which then is exposed to the insects by being placed into a special cage. Arms are not kept in the cages continuously, but rather placed there periodically for a brief period of time, during which it is noted whether an insect lands (but does not bite) or (lands and) bites. Efficacy of a repellent can be described using a progressive three-state model in which the first two states represent varying degrees of protection (no landing and landing without biting) and the third state occurs once protection is completely lost (biting). Because subjects within a treatment group follow the same cage visit schedule, transition times between states are interval censored into one of several fixed intervals. We develop an approach that uses a mixture of nonparametric and parametric techniques for estimating the parameters of interest when sojourn times are dependent. Design considerations for arm-in-cage experiments are addressed and the proposed methods are illustrated on data from a recent arm-in-cage experiment as well as simulated data. Summary; We develop statistical methods for designing and analyzing arm-in-cage experiments used to test the efficacy of insect repellents and other topical treatments. In these experiments, a controlled amount of the treatment is applied to a volunteer's forearm, which then is exposed to the insects by being placed into a special cage. Arms are not kept in the cages continuously, but rather placed there periodically for a brief period of time, during which it is noted whether an insect lands (but does not bite) or (lands and) bites. Efficacy of a repellent can be described using a progressive three-state model in which the first two states represent varying degrees of protection (no landing and landing without biting) and the third state occurs once protection is completely lost (biting). Because subjects within a treatment group follow the same cage visit schedule, transition times between states are interval censored into one of several fixed intervals. We develop an approach that uses a mixture of nonparametric and parametric techniques for estimating the parameters of interest when sojourn times are dependent. Design considerations for arm-in-cage experiments are addressed and the proposed methods are illustrated on data from a recent arm-in-cage experiment as well as simulated data. We develop statistical methods for designing and analyzing arm-in-cage experiments used to test the efficacy of insect repellents and other topical treatments. In these experiments, a controlled amount of the treatment is applied to a volunteer's forearm, which then is exposed to the insects by being placed into a special cage. Arms are not kept in the cages continuously, but rather placed there periodically for a brief period of time, during which it is noted whether an insect lands (but does not bite) or (lands and) bites. Efficacy of a repellent can be described using a progressive three-state model in which the first two states represent varying degrees of protection (no landing and landing without biting) and the third state occurs once protection is completely lost (biting). Because subjects within a treatment group follow the same cage visit schedule, transition times between states are interval censored into one of several fixed intervals. We develop an approach that uses a mixture of nonparametric and parametric techniques for estimating the parameters of interest when sojourn times are dependent. Design considerations for arm-in-cage experiments are addressed and the proposed methods are illustrated on data from a recent arm-in-cage experiment as well as simulated data. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] We develop statistical methods for designing and analyzing arm-in-cage experiments used to test the efficacy of insect repellents and other topical treatments. In these experiments, a controlled amount of the treatment is applied to a volunteer's forearm, which then is exposed to the insects by being placed into a special cage. Arms are not kept in the cages continuously, but rather placed there periodically for a brief period of time, during which it is noted whether an insect lands (but does not bite) or (lands and) bites. Efficacy of a repellent can be described using a progressive three-state model in which the first two states represent varying degrees of protection (no landing and landing without biting) and the third state occurs once protection is completely lost (biting). Because subjects within a treatment group follow the same cage visit schedule, transition times between states are interval censored into one of several fixed intervals. We develop an approach that uses a mixture of nonparametric and parametric techniques for estimating the parameters of interest when sojourn times are dependent. Design considerations for arm-in-cage experiments are addressed and the proposed methods are illustrated on data from a recent arm-in-cage experiment as well as simulated data.We develop statistical methods for designing and analyzing arm-in-cage experiments used to test the efficacy of insect repellents and other topical treatments. In these experiments, a controlled amount of the treatment is applied to a volunteer's forearm, which then is exposed to the insects by being placed into a special cage. Arms are not kept in the cages continuously, but rather placed there periodically for a brief period of time, during which it is noted whether an insect lands (but does not bite) or (lands and) bites. Efficacy of a repellent can be described using a progressive three-state model in which the first two states represent varying degrees of protection (no landing and landing without biting) and the third state occurs once protection is completely lost (biting). Because subjects within a treatment group follow the same cage visit schedule, transition times between states are interval censored into one of several fixed intervals. We develop an approach that uses a mixture of nonparametric and parametric techniques for estimating the parameters of interest when sojourn times are dependent. Design considerations for arm-in-cage experiments are addressed and the proposed methods are illustrated on data from a recent arm-in-cage experiment as well as simulated data. |
Author | Lagakos, S. W. Griffin, B. A. |
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BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17970816$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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Cites_doi | 10.1111/j.0006-341X.1999.00198.x 10.1002/sim.4780080708 10.1056/NEJMoa011699 10.2307/2532030 10.1111/j.0006-341X.1999.00887.x 10.1111/j.2517-6161.1992.tb01457.x 10.1603/0022-2585-41.4.726 |
