Seasonal variation in nitrogen fixation and effects of climate change in a subarctic heath
Background and aims Nitrogen fixation associated with cryptogams is potentially very important in arctic and subarctic terrestrial ecosystems, as it is a source of new nitrogen (N) into these highly N limited systems. Moss-, lichen-and legume-associated N₂ fixation was studied with high frequency (e...
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| Published in | Plant and soil Vol. 379; no. 1/2; pp. 193 - 204 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Cham
Springer
01.06.2014
Springer International Publishing Springer Nature B.V |
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| Abstract | Background and aims Nitrogen fixation associated with cryptogams is potentially very important in arctic and subarctic terrestrial ecosystems, as it is a source of new nitrogen (N) into these highly N limited systems. Moss-, lichen-and legume-associated N₂ fixation was studied with high frequency (every second week) during spring, summer, autumn and early winter to uncover the seasonal variation in input of atmospheric N₂ to a subarctic heath with an altered climate. Methods We estimated N₂ fixation from ethylene production by acetylene reduction assay in situ in a field experiment with the treatments: long-vs. short-term summer warming using plastic tents and litter addition (simulating expansion of the birch forest). Results N₂ fixation activity was measured from late April to mid November and 33 % of all N₂ was fixed outside the vascular plant growing season (Jun-Aug). This substantial amount underlines the importance of N₂ fixation in the cold period. Wanning increased N₂ fixation two-to fivefold during late spring. However, longterm summer warming tended to decrease N₂ fixation outside the treatment (tents present) period. Litter alone did not alter N₂ fixation but in combination with warming N₂ fixation increased, probably because N₂ fixation became phosphorus limited under higher temperatures, which was alleviated by the P supply from the litter. Conclusion In subarctic heath, the current N₂ fixation period extends far beyond the vascular plant growing season. Climate warming and indirect effects such as vegetation changes affect the process of N₂ fixation in different directions and thereby complicate predictions of future N cycling. |
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| AbstractList | BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Nitrogen fixation associated with cryptogams is potentially very important in arctic and subarctic terrestrial ecosystems, as it is a source of new nitrogen (N) into these highly N limited systems. Moss-, lichen- and legume-associated N₂ fixation was studied with high frequency (every second week) during spring, summer, autumn and early winter to uncover the seasonal variation in input of atmospheric N₂ to a subarctic heath with an altered climate. METHODS: We estimated N₂ fixation from ethylene production by acetylene reduction assay in situ in a field experiment with the treatments: long- vs. short-term summer warming using plastic tents and litter addition (simulating expansion of the birch forest). RESULTS: N₂ fixation activity was measured from late April to mid November and 33 % of all N₂ was fixed outside the vascular plant growing season (Jun–Aug). This substantial amount underlines the importance of N₂ fixation in the cold period. Warming increased N₂ fixation two- to fivefold during late spring. However, long-term summer warming tended to decrease N₂ fixation outside the treatment (tents present) period. Litter alone did not alter N₂ fixation but in combination with warming N₂ fixation increased, probably because N₂ fixation became phosphorus limited under higher temperatures, which was alleviated by the P supply from the litter. CONCLUSION: In subarctic heath, the current N₂ fixation period extends far beyond the vascular plant growing season. Climate warming and indirect effects such as vegetation changes affect the process of N₂ fixation in different directions and thereby complicate predictions of future N cycling. Background and aims Nitrogen fixation associated with cryptogams is potentially very important in arctic and subarctic terrestrial ecosystems, as it is a source of new nitrogen (N) into these highly N limited systems. Moss-, lichen- and legume-associated N 2 fixation was studied with high frequency (every second week) during spring, summer, autumn and early winter to uncover the seasonal variation in input of atmospheric N 2 to a subarctic heath with an altered climate. Methods We estimated N 2 fixation from ethylene production by acetylene reduction assay in situ in a field experiment with the treatments: long- vs. short-term summer warming using plastic tents and litter addition (simulating expansion of the birch forest). Results N 2 fixation activity was measured from late April to mid November and 33 % of all N 2 was fixed outside the vascular plant growing season (Jun–Aug). This substantial amount underlines the importance of N 2 fixation in the cold period. Warming increased N 2 fixation two- to fivefold during late spring. However, long-term summer warming tended to decrease N 2 fixation outside the treatment (tents present) period. Litter alone did not alter N 2 fixation but in combination with warming N 2 fixation increased, probably because N 2 fixation became phosphorus limited under higher temperatures, which was alleviated by the P supply from the litter. Conclusion In subarctic heath, the current N 2 fixation period extends far beyond the vascular plant growing season. Climate warming and indirect effects such as vegetation changes affect the process of N 2 fixation in different directions and thereby complicate predictions of future N cycling. Nitrogen fixation associated with cryptogams is potentially very important in arctic and subarctic terrestrial ecosystems, as it is a source of new nitrogen (N) into these highly N limited systems. Moss-, lichen- and legume-associated N-2 fixation was studied with high frequency (every second week) during spring, summer, autumn and early winter to uncover the seasonal variation in input of atmospheric N-2 to a subarctic heath with an altered climate. We estimated N-2 fixation from ethylene production by acetylene reduction assay in situ in a field experiment with the treatments: long- vs. short-term summer warming using plastic tents and litter addition (simulating expansion of the birch forest). N-2 fixation activity was measured from late April to mid November and 33 % of all N-2 was fixed outside the vascular plant growing season (Jun-Aug). This substantial amount underlines the importance of N-2 fixation in the cold period. Warming increased N-2 fixation two- to fivefold during late spring. However, long-term summer warming tended to decrease N-2 fixation outside the treatment (tents present) period. Litter alone did not alter N-2 fixation but in combination with warming N-2 fixation increased, probably because N-2 fixation became phosphorus limited under higher temperatures, which was alleviated by the P supply from the litter. In subarctic heath, the current N-2 fixation period extends far beyond the vascular plant growing season. Climate warming and indirect effects such as vegetation changes affect the process of N-2 fixation in different directions and thereby complicate predictions of future N cycling. Background and aims Nitrogen fixation associated with cryptogams is potentially very important in arctic and subarctic terrestrial ecosystems, as it is a source of new nitrogen (N) into these highly N limited systems. Moss-, lichen-and legume-associated N₂ fixation was studied with high frequency (every second week) during spring, summer, autumn and early winter to uncover the seasonal variation in input of atmospheric N₂ to a subarctic heath with an altered climate. Methods We estimated N₂ fixation from ethylene production by acetylene reduction assay in situ in a field experiment with the treatments: long-vs. short-term summer warming using plastic tents and litter addition (simulating expansion of the birch forest). Results N₂ fixation activity was measured from late April to mid November and 33 % of all N₂ was fixed outside the vascular plant growing season (Jun-Aug). This substantial amount underlines the importance of N₂ fixation in the cold period. Wanning increased N₂ fixation two-to fivefold during late spring. However, longterm summer warming tended to decrease N₂ fixation outside the treatment (tents present) period. Litter alone did not alter N₂ fixation but in combination with warming N₂ fixation increased, probably because N₂ fixation became phosphorus limited under higher temperatures, which was alleviated by the P supply from the litter. Conclusion In subarctic heath, the current N₂ fixation period extends far beyond the vascular plant growing season. Climate warming and indirect effects such as vegetation changes affect the process of N₂ fixation in different directions and thereby complicate predictions of future N cycling. Nitrogen fixation associated with cryptogams is potentially very important in arctic and subarctic terrestrial ecosystems, as it is a source of new nitrogen (N) into these highly N limited systems. Moss-, lichen- and legume-associated N2 fixation was studied with high frequency (every second week) during spring, summer, autumn and early winter to uncover the seasonal variation in input of atmospheric N2 to a subarctic heath with an altered climate. We estimated N2 fixation from ethylene production by acetylene reduction assay in situ in a field experiment with the treatments: long- vs. short-term summer warming using plastic tents and litter addition (simulating expansion of the birch forest). N2 fixation activity was measured from late April to mid November and 33 % of all N2 was fixed outside the vascular plant growing season (Jun-Aug). This substantial amount underlines the importance of N2 fixation in the cold period. Warming increased N2 fixation two- to fivefold during late spring. However, long-term summer warming tended to decrease N2 fixation outside the treatment (tents present) period. Litter alone did not alter N2 fixation but in combination with warming N2 fixation increased, probably because N2 fixation became phosphorus limited under higher temperatures, which was alleviated by the P supply from the litter. In subarctic heath, the current N2 fixation period extends far beyond the vascular plant growing season. Climate warming and indirect effects such as vegetation changes affect the process of N2 fixation in different directions and thereby complicate predictions of future N cycling.