Acute elevations in serum hormones are attenuated after chronic training with traditional isoinertial but not accentuated eccentric loads in strength‐trained men
It has been proposed that the maintenance of acute hormonal responses reveal an efficacy of a training stimulus to evoke ongoing increases in strength and muscle mass. We previously observed that maximum strength continued to improve throughout a 10‐week period in an accentuated eccentric loading gr...
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| Published in | Physiological reports Vol. 5; no. 7; pp. e13241 - n/a |
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| Main Authors | , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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John Wiley & Sons, Inc
01.04.2017
John Wiley and Sons Inc |
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| Abstract | It has been proposed that the maintenance of acute hormonal responses reveal an efficacy of a training stimulus to evoke ongoing increases in strength and muscle mass. We previously observed that maximum strength continued to improve throughout a 10‐week period in an accentuated eccentric loading group (AEL) but not a traditional isoinertial loading (ISO) group. Therefore, this study investigated whether the magnitude of acute hormonal responses was greater (i.e., maintained) in AEL compared to ISO at the end of the training period. Subjects in AEL (eccentric load = concentric load + 40%) and ISO performed experimental loading tests (three sets of 10 repetitions in the leg press and knee extension exercises) during weeks 2 and 9 of the training period. Blood samples collected during these experimental loadings were analyzed for serum testosterone, growth hormone and cortisol concentrations. Maximum isometric knee extension torque (MVC) and lower‐limb lean mass were assessed before and after 5 and 10 weeks of training. Acute testosterone, growth hormone and cortisol responses to traditional isoinertial loading were reduced at the end of the training period but were not reduced after accentuated eccentric load training (P < 0.05‒0.1 between‐groups). Increases in MVC and lower‐limb lean mass over weeks 6‒10 were greater in AEL compared to ISO (MVC: 7.3 ± 5.4 vs. −0.4 ± 7.2%, P = 0.026 for between‐group difference; lower‐limb lean mass: 1.6 ± 2.2 vs. −0.2 ± 1.4%, P = 0.063 for between‐group difference). The maintenance of acute hormonal responses and continued strength gain in AEL but not ISO are consistent with the hypothesis that maintained acute responses indicate an efficacy of a training stimulus to evoke ongoing adaptation. However, since relationships between hormonal responses and training‐induced adaptations were not statistically significant, the data suggest that tracking of acute hormonal responses on an individual level may not provide a sensitive enough guide for decisions regarding program design and periodization.
Accentuated eccentric load provides a greater stimulus for adaptation in already strength‐trained men over a prolonged period of time. This prolonged efficacy to induce adaptation is reflected by the maintained acute endocrine response at the end of the training period. Traditional strength training methods demonstrate a blunted acute hormone response after training and may require more frequent programming changes. |
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| AbstractList | It has been proposed that the maintenance of acute hormonal responses reveal an efficacy of a training stimulus to evoke ongoing increases in strength and muscle mass. We previously observed that maximum strength continued to improve throughout a 10‐week period in an accentuated eccentric loading group (AEL) but not a traditional isoinertial loading (ISO) group. Therefore, this study investigated whether the magnitude of acute hormonal responses was greater (i.e., maintained) in AEL compared to ISO at the end of the training period. Subjects in AEL (eccentric load = concentric load + 40%) and ISO performed experimental loading tests (three sets of 10 repetitions in the leg press and knee extension exercises) during weeks 2 and 9 of the training period. Blood samples collected during these experimental loadings were analyzed for serum testosterone, growth hormone and cortisol concentrations. Maximum isometric knee extension torque (MVC) and lower‐limb lean mass were assessed before and after 5 and 10 weeks of training. Acute testosterone, growth hormone and cortisol responses to traditional isoinertial loading were reduced at the end of the training period but were not reduced after accentuated eccentric load training (P < 0.05‒0.1 between‐groups). Increases in MVC and lower‐limb lean mass over weeks 6‒10 were greater in AEL compared to ISO (MVC: 7.3 ± 5.4 vs. −0.4 ± 7.2%, P = 0.026 for between‐group difference; lower‐limb lean mass: 1.6 ± 2.2 vs. −0.2 ± 1.4%, P = 0.063 for between‐group difference). The maintenance of acute hormonal responses and continued strength gain in AEL but not ISO are consistent with the hypothesis that maintained acute responses indicate an efficacy of a training stimulus to evoke ongoing adaptation. However, since relationships between hormonal responses and training‐induced adaptations were not statistically significant, the data suggest that tracking of acute hormonal responses on an individual level may not provide a sensitive enough guide for decisions regarding program design and periodization. It has been proposed that the maintenance of acute hormonal responses reveal an efficacy of a training stimulus to evoke ongoing increases in strength