Relationship of insulin, glucose, leptin, IL-6 and TNF-α in human breast milk with infant growth and body composition
Summary Background Numerous appetite, growth, obesity‐related hormones and inflammatory factors are found in human breast‐milk, but there is little evidence on their relationship with infant body composition. Objectvie The purpose of the present cross‐sectional pilot study was to assess the cross‐se...
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| Published in | Pediatric obesity Vol. 7; no. 4; pp. 304 - 312 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
England
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.08.2012
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Summary
Background
Numerous appetite, growth, obesity‐related hormones and inflammatory factors are found in human breast‐milk, but there is little evidence on their relationship with infant body composition.
Objectvie
The purpose of the present cross‐sectional pilot study was to assess the cross‐sectional associations of appetite‐regulating hormones and growth factors (leptin, insulin and glucose) and inflammatory factors (interleukin 6 (IL‐6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α)) in human breast‐milk with infant size, adiposity, and lean tissue at 1‐month of age in healthy term infants.
Methods
Human breast‐milk was collected from nineteen exclusively breast‐feeding mothers using one full breast expression between 8:00 and 10:00 a.m. The milk was then mixed, aliquoted, stored at −80°C and then centrifuged to remove the milk fat, prior to analyses using commercially available immunoassay kits; milk analytes were natural log transformed prior to analysis. Infant body composition was assessed using a Lunar iDXA v11‐30.062 scanner (Infant whole body analysis enCore 2007 software, GE, Fairfield, CT).
Results
Maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI was positively associated with milk leptin concentration (P = 0.0027), and so maternal‐BMI‐adjusted Spearman correlations were examined between breast‐milk analytes and infant growth and body composition variables. As previously reported, greater milk leptin was associated with lower BMIZ (BMI‐for‐age z‐score based on WHO 2006 growth charts; r = −0.54, P = 0.03). Glucose was positively associated with relative weight (r = 0.6, P = 0.01), and both fat and lean mass (0.43–0.44, P < 0.10). Higher concentrations of milk insulin were associated with lower infant weight, relative weight, and lean mass (r = −0.49–0.58, P < 0.06). Higher milk IL‐6 was associated with lower relative weight, weight gain, percent fat, and fat mass (r = −0.55–0.70, P< 0.03 for all), while higher TNF‐α was associated with lower lean mass (r = −0.58, P = 0.05), but not measures of adiposity.
Conclusions
These preliminary data suggest for the first time that in the first months of life, breast‐milk concentrations of insulin, glucose, IL‐6 and TNF‐α, in addition to leptin, may be bioactive and differentially influence the accrual of fat and lean body mass. |
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| AbstractList | Numerous appetite, growth, obesity-related hormones and inflammatory factors are found in human breast-milk, but there is little evidence on their relationship with infant body composition. The purpose of the present cross-sectional pilot study was to assess the cross-sectional associations of appetite-regulating hormones and growth factors (leptin, insulin, glucose) and inflammatory factors (IL-6 and TNF-α) in human breast-milk with infant size, adiposity, and lean tissue at 1-month of age in healthy term infants. Human breast-milk was collected from nineteen exclusively breast-feeding mothers using one full breast expression between 8:00 and 10:00 am. The milk was then mixed, aliquoted, stored at −80°C and then centrifuged to remove the milk fat, prior to analyses using commercially available immunoassay kits; milk analytes were natural log transformed prior to analysis. Infant body composition was assessed using a Lunar iDXA v11-30.062 scanner (Infant whole body analysis enCore 2007 software, GE, Fairfield, CT). Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was positively associated with milk leptin concentration (p=0.0027), and so maternal-BMI-adjusted Spearman correlations were examined between breast-milk analytes and infant growth and body composition variables. As previously reported, greater milk leptin was associated with lower BMIZ (r= −0.54, p=0.03). Glucose was positively associated with relateive weight (r = 0.6, p=0.01), and both fat and lean mass (0.43 – 0.44, p<0.10). Higher concentrations of milk insulin were associated with lower infant weight, relative weight, and lean mass (r = −0.49 – 0.58, p<0.06). Higher milk IL-6 was associated with lower relative weight, weight gain, percent fat, and fat mass (r = −0.55 – 0.70, p<0.03 for all), while higher TNF-α was associated with lower lean mass (r=−0.58, p=0.05), but not measures of adiposity. These preliminary data suggest for the first time that in the first months of life, breast-milk concentrations of insulin, glucose, IL-6 and TNF-α, in addition to leptin, may be bioactive and differentially influence the accrual of fat and lean body mass. Numerous appetite, growth, obesity-related hormones and inflammatory factors are found in human breast-milk, but there is little evidence on their relationship with infant body composition. OBJECTVIE: The purpose of the present cross-sectional pilot study was to assess the cross-sectional associations of appetite-regulating hormones and growth factors (leptin, insulin and glucose) and inflammatory factors (interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)) in human breast-milk with infant size, adiposity, and lean tissue at 1-month of age in healthy term infants. Human breast-milk was collected from nineteen exclusively breast-feeding mothers using one full breast expression between 8:00 and 10:00 a.m. The milk was then mixed, aliquoted, stored at -80°C and then centrifuged to remove the milk fat, prior to analyses using commercially available immunoassay kits; milk analytes were natural log transformed prior to analysis. Infant body composition was assessed using a Lunar iDXA v11-30.062 scanner (Infant whole body analysis enCore 2007 software, GE, Fairfield, CT). Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was positively associated with milk leptin concentration (P = 0.0027), and so maternal-BMI-adjusted Spearman correlations were examined between breast-milk analytes and infant growth and body composition variables. As previously reported, greater milk leptin was associated with lower BMIZ (BMI-for-age z-score based on WHO 2006 growth charts; r = -0.54, P = 0.03). Glucose was positively associated with relative weight (r = 0.6, P = 0.01), and both fat and lean mass (0.43-0.44, P < 0.10). Higher concentrations of milk insulin were associated with lower infant weight, relative weight, and lean mass (r = -0.49-0.58, P < 0.06). Higher milk IL-6 was associated with lower relative weight, weight gain, percent fat, and fat mass (r = -0.55-0.70, P < 0.03 for all), while higher TNF-α was associated with lower lean mass (r = -0.58, P = 0.05), but not measures of adiposity. These preliminary data suggest for the first time that in the first months of life, breast-milk concentrations of insulin, glucose, IL-6 and TNF-α, in addition to leptin, may be bioactive and differentially influence the accrual of fat and lean body mass. BACKGROUNDNumerous appetite, growth, obesity-related hormones and inflammatory factors are found in human breast-milk, but there is little evidence on their relationship with infant body composition. OBJECTVIE: The purpose of the present cross-sectional pilot study was to assess the cross-sectional associations of appetite-regulating hormones and growth factors (leptin, insulin and glucose) and inflammatory factors (interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)) in human breast-milk with infant size, adiposity, and lean tissue at 1-month of age in healthy term infants. METHODSHuman breast-milk was collected from nineteen exclusively breast-feeding mothers using one full breast expression between 8:00 and 10:00 a.m. The milk was then mixed, aliquoted, stored at -80°C and then centrifuged to remove the milk fat, prior to analyses using commercially available immunoassay kits; milk analytes were natural log transformed prior to analysis. Infant body composition was assessed using a Lunar iDXA v11-30.062 scanner (Infant whole body analysis enCore 2007 software, GE, Fairfield, CT). RESULTSMaternal pre-pregnancy BMI was positively associated with milk leptin concentration (P = 0.0027), and so maternal-BMI-adjusted Spearman correlations were examined between breast-milk analytes and infant growth and body composition variables. As previously reported, greater milk leptin was associated with lower BMIZ (BMI-for-age z-score based on WHO 2006 growth charts; r = -0.54, P = 0.03). Glucose was positively associated with relative weight (r = 0.6, P = 0.01), and both fat and lean mass (0.43-0.44, P < 0.10). Higher concentrations of milk insulin were associated with lower infant weight, relative weight, and lean mass (r = -0.49-0.58, P < 0.06). Higher milk IL-6 was associated with lower relative weight, weight gain, percent fat, and fat mass (r = -0.55-0.70, P < 0.03 for all), while higher TNF-α was associated with lower lean mass (r = -0.58, P = 0.05), but not measures of adiposity. CONCLUSIONSThese preliminary data suggest for the first time that in the first months of life, breast-milk concentrations of insulin, glucose, IL-6 and TNF-α, in addition to leptin, may be bioactive and differentially influence the accrual of fat and lean body mass. Summary Background Numerous appetite, growth, obesity‐related hormones and inflammatory factors are found in human breast‐milk, but there is little evidence on their relationship with infant body composition. Objectvie The purpose of the present cross‐sectional pilot study was to assess the cross‐sectional associations of appetite‐regulating hormones and growth factors (leptin, insulin and glucose) and inflammatory factors (interleukin 6 (IL‐6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α)) in human breast‐milk with infant size, adiposity, and lean tissue at 1‐month of age in healthy term infants. Methods Human breast‐milk was collected from nineteen exclusively breast‐feeding mothers using one full breast expression between 8:00 and 10:00 a.m. The milk was then mixed, aliquoted, stored at −80°C and then centrifuged to remove the milk fat, prior to analyses using commercially available immunoassay kits; milk analytes were natural log transformed prior to analysis. Infant body composition was assessed using a Lunar iDXA v11‐30.062 scanner (Infant whole body analysis enCore 2007 software, GE, Fairfield, CT). Results Maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI was positively associated with milk leptin concentration ( P = 0.0027), and so maternal‐BMI‐adjusted Spearman correlations were examined between breast‐milk analytes and infant growth and body