Eating frequency is inversely associated with blood pressure and hypertension in Korean adults: analysis of the Third Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Background/objectives: A lower eating frequency (EF) has been suggested to be important in the development of cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity and hyperlipidemia. However, the association between EF and blood pressure (BP) remains unclear. Subjects/methods: The aim of this study was to ex...
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| Published in | European journal of clinical nutrition Vol. 68; no. 4; pp. 481 - 489 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
London
Nature Publishing Group UK
01.04.2014
Nature Publishing Group |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0954-3007 1476-5640 1476-5640 |
| DOI | 10.1038/ejcn.2014.9 |
Cover
| Abstract | Background/objectives:
A lower eating frequency (EF) has been suggested to be important in the development of cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity and hyperlipidemia. However, the association between EF and blood pressure (BP) remains unclear.
Subjects/methods:
The aim of this study was to explore the association of EF with BP and hypertension after adjusting for confounding variables, including body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). This cross-sectional study used data from the Third Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 4625 subjects aged ⩾19 years were included. To explore the association of EF with BP and hypertension, we performed multiple linear regression analyses and multiple logistic regression analyses for survey design, respectively.
Results:
EF was inversely associated with systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP). As EF increased from ⩽2 to 3, 4 and ⩾5 times per day, estimated adjusted means of both SBP and DBP decreased, showing a significant linear trend independent of obesity (SBP: 120.66, 120.23, 119.18 and 117.92 mm Hg, respectively;
P
<0.001; DBP: 78.36, 77.78, 77.25 and 76.50 mm Hg, respectively;
P
=0.004). The inverse association between EF and hypertension was gradually attenuated and significant after adjustment for confounding variables including BMI and WC (
P
=0.040).
Conclusions:
This study suggests that lower EF is significantly associated with higher BP, which may be partially mediated by the effect of central obesity. Further prospective studies are needed to verify this causal relationship. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | A lower eating frequency (EF) has been suggested to be important in the development of cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity and hyperlipidemia. However, the association between EF and blood pressure (BP) remains unclear.
The aim of this study was to explore the association of EF with BP and hypertension after adjusting for confounding variables, including body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). This cross-sectional study used data from the Third Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 4625 subjects aged ≥ 19 years were included. To explore the association of EF with BP and hypertension, we performed multiple linear regression analyses and multiple logistic regression analyses for survey design, respectively.
EF was inversely associated with systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP). As EF increased from ≤ 2 to 3, 4 and ≥ 5 times per day, estimated adjusted means of both SBP and DBP decreased, showing a significant linear trend independent of obesity (SBP: 120.66, 120.23, 119.18 and 117.92 mm Hg, respectively; P<0.001; DBP: 78.36, 77.78, 77.25 and 76.50 mm Hg, respectively; P=0.004). The inverse association between EF and hypertension was gradually attenuated and significant after adjustment for confounding variables including BMI and WC (P=0.040).
This study suggests that lower EF is significantly associated with higher BP, which may be partially mediated by the effect of central obesity. Further prospective studies are needed to verify this causal relationship. Background/ objectives: A lower eating frequency (EF) has been suggested to be important in the development of cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity and hyperlipidemia. However, the association between EF and blood pressure (BP) remains unclear.Subjects/ methods: The aim of this study was to explore the association of EF with BP and hypertension after adjusting for confounding variables, including body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). This cross-sectional study used data from the Third Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 4625 subjects aged greater than or equal to 19 years were included. To explore the association of EF with BP and hypertension, we performed multiple linear regression analyses and multiple logistic regression analyses for survey design, respectively. Results: EF was inversely associated with systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP). As EF increased from less than or equal to 2 to 3, 4 and greater than or equal to 5 times per day, estimated adjusted means of both SBP and DBP decreased, showing a significant linear trend independent of obesity (SBP: 120.66, 120.23, 119.18 and 117.92 mm Hg, respectively; P<0.001; DBP: 78.36, 77.78, 77.25 and 76.50 mm Hg, respectively; P=0.004). The inverse association between EF and hypertension was gradually attenuated and significant after adjustment for confounding variables including BMI and WC (P=0.040). Conclusions: This study suggests that lower EF is significantly associated with higher BP, which may be partially mediated by the effect of central obesity. Further prospective studies are needed to verify this causal relationship. BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: A lower eating frequency (EF) has been suggested to be important in the development of cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity and hyperlipidemia. However, the association between EF and blood pressure (BP) remains unclear. