A Comprehensive Review of Hypotheses About the Biological Function of Zearalenone, and a New Hypothesis for the Function of Resorcylic and Dihydroxyphenylacetic Macrolactones in Fungi

The special metabolite of Fusarium spp. zearalenone (ZEN) exerts estrogenic effects on mammals, stimulates plant growth, stimulates sexual development in fungi, and inhibits fungal growth. These activities inspired hypotheses about the biological function of ZEN. We briefly review the discovery of Z...

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Published inToxins Vol. 17; no. 5; p. 226
Main Authors Viñas, María, Karlovsky, Petr
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland MDPI AG 03.05.2025
MDPI
Subjects
Animals
Antifungal activity
Antifungal agents
Biological effects
chemical defense
Dihydroxybenzoic acid
Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid lactone
Enzymes
Farms
Fungi
Fungi - drug effects
Fungi - metabolism
Fungicides
Fusarium
Fusarium - metabolism
Hogs
Hypotheses
Hypothesis testing
interference competition
Lactones - metabolism
Lactones - pharmacology
Metabolites
Phenylacetates - metabolism
Plant growth
Plant hormones
radicicol
resorcylic acid lactone
Review
Sheep
Toxicity
Virulence factors
Xenoestrogens
Zearalenone
Zearalenone - metabolism
Zearalenone - pharmacology
New York
Netherlands
United States
Japan
Poland
United Kingdom
Nigeria
Switzerland
Germany
United States > US
Minnesota
chemical defense
interference competition
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid lactone
zearalenone
fusaristatin
competition
curvularin
mycoparasitism
radicicol
resorcylic acid lactone
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Abstract The special metabolite of Fusarium spp. zearalenone (ZEN) exerts estrogenic effects on mammals, stimulates plant growth, stimulates sexual development in fungi, and inhibits fungal growth. These activities inspired hypotheses about the biological function of ZEN. We briefly review the discovery of ZEN and its implications. The main subject of this review is a critical assessment of the hypotheses that ZEN is a fungal hormone, a plant hormone, a virulence factor, or a fungal defense metabolite. Conceptual and technical issues related to testing these hypotheses, such as inadequate analytical methods, confusion of incidental effects with biological functions, and lack of normalization, are illuminated. Based on these considerations, gene knockout experiments, and on the effects of biotic interactions on ZEN synthesis, we argue that ZEN is a defense metabolite protecting Fusarium spp. against mycoparasites and competitors. Similar reasoning and published data suggest that the Fusarium metabolite fusaristatin A fulfils the same function. Fungi produce many macrolactones of resorcylic acid (RALs) and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DHPLs) with properties similar to ZEN. Their widespread occurrence, antifungal activity, and further considerations prompt us to hypothesize that the fundamental function of fungal RALs and DHPLs lies in defense and interference competition.
AbstractList The special metabolite of Fusarium spp. zearalenone (ZEN) exerts estrogenic effects on mammals, stimulates plant growth, stimulates sexual development in fungi, and inhibits fungal growth. These activities inspired hypotheses about the biological function of ZEN. We briefly review the discovery of ZEN and its implications. The main subject of this review is a critical assessment of the hypotheses that ZEN is a fungal hormone, a plant hormone, a virulence factor, or a fungal defense metabolite. Conceptual and technical issues related to testing these hypotheses, such as inadequate analytical methods, confusion of incidental effects with biological functions, and lack of normalization, are illuminated. Based on these considerations, gene knockout experiments, and on the effects of biotic interactions on ZEN synthesis, we argue that ZEN is a defense metabolite protecting Fusarium spp. against mycoparasites and competitors. Similar reasoning and published data suggest that the Fusarium metabolite fusaristatin A fulfils the same function. Fungi produce many macrolactones of resorcylic acid (RALs) and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DHPLs) with properties similar to ZEN. Their widespread occurrence, antifungal activity, and further considerations prompt us to hypothesize that the fundamental function of fungal RALs and DHPLs lies in defense and interference competition.
The special metabolite of Fusarium spp. zearalenone (ZEN) exerts estrogenic effects on mammals, stimulates plant growth, stimulates sexual development in fungi, and inhibits fungal growth. These activities inspired hypotheses about the biological function of ZEN. We briefly review the discovery of ZEN and its implications. The main subject of this review is a critical assessment of the hypotheses that ZEN is a fungal hormone, a plant hormone, a virulence factor, or a fungal defense metabolite. Conceptual and technical issues related to testing these hypotheses, such as inadequate analytical methods, confusion of incidental effects with biological functions, and lack of normalization, are illuminated. Based on these considerations, gene knockout experiments, and on the effects of biotic interactions on ZEN synthesis, we argue that ZEN is a defense metabolite protecting Fusarium spp. against mycoparasites and competitors. Similar reasoning and published data suggest that the Fusarium metabolite fusaristatin A fulfils the same function. Fungi produce many macrolactones of resorcylic acid (RALs) and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DHPLs) with properties similar to ZEN. Their widespread occurrence, antifungal activity, and further considerations prompt us to hypothesize that the fundamental function of fungal RALs and DHPLs lies in defense and interference competition.
