Canopy Openness Enhances Diversity of Ant–Plant Interactions in the Brazilian Amazon Rain Forest
In closed‐canopy tropical forest understory, light availability is a significant determinant of habitat diversity because canopy structure is highly variable in most tropical forests. Consequently, variation in canopy cover affects the composition and distribution of plant species via creating varia...
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| Published in | Biotropica Vol. 46; no. 6; pp. 712 - 719 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Hoboken
Association for Tropical Biology
01.11.2014
Blackwell Publishing Ltd Wiley Periodicals Inc Wiley Subscription Services, Inc |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | In closed‐canopy tropical forest understory, light availability is a significant determinant of habitat diversity because canopy structure is highly variable in most tropical forests. Consequently, variation in canopy cover affects the composition and distribution of plant species via creating variable light environments. Nevertheless, little is known about how variation in canopy openness structures patterns of plant–animal interactions. Because of the great diversity and dominance of ants in tropical environments, we used ant–plant interactions as a focal network to evaluate how variation in canopy cover influences patterns of plant–insect interactions in the Brazilian Amazon rain forest. We observed that small increases in canopy openness are associated with increased diversity of ant–plant interactions in our study area, and this change is independent of plant or ant species richness. Additionally, we found smaller niche overlap for both ants and plants associated with greater canopy openness. We hypothesize that enhanced light availability increases the breadth of ant foraging sources because variation in light availability gives rise to plant resources of different quality and amounts. Moreover, greater light availability promotes vegetative growth in plants, creating ant foraging ‘bridges’ between plants. In sum, our results highlight the importance of environmental heterogeneity as a determinant of ant–plant interaction diversity in tropical environments. |
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| AbstractList | In closed-canopy tropical forest understory, light availability is a significant determinant of habitat diversity because canopy structure is highly variable in most tropical forests. Consequently, variation in canopy cover affects the composition and distribution of plant species via creating variable light environments. Nevertheless, little is known about how variation in canopy openness structures patterns of plant-animal interactions. Because of the great diversity and dominance of ants in tropical environments, we used ant-plant interactions as a focal network to evaluate how variation in canopy cover influences patterns of plant-insect interactions in the Brazilian Amazon rain forest. We observed that small increases in canopy openness are associated with increased diversity of ant-plant interactions in our study area, and this change is independent of plant or ant species richness. Additionally, we found smaller niche overlap for both ants and plants associated with greater canopy openness. We hypothesize that enhanced light availability increases the breadth of ant foraging sources because variation in light availability gives rise to plant resources of different quality and amounts. Moreover, greater light availability promotes vegetative growth in plants, creating ant foraging 'bridges' between plants. In sum, our results highlight the importance of environmental heterogeneity as a determinant of ant-plant interaction diversity in tropical environments. In closed‐canopy tropical forest understory, light availability is a significant determinant of habitat diversity because canopy structure is highly variable in most tropical forests. Consequently, variation in canopy cover affects the composition and distribution of plant species via creating variable light environments. Nevertheless, little is known about how variation in canopy openness structures patterns of plant–animal interactions. Because of the great diversity and dominance of ants in tropical environments, we used ant–plant interactions as a focal network to evaluate how variation in canopy cover influences patterns of plant–insect interactions in the Brazilian Amazon rain forest. We observed that small increases in canopy openness are associated with increased diversity of ant–plant interactions in our study area, and this change is independent of plant or ant species richness. Additionally, we found smaller niche overlap for both ants and plants associated with greater canopy openness. We hypothesize that enhanced light availability increases the breadth of ant foraging