Intervertebral disc degeneration and how it leads to low back pain

The purpose of this review was to evaluate data generated by animal models of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration published in the last decade and show how this has made invaluable contributions to the identification of molecular events occurring in and contributing to pain generation. IVD degene...

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Bibliographic Details
Published inJOR-spine Vol. 6; no. 1; pp. e1231 - n/a
Main Authors Diwan, Ashish D., Melrose, James
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Hoboken, USA John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.03.2023
Wiley
Subjects
artificial intelligence
Back pain
Cartilage
Chronic pain
Cytokines
Degenerative disc disease
discogenic pain
facial recognition
Flexibility
GDF6
intervertebral disc degeneration
Ligaments
low back pain
Muscle pain
neuropathic pain
nociceptive pain
Population
Review
Reviews
Spinal cord
intervertebral disc degeneration
neuropathic pain
nociceptive pain
low back pain
facial recognition
GDF6
artificial intelligence
discogenic pain
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Abstract The purpose of this review was to evaluate data generated by animal models of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration published in the last decade and show how this has made invaluable contributions to the identification of molecular events occurring in and contributing to pain generation. IVD degeneration and associated spinal pain is a complex multifactorial process, its complexity poses difficulties in the selection of the most appropriate therapeutic target to focus on of many potential candidates in the formulation of strategies to alleviate pain perception and to effect disc repair and regeneration and the prevention of associated neuropathic and nociceptive pain. Nerve ingrowth and increased numbers of nociceptors and mechanoreceptors in the degenerate IVD are mechanically stimulated in the biomechanically incompetent abnormally loaded degenerate IVD leading to increased generation of low back pain. Maintenance of a healthy IVD is, thus, an important preventative measure that warrants further investigation to preclude the generation of low back pain. Recent studies with growth and differentiation factor 6 in IVD puncture and multi‐level IVD degeneration models and a rat xenograft radiculopathy pain model have shown it has considerable potential in the prevention of further deterioration in degenerate IVDs, has regenerative properties that promote recovery of normal IVD architectural functional organization and inhibits the generation of inflammatory mediators that lead to disc degeneration and the generation of low back pain. Human clinical trials are warranted and eagerly anticipated with this compound to assess its efficacy in the treatment of IVD degeneration and the prevention of the generation of low back pain. Data generated by animal models over the last decade has made invaluable contributions to the identification of molecular events occurring in and contributing to intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and pain generation and has identified several potential therapeutic targets. IVD degeneration and associated spinal pain is a complex multifactorial event, its complexity poses difficulties in the selection of the most appropriate therapeutic target of many potential candidates to focus on in the formulation of strategies to effect disc repair and regeneration and the alleviation of associated neuropathic and nociceptive pain. Application of artificial intelligence in facial recognition has improved the assessment of pain in animal models. Deep machine learning and neural networking have also been applied in the analysis of data generated from molecular signaling pathways involved in disc degeneration and pain generation. This methodology has predictive capability, can be automated and offers a superior unbiased assessment of data compared to observer‐based classifications and clinical prognosis data.
AbstractList The purpose of this review was to evaluate data generated by animal models of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration published in the last decade and show how this has made invaluable contributions to the identification of molecular events occurring in and contributing to pain generation. IVD degeneration and associated spinal pain is a complex multifactorial process, its complexity poses difficulties in the selection of the most appropriate therapeutic target to focus on of many potential candidates in the formulation of strategies to alleviate pain perception and to effect disc repair and regeneration and the prevention of associated neuropathic and nociceptive pain. Nerve ingrowth and increased numbers of nociceptors and mechanoreceptors in the degenerate IVD are mechanically stimulated in the biomechanically incompetent abnormally loaded degenerate IVD leading to increased generation of low back pain. Maintenance of a healthy IVD is, thus, an important preventative measure that warrants further investigation to preclude the generation of low back pain. Recent studies with growth and differentiation factor 6 in IVD puncture and multi-level IVD degeneration models and a rat xenograft radiculopathy pain model have shown it has considerable potential in the prevention of further deterioration in degenerate IVDs, has regenerative properties that promote recovery of normal IVD architectural functional organization and inhibits the generation of inflammatory mediators that lead to disc degeneration and the generation of low back pain. Human clinical trials are warranted and eagerly anticipated with this compound to assess its efficacy in the treatment of IVD degeneration and the prevention of the generation of low back pain.