and muscle mass. We previously observed that maximum strength continued to improve throughout a 10‐week period in an accentuated eccentric loading group ( AEL ) but not a traditional isoinertial loading ( ISO ) group. Therefore, this study investigated whether the magnitude of acute hormonal responses was greater (i.e., maintained) in AEL compared to ISO at the end of the training period. Subjects in AEL (eccentric load = concentric load + 40%) and ISO performed experimental loading tests (three sets of 10 repetitions in the leg press and knee extension exercises) during weeks 2 and 9 of the training period. Blood samples collected during these experimental loadings were analyzed for serum testosterone, growth hormone and cortisol concentrations. Maximum isometric knee extension torque ( MVC ) and lower‐limb lean mass were assessed before and after 5 and 10 weeks of training. Acute testosterone, growth hormone and cortisol responses to traditional isoinertial loading were reduced at the end of the training period but were not reduced after accentuated eccentric load training ( P < 0.05‒0.1 between‐groups). Increases in MVC and lower‐limb lean mass over weeks 6‒10 were greater in AEL compared to ISO ( MVC : 7.3 ± 5.4 vs. −0.4 ± 7.2%, P = 0.026 for between‐group difference; lower‐limb lean mass: 1.6 ± 2.2 vs. −0.2 ± 1.4%, P = 0.063 for between‐group difference). The maintenance of acute hormonal responses and continued strength gain in AEL but not ISO are consistent with the hypothesis that maintained acute responses indicate an efficacy of a training stimulus to evoke ongoing adaptation. However, since relationships between hormonal responses and training‐induced adaptations were not statistically significant, the data suggest that tracking of acute hormonal responses on an individual level may not provide a sensitive enough guide for decisions regarding program design and periodization. It has been proposed that the maintenance of acute hormonal responses reveal an efficacy of a training stimulus to evoke ongoing increases in strength and muscle mass. We previously observed that maximum strength continued to improve throughout a 10‐week period in an accentuated eccentric loading group (AEL) but not a traditional isoinertial loading (ISO) group. Therefore, this study investigated whether the magnitude of acute hormonal responses was greater (i.e., maintained) in AEL compared to ISO at the end of the training period. Subjects in AEL (eccentric load = concentric load + 40%) and ISO performed experimental loading tests (three sets of 10 repetitions in the leg press and knee extension exercises) during weeks 2 and 9 of the training period. Blood samples collected during these experimental loadings were analyzed for serum testosterone, growth hormone and cortisol concentrations. Maximum isometric knee extension torque (MVC) and lower‐limb lean mass were assessed before and after 5 and 10 weeks of training. Acute testosterone, growth hormone and cortisol responses to traditional isoinertial loading were reduced at the end of the training period but were not reduced after accentuated eccentric load training (P < 0.05‒0.1 between‐groups). Increases in MVC and lower‐limb lean mass over weeks 6‒10 were greater in AEL compared to ISO (MVC: 7.3 ± 5.4 vs. −0.4 ± 7.2%, P = 0.026 for between‐group difference; lower‐limb lean mass: 1.6 ± 2.2 vs. −0.2 ± 1.4%, P = 0.063 for between‐group difference). The maintenance of acute hormonal responses and continued strength gain in AEL but not ISO are consistent with the hypothesis that maintained acute responses indicate an efficacy of a training stimulus to evoke ongoing adaptation. However, since relationships between hormonal responses and training‐induced adaptations were not statistically significant, the data suggest that tracking of acute hormonal responses on an individual level may not provide a sensitive enough guide for decisions regarding program design and periodization. Accentuated eccentric load provides a greater stimulus for adaptation in already strength‐trained men over a prolonged period of time. This prolonged efficacy to induce adaptation is reflected by the maintained acute endocrine response at the end of the training period. Traditional strength training methods demonstrate a blunted acute hormone response after training and may require more frequent programming changes. It has been proposed that the maintenance of acute hormonal responses reveal an efficacy of a training stimulus to evoke ongoing increases in strength and muscle mass. We previously observed that maximum strength continued to improve throughout a 10-week period in an accentuated eccentric loading group (AEL) but not a traditional isoinertial loading (ISO) group. Therefore, this study investigated whether the magnitude of acute hormonal responses was greater (i.e., maintained) in AEL compared to ISO at the end of the training period. Subjects in AEL (eccentric load = concentric load + 40%) and ISO performed experimental loading tests (three sets of 10 repetitions in the leg press and knee extension exercises) during weeks 2 and 9 of the training period. Blood samples collected during these experimental loadings were analyzed for serum testosterone, growth hormone and cortisol concentrations. Maximum isometric knee extension torque (MVC) and lower-limb lean mass were assessed before and after 5 and 10 weeks of training. Acute testosterone, growth hormone and cortisol responses to traditional isoinertial loading were reduced at the end of the training period but were not reduced after accentuated eccentric load training (P < 0.05‒0.1 