Metaheuristic Optimization-Based Feature Selection for Imagery and Arithmetic Tasks: An fNIRS Study

• Published in: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 23; no. 7; p. 3714
• Main Authors: Zafar, Amad, Hussain, Shaik Javeed, Ali, Muhammad Umair, Lee, Seung Won
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 03.04.2023; MDPI
• Subjects: Algorithms; Brain research; Brain-Computer Interfaces; brain–computer interface (BCI); Classification; Datasets; Electroencephalography; Electroencephalography - methods; Feature selection; fNIRS; Imagery, Psychotherapy; Imagination; Infrared spectroscopy; Mathematical optimization; mental arithmetic; motor imagery; optimization; Optimization algorithms; Physiology; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared - methods; United States; Massachusetts; brain–computer interface (BCI); motor imagery; fNIRS; optimization; mental arithmetic; feature selection
• ISSN: 1424-8220; 1424-8220
• DOI: 10.3390/s23073714

In recent decades, the brain–computer interface (BCI) has emerged as a leading area of research. The feature selection is vital to reduce the dataset’s dimensionality, increase the computing effectiveness, and enhance the BCI’s performance. Using activity-related features leads to a high classification rate among the desired tasks. This study presents a wrapper-based metaheuristic feature selection framework for BCI applications using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Here, the temporal statistical features (i.e., the mean, slope, maximum, skewness, and kurtosis) were computed from all the available channels to form a training vector. Seven metaheuristic optimization algorithms were tested for their classification performance using a k-nearest neighbor-based cost function: particle swarm optimization, cuckoo search optimization, the firefly algorithm, the bat algorithm, flower pollination optimization, whale optimization, and grey wolf optimization (GWO). The presented approach was validated based on an available online dataset of motor imagery (MI) and mental arithmetic (MA) tasks from 29 healthy subjects. The results showed that the classification accuracy was significantly improved by utilizing the features selected from the metaheuristic optimization algorithms relative to those obtained from the full set of features. All of the abovementioned metaheuristic algorithms improved the classification accuracy and reduced the feature vector size. The GWO yielded the highest average classification rates (p < 0.01) of 94.83 ± 5.5%, 92.57 ± 6.9%, and 85.66 ± 7.3% for the MA, MI, and four-class (left- and right-hand MI, MA, and baseline) tasks, respectively. The presented framework may be helpful in the training phase for selecting the appropriate features for robust fNIRS-based BCI applications.