The purpose of this review was to evaluate data generated by animal models of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration published in the last decade and show how this has made invaluable contributions to the identification of molecular events occurring in and contributing to pain generation. IVD degeneration and associated spinal pain is a complex multifactorial process, its complexity poses difficulties in the selection of the most appropriate therapeutic target to focus on of many potential candidates in the formulation of strategies to alleviate pain perception and to effect disc repair and regeneration and the prevention of associated neuropathic and nociceptive pain. Nerve ingrowth and increased numbers of nociceptors and mechanoreceptors in the degenerate IVD are mechanically stimulated in the biomechanically incompetent abnormally loaded degenerate IVD leading to increased generation of low back pain. Maintenance of a healthy IVD is, thus, an important preventative measure that warrants further investigation to preclude the generation of low back pain. Recent studies with growth and differentiation factor 6 in IVD puncture and multi-level IVD degeneration models and a rat xenograft radiculopathy pain model have shown it has considerable potential in the prevention of further deterioration in degenerate IVDs, has regenerative properties that promote recovery of normal IVD architectural functional organization and inhibits the generation of inflammatory mediators that lead to disc degeneration and the generation of low back pain. Human clinical trials are warranted and eagerly anticipated with this compound to assess its efficacy in the treatment of IVD degeneration and the prevention of the generation of low back pain.The purpose of this review was to evaluate data generated by animal models of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration published in the last decade and show how this has made invaluable contributions to the identification of molecular events occurring in and contributing to pain generation. IVD degeneration and associated spinal pain is a complex multifactorial process, its complexity poses difficulties in the selection of the most appropriate therapeutic target to focus on of many potential candidates in the formulation of strategies to alleviate pain perception and to effect disc repair and regeneration and the prevention of associated neuropathic and nociceptive pain. Nerve ingrowth and increased numbers of nociceptors and mechanoreceptors in the degenerate IVD are mechanically stimulated in the biomechanically incompetent abnormally loaded degenerate IVD leading to increased generation of low back pain. Maintenance of a healthy IVD is, thus, an important preventative measure that warrants further investigation to preclude the generation of low back pain. Recent studies with growth and differentiation factor 6 in IVD puncture and multi-level IVD degeneration models and a rat xenograft radiculopathy pain model have shown it has considerable potential in the prevention of further deterioration in degenerate IVDs, has regenerative properties that promote recovery of normal IVD architectural functional organization and inhibits the generation of inflammatory mediators that lead to disc degeneration and the generation of low back pain. Human clinical trials are warranted and eagerly anticipated with this compound to assess its efficacy in the treatment of IVD degeneration and the prevention of the generation of low back pain.
The purpose of this review was to evaluate data generated by animal models of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration published in the last decade and show how this has made invaluable contributions to the identification of molecular events occurring in and contributing to pain generation. IVD degeneration and associated spinal pain is a complex multifactorial process, its complexity poses difficulties in the selection of the most appropriate therapeutic target to focus on of many potential candidates in the formulation of strategies to alleviate pain perception and to effect disc repair and regeneration and the prevention of associated neuropathic and nociceptive pain. Nerve ingrowth and increased numbers of nociceptors and mechanoreceptors in the degenerate IVD are mechanically stimulated in the biomechanically incompetent abnormally loaded degenerate IVD leading to increased generation of low back pain. Maintenance of a healthy IVD is, thus, an important preventative measure that warrants further investigation to preclude the generation of low back pain. Recent studies with growth and differentiation factor 6 in IVD puncture and multi‐level IVD degeneration models and a rat xenograft radiculopathy pain model have shown it has considerable potential in the prevention of further deterioration in degenerate IVDs, has regenerative properties that promote recovery of normal IVD architectural functional organization and inhibits the generation of inflammatory mediators that lead to disc degeneration and the generation of low back pain. Human clinical trials are warranted and eagerly anticipated with this compound to assess its efficacy in the treatment of IVD degeneration and the prevention of the generation of low back pain. Data generated by animal models over the last decade has made invaluable contributions to the identification of molecular events occurring in and contributing to intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and pain generation and has identified several potential therapeutic targets. IVD degeneration and associated spinal pain is a complex multifactorial event, its complexity poses difficulties in the selection of the most appropriate therapeutic target of many potential candidates to focus on in the formulation of strategies to effect disc repair and regeneration and the alleviation of associated neuropathic and nociceptive pain. Application of artificial intelligence in facial recognition has improved the assessment of pain in animal models. Deep machine learning and neural networking have also been applied in the analysis of data generated from molecular signaling pathways involved in disc degeneration and pain generation. This methodology has predictive capability, can be automated and offers a superior unbiased assessment of data compared to observer‐based classifications and clinical prognosis data.