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] Background and aims Nitrogen fixation associated with cryptogams is potentially very important in arctic and sub-arctic terrestrial ecosystems, as it is a source of new nitrogen (N) into these highly N limited systems. Moss-, lichen- and legume-associated [N.sub.2] fixation was studied with high frequency (every second week) during spring, summer, autumn and early winter to uncover the seasonal variation in input of atmospheric [N.sub.2] to a subarctic heath with an altered climate. Methods We estimated [N.sub.2] fixation from ethylene production by acetylene reduction assay in situ in a field experiment with the treatments: long- vs. short-term summer warming using plastic tents and litter addition (simulating expansion of the birch forest). Results [N.sub.2] fixation activity was measured from late April to mid November and 33 % of all [N.sub.2] was fixed outside the vascular plant growing season (Jun-Aug). This substantial amount underlines the importance of [N.sub.2] fixation in the cold period. Warming increased [N.sub.2] fixation two- to fivefold during late spring. However, long-term summer warming tended to decrease [N.sub.2] fixation outside the treatment (tents present) period. Litter alone did not alter [N.sub.2] fixation but in combination with warming [N.sub.2] fixation increased, probably because [N.sub.2] fixation became phosphorus limited under higher temperatures, which was alleviated by the P supply from the litter. Conclusion In subarctic heath, the current [N.sub.2] fixation period extends far beyond the vascular plant growing season. Climate warming and indirect effects such as vegetation changes affect the process of [N.sub.2] fixation in different directions and thereby complicate predictions of future N cycling. Keywords Bryophytes * Global change * Lichens * Litter addition * Long- vs. short-term warming * Nitrogen and phosphorus * Plant cover Background and aims: Nitrogen fixation associated with cryptogams is potentially very important in arctic and subarctic terrestrial ecosystems, as it is a source of new nitrogen (N) into these highly N limited systems. Moss-, lichen- and legume-associated N sub(2) fixation was studied with high frequency (every second week) during spring, summer, autumn and early winter to uncover the seasonal variation in input of atmospheric N sub(2) to a subarctic heath with an altered climate. Methods: We estimated N sub(2) fixation from ethylene production by acetylene reduction assay in situ in a field experiment with the treatments: long- vs. short-term summer warming using plastic tents and litter addition (simulating expansion of the birch forest). Results: N sub(2) fixation activity was measured from late April to mid November and 33 % of all N sub(2) was fixed outside the vascular plant growing season (Jun-Aug). This substantial amount underlines the importance of N sub(2) fixation in the cold period. Warming increased N sub(2) fixation two- to fivefold during late spring. However, long-term summer warming tended to decrease N sub(2) fixation outside the treatment (tents present) period. Litter alone did not alter N sub(2) fixation but in combination with warming N sub(2) fixation increased, probably because N sub(2) fixation became phosphorus limited under higher temperatures, which was alleviated by the P supply from the litter. Conclusion: In subarctic heath, the current N sub(2) fixation period extends far beyond the vascular plant growing season. Climate warming and indirect effects such as vegetation changes affect the process of N sub(2) fixation in different directions and thereby complicate predictions of future N cycling. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Michelsen, Anders Lett, Signe |
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| Keywords | Lichens Long- vs. short-term warming Global change Nitrogen and phosphorus Plant cover Litter addition Bryophytes Short term Time variation Fungi Seasonal variation Nitrogen fixation Warming Heathland and moor Vegetals Addition Litter Bryophyta Phosphorus Subpolar zone Nitrogen Dynamical climatology Climate change Lichenes Soil plant relation |
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| References_xml | – reference: GundaleMJWardleDANilssonMCVascular plant removal effects on biological N fixation vary across a boreal forest island gradientEcology201091170417142058371210.1890/09-0709.1 – reference: DeLucaTHZackrissonONilssonMCSellstedtAQuantifying nitrogen-fixation in feather moss carpets of boreal forestsNature20024199179201:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xot1Kltb0%3D1241030810.1038/nature01051 – reference: SorensenPLMichelsenAJonassonSNitrogen uptake during one year in subarctic plant functional groups and in microbes after long-term warming and fertilizationEcosystems200811122312331:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtlOksLjL10.1007/s10021-008-9204-6 – reference: HardyRWFBurnsRCHolstenRDApplications of the acetylene-ethylene assay for measurement of nitrogen fixationSoil Biol Biochem1973547811:CAS:528:DyaE3sXotFKjsQ%3D%3D10.1016/0038-0717(73)90093-X – reference: Sveinbjørnsson B, Oechel WC (1992) Controls on growth and productivity of bryophytes: environmental limitations under current and anticipated conditions, In: Bryophyt. Chang. Environ. Clarendon Press, pp 77–102 – reference: Sorensen PL, Michelsen A (2011) Long-term warming and litter addition affects nitrogen fixation in a subarctic heath. Glob Change Biol 17 – reference: LarsenKSIbromAJonassonSSignificance of cold-season respiration and photosynthesis in a subarctic heath ecosystem in Northern SwedenGlob Change Biol2007131498150810.