sources because variation in light availability gives rise to plant resources of different quality and amounts. Moreover, greater light availability promotes vegetative growth in plants, creating ant foraging ‘bridges’ between plants. In sum, our results highlight the importance of environmental heterogeneity as a determinant of ant–plant interaction diversity in tropical environments. Resumo No interior do sub–bosque de densas florestas tropicais, a disponibilidade de luz é um fator que determina a diversidade de habitats, principalmente porque a estrutura do dossel é altamente variável na maioria das florestas tropicais. Consequentemente, a variação na cobertura do dossel afeta a composição e distribuição das espécies de plantas, criando ambientes com diferentes níveis de luz. No entanto, pouco é o conhecimento de como a variação na abertura do dossel estrutura os padrões de interações planta–animal. Devido a grande diversidade e dominância de formigas nos ambientes tropicais, nós usamos como modelo de estudo as interações formiga–planta em uma floresta tropical na Amazônia brasileira. Nós observamos que pequenas mudanças na abertura do dossel está associada com o aumento da diversidade das interações formiga–planta na nossa área de estudo, e essa mudança é independente da riqueza de formigas ou de plantas. Adicionalmente, nós encontramos baixa sobreposição de nicho tanto para formigas quanto de plantas em ambientes com maior abertura do dossel. Nós hipotetizamos que a disponibilidade de luz aumenta a possibilidade de forrageamento das formigas, uma vez que, a variação na disponibilidade de luz fornece diferentes quantidades e qualidades de recurso disponível nas plantas. Além disso, a maior disponibilidade de luz promove o crescimento vegetativo das plantas, criando “pontes” entre as plantas para o forrageamento das formigas. Em resumo, nossos resultados destacam a importância da heterogeneidade ambiental como um fator que determina a diversidade das interações formiga–planta em ambientes tropicais. In closed‐canopy tropical forest understory, light availability is a significant determinant of habitat diversity because canopy structure is highly variable in most tropical forests. Consequently, variation in canopy cover affects the composition and distribution of plant species via creating variable light environments. Nevertheless, little is known about how variation in canopy openness structures patterns of plant–animal interactions. Because of the great diversity and dominance of ants in tropical environments, we used ant–plant interactions as a focal network to evaluate how variation in canopy cover influences patterns of plant–insect interactions in the Brazilian Amazon rain forest. We observed that small increases in canopy openness are associated with increased diversity of ant–plant interactions in our study area, and this change is independent of plant or ant species richness. Additionally, we found smaller niche overlap for both ants and plants associated with greater canopy openness. We hypothesize that enhanced light availability increases the breadth of ant foraging sources because variation in light availability gives rise to plant resources of different quality and amounts. Moreover, greater light availability promotes vegetative growth in plants, creating ant foraging ‘bridges’ between plants. In sum, our results highlight the importance of environmental heterogeneity as a determinant of ant–plant interaction diversity in tropical environments. No interior do sub–bosque de densas florestas tropicais, a disponibilidade de luz é um fator que determina a diversidade de habitats, principalmente porque a estrutura do dossel é altamente variável na maioria das florestas tropicais. Consequentemente, a variação na cobertura do dossel afeta a composição e distribuição das espécies de plantas, criando ambientes com diferentes níveis de luz. No entanto, pouco é o conhecimento de como a variação na abertura do dossel estrutura os padrões de interações planta–animal. Devido a grande diversidade e dominância de formigas nos ambientes tropicais, nós usamos como modelo de estudo as interações formiga–planta em uma floresta tropical na Amazônia brasileira. Nós observamos que pequenas mudanças na abertura do dossel está associada com o aumento da diversidade das interações formiga–planta na nossa área de estudo, e essa mudança é independente da riqueza de formigas ou de plantas. Adicionalmente, nós encontramos baixa sobreposição de nicho tanto para formigas quanto de plantas em ambientes com maior abertura do dossel. Nós hipotetizamos que a disponibilidade de luz aumenta a possibilidade de forrageamento das formigas, uma vez que, a variação na disponibilidade de luz fornece diferentes quantidades e qualidades de recurso disponível nas plantas. Além disso, a maior disponibilidade de luz promove o crescimento