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References_xml | – reference: Barnard, D. R. and Xue, R. D. (2004). Laboratory evaluation of mosquito repellents against Aedes albopictus, Culex nigripalpus, and Ochlerotatus triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 41, 726-730. – reference: Longini, I. M. J., Clark, W. S., Byers, R. H., Ward, J. W., Darrow, W. W., Lemp, G. F., and Hethcote, H. W. (1989). Statistical analysis of the stages of HIV infection using a Markov model. Statistics in Medicine 8, 831-843. – reference: Frydman, H. (1992). A nonparametric estimation procedure for a periodically observed three-state Markov process, with application to AIDS. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, Methodological 54, 853-866. – reference: Huzurbazar, S. and Huzurbazar, A. V. (1999). Survival and hazard functions for progressive diseases using saddlepoint approximations. Biometrics 55, 198-203. – reference: Fradin, M. S. and Day, J. F. (2002). Comparative efficacy of insect repellents against mosquito bites. The New England Journal of Medicine 347, 13-18. – reference: Lawless, J. F. (2003). Statistical Models and Methods for Lifetime Data. Hoboken , NJ John Wiley & Sons. – reference: De Gruttola, V. and Lagakos, S. W. (1989). Analysis of doubly-censored survival data, with application to AIDS. Biometrics 45, 1-11. – reference: Joly, P. and Commenges, D. (1999). A penalized likelihood approach for a progressive three-state model with censored and truncated data: Application to AIDS. Biometrics 55, 887-890. – reference: Casella, G. and Berger, R. L. (2002). Statistical Inference. Pacific Grove , CA : Duxbury Press. – reference: Cilek, J. E., Petersen, J. L., and Hallmon, C. E. (2004). Comparative efficacy of IR3535 and deet as repellents against adult Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. Journal of the American Control Association 20, 299-304. – volume: 41 start-page: 726 year: 2004 end-page: 730 article-title: Laboratory evaluation of mosquito repellents against Aedes albopictus, Culex nigripalpus, and Ochlerotatus triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae) publication-title: Journal of Medical Entomology – volume: 8 start-page: 831 year: 1989 end-page: 843 article-title: Statistical analysis of the stages of HIV infection using a Markov model publication-title: Statistics in Medicine – volume: 20 start-page: 299 year: 2004 end-page: 304 article-title: Comparative efficacy of IR3535 and deet as repellents against adult Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus publication-title: Journal of the American Control Association – volume: 55 start-page: 198 year: 1999 end-page: 203 article-title: Survival and hazard functions for progressive diseases using saddlepoint approximations publication-title: Biometrics – volume: 347 start-page: 13 year: 2002 end-page: 18 article-title: Comparative efficacy of insect repellents against mosquito bites publication-title: The New England Journal of Medicine – volume: 54 start-page: 853 year: 1992 end-page: 866 article-title: A nonparametric estimation procedure for a periodically observed three‐state Markov process, with application to AIDS publication-title: Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, Methodological – volume: 45 start-page: 1 year: 1989 end-page: 11 article-title: Analysis of doubly‐censored survival data, with application to AIDS publication-title: Biometrics – year: 2002 – volume: 55 start-page: 887 year: 1999 end-page: 890 article-title: A penalized likelihood approach for a progressive three‐state model with censored and truncated data: Application to AIDS publication-title: Biometrics – year: 2003 – ident: e_1_2_9_8_1 doi: 10.1111/j.0006-341X.1999.00198.x – ident: e_1_2_9_11_1 doi: 10.1002/sim.4780080708 – volume-title: Statistical Inference year: 2002 ident: e_1_2_9_3_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_6_1 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa011699 – ident: e_1_2_9_5_1 doi: 10.2307/2532030 – ident: e_1_2_9_9_1 doi: 10.1111/j.0006-341X.1999.00887.x – volume: 20 start-page: 299 year: 2004 ident: e_1_2_9_4_1 article-title: Comparative efficacy of IR3535 and deet as repellents against adult Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus publication-title: Journal of the American Control Association – volume-title: Statistical Models and Methods for Lifetime Data year: 2003 ident: e_1_2_9_10_1 – volume: 54 start-page: 853 year: 1992 ident: e_1_2_9_7_1 article-title: A nonparametric estimation procedure for a periodically observed three‐state Markov process, with application to AIDS publication-title: Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, Methodological doi: 10.1111/j.2517-6161.1992.tb01457.x – ident: e_1_2_9_2_1 doi: 10.1603/0022-2585-41.4.726 |
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Snippet | We develop statistical methods for designing and analyzing arm-in-cage experiments used to test the efficacy of insect repellents and other topical treatments.... Summary We develop statistical methods for designing and analyzing arm‐in‐cage experiments used to test the efficacy of insect repellents and other topical... Summary We develop statistical methods for designing and analyzing arm‐in‐cage experiments used to test the efficacy of insect repellents and other topical... Summary; We develop statistical methods for designing and analyzing arm-in-cage experiments used to test the efficacy of insect repellents and other topical... |
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SubjectTerms | Arm-in-cage experiments Biometric Methodology Biometrics biometry Bites and stings cages Censored data Censorship Computer Simulation Cumulative distribution functions Data Interpretation, Statistical Design analysis Design of experiments Disease models Disease Progression Distribution functions Effectiveness Experiment design Humans Insect Bites and Stings - epidemiology Insect Bites and Stings - prevention & control insect repellents Insect Repellents - administration & dosage Insect vectors insects Interval censoring Models, Biological Nonparametric methods Parametric methods Pest control Prevalence Product testing Research Design Sample Size Statistical analysis Three-state progressive disease model Time-to-event data |
Title | Design and Analysis of Arm-in-Cage Experiments: Inference for Three-State Progressive Disease Models with Common Periodic Observation Times |
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