The special metabolite of Fusarium spp. zearalenone (ZEN) exerts estrogenic effects on mammals, stimulates plant growth, stimulates sexual development in fungi, and inhibits fungal growth. These activities inspired hypotheses about the biological function of ZEN. We briefly review the discovery of ZEN and its implications. The main subject of this review is a critical assessment of the hypotheses that ZEN is a fungal hormone, a plant hormone, a virulence factor, or a fungal defense metabolite. Conceptual and technical issues related to testing these hypotheses, such as inadequate analytical methods, confusion of incidental effects with biological functions, and lack of normalization, are illuminated. Based on these considerations, gene knockout experiments, and on the effects of biotic interactions on ZEN synthesis, we argue that ZEN is a defense metabolite protecting Fusarium spp. against mycoparasites and competitors. Similar reasoning and published data suggest that the Fusarium metabolite fusaristatin A fulfils the same function. Fungi produce many macrolactones of resorcylic acid (RALs) and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DHPLs) with properties similar to ZEN. Their widespread occurrence, antifungal activity, and further considerations prompt us to hypothesize that the fundamental function of fungal RALs and DHPLs lies in defense and interference competition.The special metabolite of Fusarium spp. zearalenone (ZEN) exerts estrogenic effects on mammals, stimulates plant growth, stimulates sexual development in fungi, and inhibits fungal growth. These activities inspired hypotheses about the biological function of ZEN. We briefly review the discovery of ZEN and its implications. The main subject of this review is a critical assessment of the hypotheses that ZEN is a fungal hormone, a plant hormone, a virulence factor, or a fungal defense metabolite. Conceptual and technical issues related to testing these hypotheses, such as inadequate analytical methods, confusion of incidental effects with biological functions, and lack of normalization, are illuminated. Based on these considerations, gene knockout experiments, and on the effects of biotic interactions on ZEN synthesis, we argue that ZEN is a defense metabolite protecting Fusarium spp. against mycoparasites and competitors. Similar reasoning and published data suggest that the Fusarium metabolite fusaristatin A fulfils the same function. Fungi produce many macrolactones of resorcylic acid (RALs) and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DHPLs) with properties similar to ZEN. Their widespread occurrence, antifungal activity, and further considerations prompt us to hypothesize that the fundamental function of fungal RALs and DHPLs lies in defense and interference competition.
The special metabolite of spp. zearalenone (ZEN) exerts estrogenic effects on mammals, stimulates plant growth, stimulates sexual development in fungi, and inhibits fungal growth. These activities inspired hypotheses about the biological function of ZEN. We briefly review the discovery of ZEN and its implications. The main subject of this review is a critical assessment of the hypotheses that ZEN is a fungal hormone, a plant hormone, a virulence factor, or a fungal defense metabolite. Conceptual and technical issues related to testing these hypotheses, such as inadequate analytical methods, confusion of incidental effects with biological functions, and lack of normalization, are illuminated. Based on these considerations, gene knockout experiments, and on the effects of biotic interactions on ZEN synthesis, we argue that ZEN is a defense metabolite protecting spp. against mycoparasites and competitors. Similar reasoning and published data suggest that the metabolite fusaristatin A fulfils the same function. Fungi produce many macrolactones of resorcylic acid (RALs) and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DHPLs) with properties similar to ZEN. Their widespread occurrence, antifungal activity, and further considerations prompt us to hypothesize that the fundamental function of fungal RALs and DHPLs lies in defense and interference competition.
Audience Academic
Author Viñas, María
Karlovsky, Petr
AuthorAffiliation 1 CIGRAS, University of Costa Rica, San Jose 2060, Costa Rica; maria.vinasmeneses@ucr.ac.cr
2 Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 2 Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
– name: 1 CIGRAS, University of Costa Rica, San Jose 2060, Costa Rica; maria.vinasmeneses@ucr.ac.cr
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: María
  orcidid: 0000-0003-0644-0579
  surname: Viñas
  fullname: Viñas, María
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Petr
  orcidid: 0000-0002-6532-5856
  surname: Karlovsky
  fullname: Karlovsky, Petr
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40423309$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Issue 5
Keywords chemical defense
interference competition
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid lactone
zearalenone
fusaristatin
competition
curvularin
mycoparasitism
radicicol
resorcylic acid lactone
Language English
License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
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Snippet The special metabolite of Fusarium spp. zearalenone (ZEN) exerts estrogenic effects on mammals, stimulates plant growth, stimulates sexual development in...
The special metabolite of spp. zearalenone (ZEN) exerts estrogenic effects on mammals, stimulates plant growth, stimulates sexual development in fungi, and...
The special metabolite of Fusarium spp. zearalenone (ZEN) exerts estrogenic effects on mammals, stimulates plant growth, stimulates sexual development in...
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StartPage 226
SubjectTerms Animals
Antifungal activity
Antifungal agents
Biological effects
chemical defense
Dihydroxybenzoic acid
Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid lactone
Enzymes
Farms
Fungi
Fungi - drug effects
Fungi - metabolism
Fungicides
Fusarium
Fusarium - metabolism
Hogs
Hypotheses
Hypothesis testing
interference competition
Lactones - metabolism
Lactones - pharmacology
Metabolites
Phenylacetates - metabolism
Plant growth
Plant hormones
radicicol
resorcylic acid lactone
Review
Sheep
Toxicity
Virulence factors
Xenoestrogens
Zearalenone
Zearalenone - metabolism
Zearalenone - pharmacology
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Title A Comprehensive Review of Hypotheses About the Biological Function of Zearalenone, and a New Hypothesis for the Function of Resorcylic and Dihydroxyphenylacetic Macrolactones in Fungi
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40423309
https://www.proquest.com/docview/3212131840
https://www.proquest.com/docview/3212130168
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC12115441
https://doaj.org/article/0f4d766d7f8e4f8ba03b1fbe8be628e5
Volume 17
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