between-groups). Increases in MVC and lower-limb lean mass over weeks 6‒10 were greater in AEL compared to ISO (MVC: 7.3 ± 5.4 vs. -0.4 ± 7.2%, P = 0.026 for between-group difference; lower-limb lean mass: 1.6 ± 2.2 vs. -0.2 ± 1.4%, P = 0.063 for between-group difference). The maintenance of acute hormonal responses and continued strength gain in AEL but not ISO are consistent with the hypothesis that maintained acute responses indicate an efficacy of a training stimulus to evoke ongoing adaptation. However, since relationships between hormonal responses and training-induced adaptations were not statistically significant, the data suggest that tracking of acute hormonal responses on an individual level may not provide a sensitive enough guide for decisions regarding program design and periodization.It has been proposed that the maintenance of acute hormonal responses reveal an efficacy of a training stimulus to evoke ongoing increases in strength and muscle mass. We previously observed that maximum strength continued to improve throughout a 10-week period in an accentuated eccentric loading group (AEL) but not a traditional isoinertial loading (ISO) group. Therefore, this study investigated whether the magnitude of acute hormonal responses was greater (i.e., maintained) in AEL compared to ISO at the end of the training period. Subjects in AEL (eccentric load = concentric load + 40%) and ISO performed experimental loading tests (three sets of 10 repetitions in the leg press and knee extension exercises) during weeks 2 and 9 of the training period. Blood samples collected during these experimental loadings were analyzed for serum testosterone, growth hormone and cortisol concentrations. Maximum isometric knee extension torque (MVC) and lower-limb lean mass were assessed before and after 5 and 10 weeks of training. Acute testosterone, growth hormone and cortisol responses to traditional isoinertial loading were reduced at the end of the training period but were not reduced after accentuated eccentric load training (P < 0.05‒0.1 between-groups). Increases in MVC and lower-limb lean mass over weeks 6‒10 were greater in AEL compared to ISO (MVC: 7.3 ± 5.4 vs. -0.4 ± 7.2%, P = 0.026 for between-group difference; lower-limb lean mass: 1.6 ± 2.2 vs. -0.2 ± 1.4%, P = 0.063 for between-group difference). The maintenance of acute hormonal responses and continued strength gain in AEL but not ISO are consistent with the hypothesis that maintained acute responses indicate an efficacy of a training stimulus to evoke ongoing adaptation. However, since relationships between hormonal responses and training-induced adaptations were not statistically significant, the data suggest that tracking of acute hormonal responses on an individual level may not provide a sensitive enough guide for decisions regarding program design and periodization. It has been proposed that the maintenance of acute hormonal responses reveal an efficacy of a training stimulus to evoke ongoing increases in strength and muscle mass. We previously observed that maximum strength continued to improve throughout a 10-week period in an accentuated eccentric loading group (AEL) but not a traditional isoinertial loading (ISO) group. Therefore, this study investigated whether the magnitude of acute hormonal responses was greater (i.e., maintained) in AEL compared to ISO at the end of the training period. Subjects in AEL (eccentric load = concentric load + 40%) and ISO performed experimental loading tests (three sets of 10 repetitions in the leg press and knee extension exercises) during weeks 2 and 9 of the training period. Blood samples collected during these experimental loadings were analyzed for serum testosterone, growth hormone and cortisol concentrations. Maximum isometric knee extension torque (MVC) and lower-limb lean mass were assessed before and after 5 and 10 weeks of training. Acute testosterone, growth hormone and cortisol responses to traditional isoinertial loading were reduced at the end of the training period but were not reduced after accentuated eccentric load training ( < 0.05‒0.1 between-groups). Increases in MVC and lower-limb lean mass over weeks 6‒10 were greater in AEL compared to ISO (MVC: 7.3 ± 5.4 vs. -0.4 ± 7.2%, = 0.026 for between-group difference; lower-limb lean mass: 1.6 ± 2.2 vs. -0.2 ± 1.4%, = 0.063 for between-group difference). The maintenance of acute hormonal responses and continued strength gain in AEL but not ISO are consistent with the hypothesis that maintained acute responses indicate an efficacy of a training stimulus to evoke ongoing adaptation. However, since relationships between hormonal responses and training-induced adaptations were not statistically significant, the data suggest that tracking of acute hormonal responses on an individual level may not provide a sensitive enough guide for decisions regarding program design and periodization. It has been proposed that the maintenance of acute hormonal responses reveal an efficacy of a training stimulus to evoke ongoing increases in strength and muscle mass. We previously observed that maximum strength continued to improve throughout a 10-week period in an accentuated eccentric loading group (AEL) but not a traditional isoinertial loading (ISO) group. Therefore, this study investigated whether the magnitude of acute hormonal responses was greater (i.e., maintained) in AEL compared to ISO at the end of the training period. Subjects in AEL (eccentric load = concentric load + 40%) and ISO performed experimental loading tests (three sets of 10 repetitions in the leg press and knee extension exercises) during weeks 