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The aim of this study was to explore the association of EF with BP and hypertension after adjusting for confounding variables, including body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). This cross-sectional study used data from the Third Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 4625 subjects aged [greater than or equal to]19 years were included. To explore the association of EF with BP and hypertension, we performed multiple linear regression analyses and multiple logistic regression analyses for survey design, respectively. RESULTS: EF was inversely associated with systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP). As EF increased from ≤2 to 3, 4 and ≥5 times per day, estimated adjusted means of both SBP and DBP decreased, showing a significant linear trend independent of obesity (SBP: 120.66, 120.23, 119.18 and 117.92 mm Hg, respectively; P<0.001; DBP: 78.36, 77.78, 77.25 and 76.50 mm Hg, respectively; P = 0.004). The inverse association between EF and hypertension was gradually attenuated and significant after adjustment for confounding variables including BMI and WC (P = 0.040). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that lower EF is significantly associated with higher BP, which may be partially mediated by the effect of central obesity. Further prospective studies are needed to verify this causal relationship. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2014.9; published online 12 February 2014 Keywords: eating frequency; blood pressure; hypertension; abdominal obesity Background/objectives:A lower eating frequency (EF) has been suggested to be important in the development of cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity and hyperlipidemia. However, the association between EF and blood pressure (BP) remains unclear.Subjects/methods:The aim of this study was to explore the association of EF with BP and hypertension after adjusting for confounding variables, including body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). This cross-sectional study used data from the Third Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 4625 subjects aged 19 years were included. To explore the association of EF with BP and hypertension, we performed multiple linear regression analyses and multiple logistic regression analyses for survey design, respectively.Results:EF was inversely associated with systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP). As EF increased from 2 to 3, 4 and 5 times per day, estimated adjusted means of both SBP and DBP decreased, showing a significant linear trend independent of obesity (SBP: 120.66, 120.23, 119.18 and 117.92mmHg, respectively; P<0.001; DBP: 78.36, 77.78, 77.25 and 76.50mmHg, respectively; P=0.004). The inverse association between EF and hypertension was gradually attenuated and significant after adjustment for confounding variables including BMI and WC (P=0.040).Conclusions:This study suggests that lower EF is significantly associated with higher BP, which may be partially mediated by the effect of central obesity. Further prospective studies are needed to verify this causal relationship. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] Background/objectives: A lower eating frequency (EF) has been suggested to be important in the development of cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity and hyperlipidemia. However, the association between EF and blood pressure (BP) remains unclear. Subjects/methods: The aim of this study was to explore the association of EF with BP and hypertension after adjusting for confounding variables, including body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). This cross-sectional study used data from the Third Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 4625 subjects aged ⩾19 years were included. To explore the association of EF with BP and hypertension, we performed multiple linear regression analyses and multiple logistic regression analyses for survey design, respectively. Results: EF was inversely associated with systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP). As EF increased from ⩽2 to 3, 4 and ⩾5 times per day, estimated adjusted means of both SBP and DBP decreased, showing a significant linear trend independent of obesity (SBP: 120.66, 120.23, 119.18 and 117.92 mm Hg, respectively; P <0.001; DBP: 78.36, 77.78, 77.25 and 76.50 mm Hg, respectively; P =0.004). The inverse association between EF and hypertension was gradually attenuated and significant after adjustment for confounding variables including BMI and WC ( P =0.040). Conclusions: This study suggests that lower EF is significantly associated with higher BP, which may be partially mediated by the effect of central obesity. Further prospective studies are needed to verify this causal relationship. Background/objectives:A lower eating frequency (EF) has been suggested to be important in the development of cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity and hyperlipidemia. However, the association between EF and blood pressure (BP) remains unclear.Subjects/methods:The aim of this study was to explore the association of EF with BP and hypertension after adjusting for confounding variables, including body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). This cross-sectional study used data from the Third Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 4625 subjects aged ⩾19 years were included. To explore the association of EF with BP and hypertension, we performed multiple linear regression analyses and multiple logistic regression analyses for survey design, respectively.Results:EF was inversely associated with systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP). As EF increased from ⩽2 to 3, 4 and ⩾5 times per day, estimated adjusted means of both SBP and DBP decreased, showing a significant linear trend independent of obesity (SBP: 120.66, 120.23, 119.18 and 117.92 mm Hg, respectively; P<0.001; DBP: 78.36, 77.78, 77.25 and 76.50 mm Hg, respectively; P=0.004). The inverse association between EF and hypertension was gradually attenuated and significant after adjustment for confounding variables including BMI and WC (P=0.040).Conclusions:This study suggests that lower EF is significantly associated with higher BP, which may be partially mediated by the effect of central obesity. Further prospective studies are needed to verify this causal relationship. A lower eating frequency (EF) has been suggested to be important in the development of cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity and hyperlipidemia. However, the association between EF and blood pressure (BP) remains unclear.BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESA lower eating frequency (EF) has been suggested to be important in the development of cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity and hyperlipidemia. However, the association between EF and blood pressure (BP) remains unclear.The aim of this study was to explore the association of EF with BP and hypertension after adjusting for confounding variables, including