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01370.x – reference: GavazovKSoudzilovskaiaNvan LogtestijnRIsotopic analysis of cyanobacterial nitrogen fixation associated with subarctic lichen and bryophyte speciesPlant Soil20103335075171:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXovFCjtbc%3D10.1007/s11104-010-0374-6 – reference: GundaleMJGustafssonHNilssonMCThe sensitivity of nitrogen fixation by a feathermoss-cyanobacteria association to litter and moisture variability in young and old boreal forestsCan J For Res200939254225491:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXisVWnug%3D%3D10.1139/X09-160 – reference: LindoZNilssonM-CGundaleMJBryophyte-cyanobacteria associations as regulators of the northern latitude carbon balance in response to global changeGlob Change Biol2013 – reference: GragliaEJonassonSMichelsenAEffects of environmental perturbations on abundance of subarctic plants after three, seven and ten years of treatmentsEcography20012451210.1034/j.1600-0587.2001.240102.x – reference: CornelissenJHCCallaghanTVAlataloJMGlobal change and arctic ecosystems: is lichen decline a function of increases in vascular plant biomass?J Ecol20018998499410.1111/j.1365-2745.2001.00625.x – reference: JonassonSEvaluation of the point intercept method for the estimation of plant biomassOikos19885210110610.2307/3565988 – reference: SolheimBEndalAVigstadHNitrogen fixation in Arctic vegetation and soils from Svalbard, NorwayPolar Biol199616354010.1007/BF02388733 – reference: JonassonSMichelsenASchmidtIKCoupling of nutrient cycling and carbon dynamics in the Arctic, integration of soil microbial and plant processesAppl Soil Ecol19991113514610.1016/S0929-1393(98)00145-0 – reference: SorensenPLLettSMichelsenAMoss-specific changes in nitrogen fixation following two decades of warming, shading, and fertilizer additionPlant Ecol201221369570610.1007/s11258-012-0034-4 – reference: CampioliMSamsonRMichelsenANonvascular contribution to ecosystem NPP in a subarctic heath during early and late growing seasonPlant Ecol2009202415310.1007/s11258-008-9527-6 – reference: Gundale MJ, Wardle DA, Nilsson M-C (2012) The effect of altered macroclimate on N-fixation by boreal feather mosses. 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| Snippet | Background and aims Nitrogen fixation associated with cryptogams is potentially very important in arctic and subarctic terrestrial ecosystems, as it is a... Background and aims Nitrogen fixation associated with cryptogams is potentially very important in arctic and subarctic terrestrial ecosystems, as it is a... Background and aims Nitrogen fixation associated with cryptogams is potentially very important in arctic and sub-arctic terrestrial ecosystems, as it is a... Nitrogen fixation associated with cryptogams is potentially very important in arctic and subarctic terrestrial ecosystems, as it is a source of new nitrogen... Background and aims: Nitrogen fixation associated with cryptogams is potentially very important in arctic and subarctic terrestrial ecosystems, as it is a... BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Nitrogen fixation associated with cryptogams is potentially very important in arctic and subarctic terrestrial ecosystems, as it is a... |
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| SubjectTerms | Acetylene reduction Agronomy. Soil science and plant productions Animal, plant and microbial ecology Arctic regions autumn Betula Biogeochemistry Biological and medical sciences Biomedical and Life Sciences Botanical research Botany Bryophytes climate Climate change Climate effects Climatic changes Cryptogams Ecology Environmental aspects Ethylene production field experimentation Fixation Forest soils forests Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology General agronomy. Plant production Global change Global warming Growing season Growing seasons High temperature Lichens Life Sciences Litter Litter addition Long-vs. short-term warming Nitrogen Nitrogen and phosphorus Nitrogen fixation phosphorus Plant cover Plant Physiology Plant Sciences Plants Regular Article seasonal variation Seasonal variations Seasons Soil heating Soil Science & Conservation Soil sciences Soil-plant relationships. Soil fertility Soil-plant relationships. Soil fertility. Fertilization. Amendments Spring Summer Taiga & tundra temperature Terrestrial ecosystems Vascular plants Vegetation Vegetation changes winter |
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| Title | Seasonal variation in nitrogen fixation and effects of climate change in a subarctic heath |
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