2 and 9 of the training period. Blood samples collected during these experimental loadings were analyzed for serum testosterone, growth hormone and cortisol concentrations. Maximum isometric knee extension torque (MVC) and lower-limb lean mass were assessed before and after 5 and 10 weeks of training. Acute testosterone, growth hormone and cortisol responses to traditional isoinertial loading were reduced at the end of the training period but were not reduced after accentuated eccentric load training (P < 0.050.1 between-groups). Increases in MVC and lower-limb lean mass over weeks 610 were greater in AEL compared to ISO (MVC: 7.3 plus or minus 5.4 vs. -0.4 plus or minus 7.2%, P = 0.026 for between-group difference; lower-limb lean mass: 1.6 plus or minus 2.2 vs. -0.2 plus or minus 1.4%, P = 0.063 for between-group difference). The maintenance of acute hormonal responses and continued strength gain in AEL but not ISO are consistent with the hypothesis that maintained acute responses indicate an efficacy of a training stimulus to evoke ongoing adaptation. However, since relationships between hormonal responses and training-induced adaptations were not statistically significant, the data suggest that tracking of acute hormonal responses on an individual level may not provide a sensitive enough guide for decisions regarding program design and periodization. Accentuated eccentric load provides a greater stimulus for adaptation in already strength-trained men over a prolonged period of time. This prolonged efficacy to induce adaptation is reflected by the maintained acute endocrine response at the end of the training period. Traditional strength training methods demonstrate a blunted acute hormone response after training and may require more frequent programming changes. |
| Author | Haff, Guy Gregory Newton, Robert U. Blazevich, Anthony J. Häkkinen, Keijo Walker, Simon |
| AuthorAffiliation | 1 Faculty of Sport and Health Science and Neuromuscular Research Center University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland 2 Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR) Edith Cowan University Joondalup Australia 3 Institute of Human Performance The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 2 Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR) Edith Cowan University Joondalup Australia – name: 1 Faculty of Sport and Health Science and Neuromuscular Research Center University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland – name: 3 Institute of Human Performance The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Simon orcidid: 0000-0002-6804-0741 surname: Walker fullname: Walker, Simon email: simon.walker@jyu.fi organization: Edith Cowan University – sequence: 2 givenname: Keijo surname: Häkkinen fullname: Häkkinen, Keijo organization: University of Jyväskylä – sequence: 3 givenname: Guy Gregory surname: Haff fullname: Haff, Guy Gregory organization: Edith Cowan University – sequence: 4 givenname: Anthony J. surname: Blazevich fullname: Blazevich, Anthony J. organization: Edith Cowan University – sequence: 5 givenname: Robert U. surname: Newton fullname: Newton, Robert U. organization: The University of Hong Kong |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28400506$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Copyright | 2017 The Authors. published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The Physiological Society and the American Physiological Society. 2017 The Authors. Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The Physiological Society and the American Physiological Society. 2017. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. |
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| Keywords | progression overload resistance Hypertrophy |
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| License | Attribution http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 2017 The Authors. Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The Physiological Society and the American Physiological Society. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
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| Snippet | It has been proposed that the maintenance of acute hormonal responses reveal an efficacy of a training stimulus to evoke ongoing increases in strength and... |
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| StartPage | e13241 |
| SubjectTerms | Adaptation Adaptation, Physiological - physiology Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology Cortisol Endurance and Performance Exercise - physiology Glucose Growth hormones Human Growth Hormone - blood Humans Hydrocortisone - blood Hypertrophy Isometric Contraction - physiology Knee Leg Load Male Muscle contraction Muscle Strength - physiology Muscle, Skeletal - physiology Original Research overload Physiology progression resistance Resistance Training Statistical analysis Testosterone Testosterone - blood Young Adult |
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| Title | Acute elevations in serum hormones are attenuated after chronic training with traditional isoinertial but not accentuated eccentric loads in strength‐trained men |
| URI | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.14814%2Fphy2.13241 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28400506 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1915256603 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1887052902 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1891879299 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC5392527 |
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