Nonanatomic healing of the greater tuberosity after plating in proximal humeral fractures: a case control study

• Published in: Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research Vol. 18; no. 1; p. 374
• Main Authors: Sheng, Ning, Shi, Tingwang, Wang, Qiuke, Wang, Lei, Chen, Yunfeng
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England BioMed Central Ltd 19.05.2023; BioMed Central; BMC
• Subjects: Analysis; Body mass index; Bone healing; Bone mass; Bone mineral density; Bone Plates; Bones; Care and treatment; Case-Control Studies; Clinical outcomes; Complications and side effects; Density; Female; Fracture Fixation, Internal - methods; Fractures; Fractures, Comminuted - diagnostic imaging; Fractures, Comminuted - surgery; Greater tuberosity; Humans; Humeral Fractures; Humeral Head; Humerus; Information systems; Internal fixation in fractures; Joint surgery; Male; Middle Aged; Orthopedics; Patients; Plate; Proximal humeral fractures; Regression analysis; Retrospective Studies; Risk factors; Rotator cuff; Shoulder Fractures - diagnostic imaging; Shoulder Fractures - surgery; Software; Surgeons; Sutures; Treatment Outcome; Variables; Wound Healing; X-rays; Greater tuberosity; Proximal humeral fractures; Risk factors; Plate
• DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-03811-8
• ISSN: 1749-799X

Open reduction and plate internal fixation (ORIF) is one of the most common treatment methods for proximal humeral fractures. Complications associated with the greater tuberosity (GT) are rarely reported, therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the complications associated with the GT and the risk factors after locked-plate internal fixation. We retrospectively analyzed the medical and radiographic data of patients with proximal humeral fractures involving the GT treated with locking plates between January 2016 and July 2019. We divided all patients into two groups, the anatomic GT healing group and the nonanatomic GT healing group, depending on the radiographic outcomes of the GT. Clinical outcome was assessed by the Constant scoring system. Potential risk factors included preoperative and intraoperative factors. Preoperative factors included sex, age, body mass index, fracture type, fracture-dislocation, proximal humeral bone mineral density, humeral head extension, hinge integrity, comminuted GT, volume and surface area of the main GT fragment, and displacement of the main GT fragment. Intraoperative factors were adequate medial support, residual head-shaft displacement, head-shaft angle and residual GT displacement. Univariate logistic regression and multivariate logistic regression were used to identify risk factors. There were 207 patients (130 women and 77 men; mean age, 55 years). GT anatomic healing was observed in 139 (67.1%) patients and nonanatomic healing in 68 (32.9%). Patients with GT nonanatomic healing had significantly inferior Constant scores than those with GT anatomic healing (75.0 ± 13.9 vs. 83.9 ± 11.8, P < 0.001). Patients with high GT malposition had worse Constant scores than patients with low GT malposition (73.3 ± 12.7 vs. 81.1 ± 11.4, P = 0.039). The multivariate logistic model showed that GT fracture characteristics were not risk factors for nonanatomic GT healing, while residual GT displacement was. Nonanatomic healing of the GT is a high-rate complication of proximal humeral fractures, resulting in inferior clinical outcomes, especially for high GT malposition. Fracture characteristics of the GT are not risk factors for GT nonanatomic healing and GT comminution should not be regarded as a contraindication to ORIF for proximal humeral fractures.