Optimizing irrigation and nitrogen levels to achieve sustainable rice productivity and profitability
The global scarcity of irrigation water poses a significant challenge to the sustainable production of rice and its availability worldwide. With a growing population driving increased demand for rice, it is crucial to enhance rice production while minimizing water usage. Achieving this requires a co...
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| Published in | Scientific reports Vol. 15; no. 1; pp. 6675 - 25 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
London
Nature Publishing Group UK
24.02.2025
Nature Publishing Group Nature Portfolio |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 2045-2322 2045-2322 |
| DOI | 10.1038/s41598-025-90464-8 |
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| Abstract | The global scarcity of irrigation water poses a significant challenge to the sustainable production of rice and its availability worldwide. With a growing population driving increased demand for rice, it is crucial to enhance rice production while minimizing water usage. Achieving this requires a comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions between water and nitrogen dynamics and the formulation of strategies to optimize the application of irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizers. This study aims to investigate the impact of varying irrigation regimes and nitrogen application rates on rice growth attributes, yield performance, overall crop productivity, and economic returns. In the 2021 and 2022 rice growing season, two field experiments were carried out in split plot design with four nitrogen levels in sub plots [N0: Control, N1: 75% RDN (Recommended dose of nitrogen; @ 120 kg N ha
−1
), N2: 100% RDN, and N3: 125% RDN] and four irrigation treatments in main plots [I1: recommended irrigation scheduling, I2: at field capacity (20 L m
−2
), I3: 10% depletion from field capacity (20 L m
−2
), and I4: 20% depletion from field capacity (20 L m
−2
). The experiments were replicated three times. The suggested irrigation scheduling treatment (flooded) showed improved growth characteristics, such as plant height, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, tiller count, SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) value, NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) value, leaf relative water content, and yield attributes; however, these were comparable to the application of irrigation water at field capacity. Due to improved plant growth and yield-attributing characteristics, the I1 treatment recorded the highest grain yield of 8.58 t ha
−1
and 8.4 t ha
−1
, although it was comparable to the I2 treatment, which had grain yields of 8.27 t ha
−1
and 8.15 t ha
−1
in 2021 and 2022. The grain yield reported by the N3 treatment were significantly greater than those of the N2 treatment, IN 2021 and 2022 respectively. Applying nitrogen at 125% RDN (Recommended dose of nitrogen) and irrigation water at field capacity produced the highest benefit–cost ratio (1.64), which was closely followed by the same irrigation regime and 100% RDN application (1.60 BC ratio). Comparable to irrigation at field capacity, the suggested irrigation schedule demonstrated enhanced growth features, yield attributes, productivity, and profitability. The best way to achieve the optimum growth, productivity, and profitability in transplanted rice was to provide irrigation water at field capacity and nitrogen @ 100% RDN. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | The global scarcity of irrigation water poses a significant challenge to the sustainable production of rice and its availability worldwide. With a growing population driving increased demand for rice, it is crucial to enhance rice production while minimizing water usage. Achieving this requires a comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions between water and nitrogen dynamics and the formulation of strategies to optimize the application of irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizers. This study aims to investigate the impact of varying irrigation regimes and nitrogen application rates on rice growth attributes, yield performance, overall crop productivity, and economic returns. In the 2021 and 2022 rice growing season, two field experiments were carried out in split plot design with four nitrogen levels in sub plots [N0: Control, N1: 75% RDN (Recommended dose of nitrogen; @ 120 kg N ha
−1
), N2: 100% RDN, and N3: 125% RDN] and four irrigation treatments in main plots [I1: recommended irrigation scheduling, I2: at field capacity (20 L m
−2
), I3: 10% depletion from field capacity (20 L m
−2
), and I4: 20% depletion from field capacity (20 L m
−2