body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). This cross-sectional study used data from the Third Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 4625 subjects aged ≥ 19 years were included. To explore the association of EF with BP and hypertension, we performed multiple linear regression analyses and multiple logistic regression analyses for survey design, respectively.SUBJECTS/METHODSThe aim of this study was to explore the association of EF with BP and hypertension after adjusting for confounding variables, including body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). This cross-sectional study used data from the Third Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 4625 subjects aged ≥ 19 years were included. To explore the association of EF with BP and hypertension, we performed multiple linear regression analyses and multiple logistic regression analyses for survey design, respectively.EF was inversely associated with systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP). As EF increased from ≤ 2 to 3, 4 and ≥ 5 times per day, estimated adjusted means of both SBP and DBP decreased, showing a significant linear trend independent of obesity (SBP: 120.66, 120.23, 119.18 and 117.92 mm Hg, respectively; P<0.001; DBP: 78.36, 77.78, 77.25 and 76.50 mm Hg, respectively; P=0.004). The inverse association between EF and hypertension was gradually attenuated and significant after adjustment for confounding variables including BMI and WC (P=0.040).RESULTSEF was inversely associated with systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP). As EF increased from ≤ 2 to 3, 4 and ≥ 5 times per day, estimated adjusted means of both SBP and DBP decreased, showing a significant linear trend independent of obesity (SBP: 120.66, 120.23, 119.18 and 117.92 mm Hg, respectively; P<0.001; DBP: 78.36, 77.78, 77.25 and 76.50 mm Hg, respectively; P=0.004). The inverse association between EF and hypertension was gradually attenuated and significant after adjustment for confounding variables including BMI and WC (P=0.040).This study suggests that lower EF is significantly associated with higher BP, which may be partially mediated by the effect of central obesity. Further prospective studies are needed to verify this causal relationship.CONCLUSIONSThis study suggests that lower EF is significantly associated with higher BP, which may be partially mediated by the effect of central obesity. Further prospective studies are needed to verify this causal relationship. |
| Audience | Professional Academic |
| Author | Park, M-S Park, G-H Chun, S H Kim, S Yang, J H Yoon, H-J |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: S surname: Kim fullname: Kim, S organization: Department of Family Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital – sequence: 2 givenname: G-H surname: Park fullname: Park, G-H organization: Department of Dermatology, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine – sequence: 3 givenname: J H surname: Yang fullname: Yang, J H organization: Department of Family Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital – sequence: 4 givenname: S H surname: Chun fullname: Chun, S H organization: Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine – sequence: 5 givenname: H-J surname: Yoon fullname: Yoon, H-J organization: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine – sequence: 6 givenname: M-S surname: Park fullname: Park, M-S email: hyungjinyoou@gmail.com, msp20476@hanmail.net organization: Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine |
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| Keywords | eating frequency blood pressure abdominal obesity hypertension Human Hypertension Nutrition survey Health Cardiovascular disease Metabolic diseases Visceral obesity Association Adult Frequency Arterial pressure Blood pressure Hemodynamics |
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| Snippet | Background/objectives:
A lower eating frequency (EF) has been suggested to be important in the development of cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity and... A lower eating frequency (EF) has been suggested to be important in the development of cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity and hyperlipidemia. However,... BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: A lower eating frequency (EF) has been suggested to be important in the development of cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity and... Background/objectives:A lower eating frequency (EF) has been suggested to be important in the development of cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity and... Background/ objectives: A lower eating frequency (EF) has been suggested to be important in the development of cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity and... |
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| SubjectTerms | 692/699/1702/393 692/699/75/243 692/700/2814 Adult Arterial hypertension. Arterial hypotension Asian Continental Ancestry Group Biological and medical sciences Blood and lymphatic vessels Blood pressure Blood Pressure - physiology Body Mass Index Body size Cardiology. Vascular system Cardiovascular diseases Clinical Nutrition Cross-Sectional Studies Eating Eating (Physiology) Energy Intake Epidemiology Feeding Behavior Feeding. Feeding behavior Female Food Quality Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Health aspects Health risks Humans Hyperlipidemia Hypertension Hypertension - epidemiology Internal Medicine Life Style Linear Models Logistic Models Male Meals Medical sciences Medicine Medicine & Public Health Metabolic Diseases Middle Aged Motor Activity Nutrition Nutrition Assessment Nutrition research Nutrition Surveys Obesity Obesity, Abdominal - complications original-article Polls & surveys Public Health Regression analysis Republic of Korea Risk analysis Risk Factors Surveys and Questionnaires Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems Waist Circumference |
| Title | Eating frequency is inversely associated with blood pressure and hypertension in Korean adults: analysis of the Third Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey |
| URI | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/ejcn.2014.9 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24518746 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1511834586 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2642832404 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1512558741 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1524417015 |
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