composition variables. As previously reported, greater milk leptin was associated with lower BMIZ (BMI‐for‐age z‐score based on WHO 2006 growth charts; r = −0.54, P = 0.03). Glucose was positively associated with relative weight ( r = 0.6, P = 0.01), and both fat and lean mass (0.43–0.44, P < 0.10). Higher concentrations of milk insulin were associated with lower infant weight, relative weight, and lean mass ( r = −0.49–0.58, P < 0.06). Higher milk IL‐6 was associated with lower relative weight, weight gain, percent fat, and fat mass ( r = −0.55–0.70, P< 0.03 for all), while higher TNF‐α was associated with lower lean mass ( r = −0.58, P = 0.05), but not measures of adiposity. Conclusions These preliminary data suggest for the first time that in the first months of life, breast‐milk concentrations of insulin, glucose, IL‐6 and TNF‐α, in addition to leptin, may be bioactive and differentially influence the accrual of fat and lean body mass. Summary Background Numerous appetite, growth, obesity‐related hormones and inflammatory factors are found in human breast‐milk, but there is little evidence on their relationship with infant body composition. Objectvie The purpose of the present cross‐sectional pilot study was to assess the cross‐sectional associations of appetite‐regulating hormones and growth factors (leptin, insulin and glucose) and inflammatory factors (interleukin 6 (IL‐6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α)) in human breast‐milk with infant size, adiposity, and lean tissue at 1‐month of age in healthy term infants. Methods Human breast‐milk was collected from nineteen exclusively breast‐feeding mothers using one full breast expression between 8:00 and 10:00 a.m. The milk was then mixed, aliquoted, stored at −80°C and then centrifuged to remove the milk fat, prior to analyses using commercially available immunoassay kits; milk analytes were natural log transformed prior to analysis. Infant body composition was assessed using a Lunar iDXA v11‐30.062 scanner (Infant whole body analysis enCore 2007 software, GE, Fairfield, CT). Results Maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI was positively associated with milk leptin concentration (P = 0.0027), and so maternal‐BMI‐adjusted Spearman correlations were examined between breast‐milk analytes and infant growth and body composition variables. As previously reported, greater milk leptin was associated with lower BMIZ (BMI‐for‐age z‐score based on WHO 2006 growth charts; r = −0.54, P = 0.03). Glucose was positively associated with relative weight (r = 0.6, P = 0.01), and both fat and lean mass (0.43–0.44, P < 0.10). Higher concentrations of milk insulin were associated with lower infant weight, relative weight, and lean mass (r = −0.49–0.58, P < 0.06). Higher milk IL‐6 was associated with lower relative weight, weight gain, percent fat, and fat mass (r = −0.55–0.70, P< 0.03 for all), while higher TNF‐α was associated with lower lean mass (r = −0.58, P = 0.05), but not measures of adiposity. Conclusions These preliminary data suggest for the first time that in the first months of life, breast‐milk concentrations of insulin, glucose, IL‐6 and TNF‐α, in addition to leptin, may be bioactive and differentially influence the accrual of fat and lean body mass. |
| Author | Fields, D. A. Demerath, E. W. |
| AuthorAffiliation | 1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Oklahoma City, OK, (USA) 2 Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, (USA) |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Oklahoma City, OK, (USA) – name: 2 Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, (USA) |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: D. A. surname: Fields fullname: Fields, D. A. email: dfields@ouhsc.edu organization: Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, OK, Oklahoma City, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: E. W. surname: Demerath fullname: Demerath, E. W. organization: Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, MN, Minneapolis, USA |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22577092$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2012 The Authors. Pediatric Obesity © 2012 International Association for the Study of Obesity 2012 The Authors. Pediatric Obesity © 2012 International Association for the Study of Obesity. |
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Numerous appetite, growth, obesity‐related hormones and inflammatory factors are found in human breast‐milk, but there is little evidence on... Numerous appetite, growth, obesity-related hormones and inflammatory factors are found in human breast-milk, but there is little evidence on their relationship... BACKGROUNDNumerous appetite, growth, obesity-related hormones and inflammatory factors are found in human breast-milk, but there is little evidence on their... |
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| SubjectTerms | Absorptiometry, Photon Adiposity Body composition Body Height Body Mass Index Body Weight Breast Feeding breast milk Child Development Cross-Sectional Studies Female Glucose - analysis growth Humans Infant Infant, Newborn inflammation Insulin - analysis Interleukin-6 - analysis Leptin - analysis Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena Milk, Human - chemistry Oklahoma Pilot Projects Pregnancy Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha - analysis |
| Title | Relationship of insulin, glucose, leptin, IL-6 and TNF-α in human breast milk with infant growth and body composition |
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