Vector saliva controlled inflammatory response of the host may represent the Achilles heel during pathogen transmission

Infection with vector-borne pathogens starts with the inoculation of these pathogens during blood feeding. In endemic regions, the population is regularly bitten by naive vectors, implicating a permanent stimulation of the immune system by the vector saliva itself (pre-immune context). Comparatively...

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Published inThe journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases Vol. 27; p. e20200155
Main Authors Demarta-Gatsi, Claudia, Mécheri, Salah
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Portuguese
Published Centro de Estudos de Venenos e Animais Peçonhentos 17.05.2021
Centro de Estudos de Venenos e Animais Peçonhentos (CEVAP/UNESP)
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Abstract Infection with vector-borne pathogens starts with the inoculation of these pathogens during blood feeding. In endemic regions, the population is regularly bitten by naive vectors, implicating a permanent stimulation of the immune system by the vector saliva itself (pre-immune context). Comparatively, the number of bites received by exposed individuals from non-infected vectors is much higher than the bites from infected ones. Therefore, vector saliva and the immunological response in the skin may play an important role, so far underestimated, in the establishment of anti-pathogen immunity in endemic areas. Hence, the parasite biology and the disease pathogenesis in “saliva-primed” and “saliva-unprimed” individuals must be different. This integrated view on how the pathogen evolves within the host together with vector salivary components, which are known to be endowed with a variety of pharmacological and immunological properties, must remain the focus of any investigational study dealing with vector-borne diseases. Considering this three-way partnership, the host skin (immune system), the pathogen, and the vector saliva, the approach that consists in the validation of vector saliva as a source of molecular entities with anti-disease vaccine potential has been recently a subject of active and fruitful investigation. As an example, the vaccination with maxadilan, a potent vasodilator peptide extracted from the saliva of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis , was able to protect against infection with various leishmanial parasites. More interestingly, a universal mosquito saliva vaccine that may potentially protect against a range of mosquito-borne infections including malaria, dengue, Zika, chikungunya and yellow fever. In this review, we highlight the key role played by the immunobiology of vector saliva in shaping the outcome of vector-borne diseases and discuss the value of studying diseases in the light of intimate cross talk among the pathogen, the vector saliva, and the host immune mechanisms.
AbstractList Infection with vector-borne pathogens starts with the inoculation of these pathogens during blood feeding. In endemic regions, the population is regularly bitten by naive vectors, implicating a permanent stimulation of the immune system by the vector saliva itself (pre-immune context). Comparatively, the number of bites received by exposed individuals from non-infected vectors is much higher than the bites from infected ones. Therefore, vector saliva and the immunological response in the skin may play an important role, so far underestimated, in the establishment of anti-pathogen immunity in endemic areas. Hence, the parasite biology and the disease pathogenesis in “saliva-primed” and “saliva-unprimed” individuals must be different. This integrated view on how the pathogen evolves within the host together with vector salivary components, which are known to be endowed with a variety of pharmacological and immunological properties, must remain the focus of any investigational study dealing with vector-borne diseases. Considering this three-way partnership, the host skin (immune system), the pathogen, and the vector saliva, the approach that consists in the validation of vector saliva as a source of molecular entities with anti-disease vaccine potential has been recently a subject of active and fruitful investigation. As an example, the vaccination with maxadilan, a potent vasodilator peptide extracted from the saliva of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis , was able to protect against infection with various leishmanial parasites. More interestingly, a universal mosquito saliva vaccine that may potentially protect against a range of mosquito-borne infections including malaria, dengue, Zika, chikungunya and yellow fever. In this review, we highlight the key role played by the immunobiology of vector saliva in shaping the outcome of vector-borne diseases and discuss the value of studying diseases in the light of intimate cross talk among the pathogen, the vector saliva, and the host immune mechanisms.
Abstract Infection with vector-borne pathogens starts with the inoculation of these pathogens during blood feeding. In endemic regions, the population is regularly bitten by naive vectors, implicating a permanent stimulation of the immune system by the vector saliva itself (pre-immune context). Comparatively, the number of bites received by exposed individuals from non-infected vectors is much higher than the bites from infected ones. Therefore, vector saliva and the immunological response in the skin may play an important role, so far underestimated, in the establishment of anti-pathogen immunity in endemic areas. Hence, the parasite biology and the disease pathogenesis in “saliva-primed” and “saliva-unprimed” individuals must be different. This integrated view on how the pathogen evolves within the host together with vector salivary components, which are known to be endowed with a variety of pharmacological and immunological properties, must remain the focus of any investigational study dealing with vector-borne diseases. Considering this three-way partnership, the host skin (immune system), the pathogen, and the vector saliva, the approach that consists in the validation of vector saliva as a source of molecular entities with anti-disease vaccine potential has been recently a subject of active and fruitful investigation. As an example, the vaccination with maxadilan, a potent vasodilator peptide extracted from the saliva of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis, was able to protect against infection with various leishmanial parasites. More interestingly, a universal mosquito saliva vaccine that may potentially protect against a range of mosquito-borne infections including malaria, dengue, Zika, chikungunya and yellow fever. In this review, we highlight the key role played by the immunobiology of vector saliva in shaping the outcome of vector-borne diseases and discuss the value of studying diseases in the light of intimate cross talk among the pathogen, the vector saliva, and the host immune mechanisms.
Author Mécheri, Salah
Demarta-Gatsi, Claudia
AuthorAffiliation 4 Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), Geneva, Switzerland
1 Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites, Paris, France
3 INSERM U1201, Paris, France
2 CNRS ERL9195, Paris, France
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 4 Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), Geneva, Switzerland
– name: 3 INSERM U1201, Paris, France
– name: 1 Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites, Paris, France
– name: 2 CNRS ERL9195, Paris, France
– name: Medicines for Malaria Venture
– name: INSERM
– name: Institut Pasteur
– name: CNRS
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Claudia
  surname: Demarta-Gatsi
  fullname: Demarta-Gatsi, Claudia
  organization: Institut Pasteur, France; CNRS, France; INSERM, France; Medicines for Malaria Venture, Switzerland
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Salah
  orcidid: 0000-0003-3597-8810
  surname: Mécheri
  fullname: Mécheri, Salah
  organization: Institut Pasteur, France; CNRS, France; INSERM, France
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Keywords Vector saliva
Arboviruses
Vaccine
Parasites
Immunomodulation
Language English
Portuguese
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Authors' contributions: CDG and SM wrote and revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Snippet Infection with vector-borne pathogens starts with the inoculation of these pathogens during blood feeding. In endemic regions, the population is regularly...
Abstract Infection with vector-borne pathogens starts with the inoculation of these pathogens during blood feeding. In endemic regions, the population is...
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StartPage e20200155
SubjectTerms Arboviruses
Immunomodulation
Parasites
Review
TOXICOLOGY
TROPICAL MEDICINE
Vaccine
Vector saliva
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Title Vector saliva controlled inflammatory response of the host may represent the Achilles heel during pathogen transmission
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