vegetativo das plantas, criando “pontes” entre as plantas para o forrageamento das formigas. Em resumo, nossos resultados destacam a importância da heterogeneidade ambiental como um fator que determina a diversidade das interações formiga–planta em ambientes tropicais. In closed-canopy tropical forest understory, light availability is a significant determinant of habitat diversity because canopy structure is highly variable in most tropical forests. Consequently, variation in canopy cover affects the composition and distribution of plant species via creating variable light environments. Nevertheless, little is known about how variation in canopy openness structures patterns of plant-animal interactions. Because of the great diversity and dominance of ants in tropical environments, we used ant-plant interactions as a focal network to evaluate how variation in canopy cover influences patterns of plant-insect interactions in the Brazilian Amazon rain forest. We observed that small increases in canopy openness are associated with increased diversity of ant-plant interactions in our study area, and this change is independent of plant or ant species richness. Additionally, we found smaller niche overlap for both ants and plants associated with greater canopy openness. We hypothesize that enhanced light availability increases the breadth of ant foraging sources because variation in light availability gives rise to plant resources of different quality and amounts. Moreover, greater light availability promotes vegetative growth in plants, creating ant foraging 'bridges' between plants. In sum, our results highlight the importance of environmental heterogeneity as a determinant of ant-plant interaction diversity in tropical environments. Resumo No interior do sub-bosque de densas florestas tropicais, a disponibilidade de luz é um fator que determina a diversidade de habitats, principalmente porque a estrutura do dossel é altamente variável na maioria das florestas tropicais. Consequentemente, a variação na cobertura do dossel afeta a composição e distribuição das espécies de plantas, criando ambientes com diferentes níveis de luz. No entanto, pouco é o conhecimento de como a variação na abertura do dossel estrutura os padrões de interações planta-animal. Devido a grande diversidade e dominância de formigas nos ambientes tropicais, nós usamos como modelo de estudo as interações formiga-planta em uma floresta tropical na Amazônia brasileira. Nós observamos que pequenas mudanças na abertura do dossel está associada com o aumento da diversidade das interações formiga-planta na nossa área de estudo, e essa mudança é independente da riqueza de formigas ou de plantas. Adicionalmente, nós encontramos baixa sobreposição de nicho tanto para formigas quanto de plantas em ambientes com maior abertura do dossel. Nós hipotetizamos que a disponibilidade de luz aumenta a possibilidade de forrageamento das formigas, uma vez que, a variação na disponibilidade de luz fornece diferentes quantidades e qualidades de recurso disponível nas plantas. Além disso, a maior disponibilidade de luz promove o crescimento vegetativo das plantas, criando "pontes" entre as plantas para o forrageamento das formigas. Em resumo, nossos resultados destacam a importância da heterogeneidade ambiental como um fator que determina a diversidade das interações formiga-planta em ambientes tropicais. |
| Author | Dáttilo, Wesley Dyer, Lee |
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| Copyright | Copyright © 2014 Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation Inc. 2014 The Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation |
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| Notes | http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/btp.12157 Figure S1. Map showing the spatial arrangement of the 12 sampling plots.Table S1. All ant-plant interactions recorded in the 12 sampling plots. NSF - No. DEB 1020509; No. DEB 1145609 ArticleID:BTP12157 istex:2449C8CF97730B01B442A53DEC9A6134512EF999 Office National des Forêts Brazil Brazilian Research Program in Biodiversity (PPBio Project) - No. CNPq n◦ 558225/2009-8; No. n◦ 237339/2012-9 ark:/67375/WNG-SR2N46QW-2 ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 |
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| SubjectTerms | abiotic factors Amazonia biodiversidade biodiversity canopy diversidade de interações ecological interactions fatores abióticos foraging Formicidae habitats interaction diversity interações ecológicas interações planta-animal light intensity paisagens tropicais plant-animal interactions species diversity Tropical Biology tropical forests tropical landscapes understory vegetative growth |
| Title | Canopy Openness Enhances Diversity of Ant–Plant Interactions in the Brazilian Amazon Rain Forest |
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