A review: Fentanyl and non-pharmaceutical fentanyls

•Fentanyl and non-pharmaceutical fentanyls (NPF) are contributing to overdoses.•Overdoses may be more likely from fentanyl products due to their extreme potency.•Clinicians, patients and families should be educated about the dangers of fentanyl. Fentanyl and non-pharmaceutical fentanyls (NPFs) have...

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Published in	Drug and alcohol dependence Vol. 171; pp. 107 - 116
Main Authors	Suzuki, Joji, El-Haddad, Saria
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	Ireland Elsevier B.V 01.02.2017 Elsevier Science Ltd
Subjects	Analgesics, Opioid - administration & dosage Analgesics, Opioid - adverse effects Citations Documents Drug overdose Drug Overdose - diagnosis Drug Overdose - epidemiology Drug Overdose - prevention & control Fatalities Fentanyl Fentanyl - administration & dosage Fentanyl - adverse effects Grey literature Health care management Health education Health risks Heroin Heroin - administration & dosage Heroin - adverse effects Humans Non-pharmaceutical fentanyl Opioid use disorder Opioid-Related Disorders - diagnosis Opioid-Related Disorders - epidemiology Opioid-Related Disorders - prevention & control Opioids Outbreaks Overdose Overdoses Patients Pharmaceuticals Pharmacology Psychiatry Public health Scientific papers Search engines United States - epidemiology United States > US Fentanyl Overdose Non-pharmaceutical fentanyl Opioid use disorder opioid use disorder overdose non-pharmaceutical fentanyl
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Abstract	•Fentanyl and non-pharmaceutical fentanyls (NPF) are contributing to overdoses.•Overdoses may be more likely from fentanyl products due to their extreme potency.•Clinicians, patients and families should be educated about the dangers of fentanyl. Fentanyl and non-pharmaceutical fentanyls (NPFs) have been responsible for numerous outbreaks of overdoses all over the United States since the 1970s. However, there has been a growing concern in recent years that NPFs are contributing to an alarming rise in the number of opioid-related overdoses. The authors conducted a narrative review of the published and grey literature on fentanyl and NPFs in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Google using the following search terms: “fentanyl”, “non-pharmaceutical fentanyl”, “fentanyl analogs”, “fentanyl laced heroin” and “fentanyl overdose”. References from relevant publications and grey literature were also reviewed to identify additional citations for inclusion. The article reviews the emergence and misuse of fentanyl and NPFs, their clinical pharmacology, and the clinical management and prevention of fentanyl-related overdoses. Fentanyl and NPFs may be contributing to the recent rise in overdose deaths in the United States. There is an urgent need to educate clinicians, researchers, and patients about this public health threat.
AbstractList	Background Fentanyl and non-pharmaceutical fentanyls (NPFs) have been responsible for numerous outbreaks of overdoses all over the United States since the 1970s. However, there has been a growing concern in recent years that NPFs are contributing to an alarming rise in the number of opioid-related overdoses. Methods The authors conducted a narrative review of the published and grey literature on fentanyl and NPFs in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Google using the following search terms: “fentanyl”, “non-pharmaceutical fentanyl”, “fentanyl analogs”, “fentanyl laced heroin” and “fentanyl overdose”. References from relevant publications and grey literature were also reviewed to identify additional citations for inclusion. Results The article reviews the emergence and misuse of fentanyl and NPFs, their clinical pharmacology, and the clinical management and prevention of fentanyl-related overdoses. Conclusions Fentanyl and NPFs may be contributing to the recent rise in overdose deaths in the United States. There is an urgent need to educate clinicians, researchers, and patients about this public health threat. Highlights • Fentanyl and non-pharmaceutical fentanyls (NPF) are contributing to overdoses. • Overdoses may be more likely from fentanyl products due to their extreme potency. • Clinicians, patients and families should be educated about the dangers of fentanyl. •Fentanyl and non-pharmaceutical fentanyls (NPF) are contributing to overdoses.•Overdoses may be more likely from fentanyl products due to their extreme potency.•Clinicians, patients and families should be educated about the dangers of fentanyl. Fentanyl and non-pharmaceutical fentanyls (NPFs) have been responsible for numerous outbreaks of overdoses all over the United States since the 1970s. However, there has been a growing concern in recent years that NPFs are contributing to an alarming rise in the number of opioid-related overdoses. The authors conducted a narrative review of the published and grey literature on fentanyl and NPFs in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Google using the following search terms: “fentanyl”, “non-pharmaceutical fentanyl”, “fentanyl analogs”, “fentanyl laced heroin” and “fentanyl overdose”. References from relevant publications and grey literature were also reviewed to identify additional citations for inclusion. The article reviews the emergence and misuse of fentanyl and NPFs, their clinical pharmacology, and the clinical management and prevention of fentanyl-related overdoses. Fentanyl and NPFs may be contributing to the recent rise in overdose deaths in the United States. There