Abstract The purpose of this review was to evaluate data generated by animal models of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration published in the last decade and show how this has made invaluable contributions to the identification of molecular events occurring in and contributing to pain generation. IVD degeneration and associated spinal pain is a complex multifactorial process, its complexity poses difficulties in the selection of the most appropriate therapeutic target to focus on of many potential candidates in the formulation of strategies to alleviate pain perception and to effect disc repair and regeneration and the prevention of associated neuropathic and nociceptive pain. Nerve ingrowth and increased numbers of nociceptors and mechanoreceptors in the degenerate IVD are mechanically stimulated in the biomechanically incompetent abnormally loaded degenerate IVD leading to increased generation of low back pain. Maintenance of a healthy IVD is, thus, an important preventative measure that warrants further investigation to preclude the generation of low back pain. Recent studies with growth and differentiation factor 6 in IVD puncture and multi‐level IVD degeneration models and a rat xenograft radiculopathy pain model have shown it has considerable potential in the prevention of further deterioration in degenerate IVDs, has regenerative properties that promote recovery of normal IVD architectural functional organization and inhibits the generation of inflammatory mediators that lead to disc degeneration and the generation of low back pain. Human clinical trials are warranted and eagerly anticipated with this compound to assess its efficacy in the treatment of IVD degeneration and the prevention of the generation of low back pain.
Author Diwan, Ashish D.
Melrose, James
AuthorAffiliation 2 Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory Kolling Institute, Sydney University Faculty of Medicine and Health, Northern Sydney Area Health District, Royal North Shore Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia
3 Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
1 Spine Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. George & Sutherland Clinical School University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 3 Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
– name: 2 Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory Kolling Institute, Sydney University Faculty of Medicine and Health, Northern Sydney Area Health District, Royal North Shore Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia
– name: 1 Spine Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. George & Sutherland Clinical School University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Ashish D.
  orcidid: 0000-0003-1037-8421
  surname: Diwan
  fullname: Diwan, Ashish D.
  organization: University of New South Wales
– sequence: 2
  givenname: James
  orcidid: 0000-0001-9237-0524
  surname: Melrose
  fullname: Melrose, James
  email: james.melrose@sydney.edu.au
  organization: The University of New South Wales
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36994466$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Copyright 2022 The Authors. published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society.
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Issue 1
Keywords intervertebral disc degeneration
neuropathic pain
nociceptive pain
low back pain
facial recognition
GDF6
artificial intelligence
discogenic pain
Language English
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2022 The Authors. JOR Spine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society.
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Snippet The purpose of this review was to evaluate data generated by animal models of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration published in the last decade and show how...
Abstract The purpose of this review was to evaluate data generated by animal models of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration published in the last decade and...
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SubjectTerms artificial intelligence
Back pain
Cartilage
Chronic pain
Cytokines
Degenerative disc disease
discogenic pain
facial recognition
Flexibility
GDF6
intervertebral disc degeneration
Ligaments
low back pain
Muscle pain
neuropathic pain
nociceptive pain
Population
Review
Reviews
Spinal cord
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Title Intervertebral disc degeneration and how it leads to low back pain
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