is an urgent need to educate clinicians, researchers, and patients about this public health threat. Fentanyl and non-pharmaceutical fentanyls (NPFs) have been responsible for numerous outbreaks of overdoses all over the United States since the 1970s. However, there has been a growing concern in recent years that NPFs are contributing to an alarming rise in the number of opioid-related overdoses.BACKGROUNDFentanyl and non-pharmaceutical fentanyls (NPFs) have been responsible for numerous outbreaks of overdoses all over the United States since the 1970s. However, there has been a growing concern in recent years that NPFs are contributing to an alarming rise in the number of opioid-related overdoses.The authors conducted a narrative review of the published and grey literature on fentanyl and NPFs in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Google using the following search terms: "fentanyl", "non-pharmaceutical fentanyl", "fentanyl analogs", "fentanyl laced heroin" and "fentanyl overdose". References from relevant publications and grey literature were also reviewed to identify additional citations for inclusion.METHODSThe authors conducted a narrative review of the published and grey literature on fentanyl and NPFs in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Google using the following search terms: "fentanyl", "non-pharmaceutical fentanyl", "fentanyl analogs", "fentanyl laced heroin" and "fentanyl overdose". References from relevant publications and grey literature were also reviewed to identify additional citations for inclusion.The article reviews the emergence and misuse of fentanyl and NPFs, their clinical pharmacology, and the clinical management and prevention of fentanyl-related overdoses.RESULTSThe article reviews the emergence and misuse of fentanyl and NPFs, their clinical pharmacology, and the clinical management and prevention of fentanyl-related overdoses.Fentanyl and NPFs may be contributing to the recent rise in overdose deaths in the United States. There is an urgent need to educate clinicians, researchers, and patients about this public health threat.CONCLUSIONSFentanyl and NPFs may be contributing to the recent rise in overdose deaths in the United States. There is an urgent need to educate clinicians, researchers, and patients about this public health threat. Fentanyl and non-pharmaceutical fentanyls (NPFs) have been responsible for numerous outbreaks of overdoses all over the United States since the 1970s. However, there has been a growing concern in recent years that NPFs are contributing to an alarming rise in the number of opioid-related overdoses. The authors conducted a narrative review of the published and grey literature on fentanyl and NPFs in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Google using the following search terms: "fentanyl", "non-pharmaceutical fentanyl", "fentanyl analogs", "fentanyl laced heroin" and "fentanyl overdose". References from relevant publications and grey literature were also reviewed to identify additional citations for inclusion. The article reviews the emergence and misuse of fentanyl and NPFs, their clinical pharmacology, and the clinical management and prevention of fentanyl-related overdoses. Fentanyl and NPFs may be contributing to the recent rise in overdose deaths in the United States. There is an urgent need to educate clinicians, researchers, and patients about this public health threat.
Author	El-Haddad, Saria Suzuki, Joji
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Joji surname: Suzuki fullname: Suzuki, Joji email: jsuzuki2@partners.org organization: Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 60 Fenwood Rd., Boston, MA 02115, United States – sequence: 2 givenname: Saria surname: El-Haddad fullname: El-Haddad, Saria organization: Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 60 Fenwood Rd., Boston, MA 02115, United States
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28068563$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Snippet	•Fentanyl and non-pharmaceutical fentanyls (NPF) are contributing to overdoses.•Overdoses may be more likely from fentanyl products due to their extreme... Highlights • Fentanyl and non-pharmaceutical fentanyls (NPF) are contributing to overdoses. • Overdoses may be more likely from fentanyl products due to their... Fentanyl and non-pharmaceutical fentanyls (NPFs) have been responsible for numerous outbreaks of overdoses all over the United States since the 1970s. However,... Background Fentanyl and non-pharmaceutical fentanyls (NPFs) have been responsible for numerous outbreaks of overdoses all over the United States since the...
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SubjectTerms	Analgesics, Opioid - administration & dosage Analgesics, Opioid - adverse effects Citations Documents Drug overdose Drug Overdose - diagnosis Drug Overdose - epidemiology Drug Overdose - prevention & control Fatalities Fentanyl Fentanyl - administration & dosage Fentanyl - adverse effects Grey literature Health care management Health education Health risks Heroin Heroin - administration & dosage Heroin - adverse effects Humans Non-pharmaceutical fentanyl Opioid use disorder Opioid-Related Disorders - diagnosis Opioid-Related Disorders - epidemiology Opioid-Related Disorders - prevention & control Opioids Outbreaks Overdose Overdoses Patients Pharmaceuticals Pharmacology Psychiatry Public health Scientific papers Search engines United States - epidemiology
Title	A review: Fentanyl and non-pharmaceutical fentanyls
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