). The experiments were replicated three times. The suggested irrigation scheduling treatment (flooded) showed improved growth characteristics, such as plant height, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, tiller count, SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) value, NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) value, leaf relative water content, and yield attributes; however, these were comparable to the application of irrigation water at field capacity. Due to improved plant growth and yield-attributing characteristics, the I1 treatment recorded the highest grain yield of 8.58 t ha
−1
and 8.4 t ha
−1
, although it was comparable to the I2 treatment, which had grain yields of 8.27 t ha
−1
and 8.15 t ha
−1
in 2021 and 2022. The grain yield reported by the N3 treatment were significantly greater than those of the N2 treatment, IN 2021 and 2022 respectively. Applying nitrogen at 125% RDN (Recommended dose of nitrogen) and irrigation water at field capacity produced the highest benefit–cost ratio (1.64), which was closely followed by the same irrigation regime and 100% RDN application (1.60 BC ratio). Comparable to irrigation at field capacity, the suggested irrigation schedule demonstrated enhanced growth features, yield attributes, productivity, and profitability. The best way to achieve the optimum growth, productivity, and profitability in transplanted rice was to provide irrigation water at field capacity and nitrogen @ 100% RDN. The global scarcity of irrigation water poses a significant challenge to the sustainable production of rice and its availability worldwide. With a growing population driving increased demand for rice, it is crucial to enhance rice production while minimizing water usage. Achieving this requires a comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions between water and nitrogen dynamics and the formulation of strategies to optimize the application of irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizers. This study aims to investigate the impact of varying irrigation regimes and nitrogen application rates on rice growth attributes, yield performance, overall crop productivity, and economic returns. In the 2021 and 2022 rice growing season, two field experiments were carried out in split plot design with four nitrogen levels in sub plots [N0: Control, N1: 75% RDN (Recommended dose of nitrogen; @ 120 kg N ha −1 ), N2: 100% RDN, and N3: 125% RDN] and four irrigation treatments in main plots [I1: recommended irrigation scheduling, I2: at field capacity (20 L m −2 ), I3: 10% depletion from field capacity (20 L m −2 ), and I4: 20% depletion from field capacity (20 L m −2 ). The experiments were replicated three times. The suggested irrigation scheduling treatment (flooded) showed improved growth characteristics, such as plant height, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, tiller count, SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) value, NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) value, leaf relative water content, and yield attributes; however, these were comparable to the application of irrigation water at field capacity. Due to improved plant growth and yield-attributing characteristics, the I1 treatment recorded the highest grain yield of 8.58 t ha −1 and 8.4 t ha −1 , although it was comparable to the I2 treatment, which had grain yields of 8.27 t ha −1 and 8.15 t ha −1 in 2021 and 2022. The grain yield reported by the N3 treatment were significantly greater than those of the N2 treatment, IN 2021 and 2022 respectively. Applying nitrogen at 125% RDN (Recommended dose of nitrogen) and irrigation water at field capacity produced the highest benefit–cost ratio (1.64), which was closely followed by the same irrigation regime and 100% RDN application (1.60 BC ratio). Comparable to irrigation at field capacity, the suggested irrigation schedule demonstrated enhanced growth features, yield attributes, productivity, and profitability. The best way to achieve the optimum growth, productivity, and profitability in transplanted rice was to provide irrigation water at field capacity and nitrogen @ 100% RDN. The global scarcity of irrigation water poses a significant challenge to the sustainable production of rice and its availability worldwide. With a growing population driving increased demand for rice, it is crucial to enhance rice production while minimizing water usage. Achieving this requires a comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions between water and nitrogen dynamics and the formulation of strategies to optimize the application of irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizers. This study aims to investigate the impact of varying irrigation regimes and nitrogen application rates on rice growth attributes, yield performance, overall crop productivity, and economic returns. In the 2021 and 2022 rice growing season, two field experiments were carried out in split plot design with four nitrogen levels in sub plots [N0: Control, N1: 75% RDN (Recommended dose of nitrogen; @ 120 kg N ha−1), N2: 100% RDN, and N3: 125% RDN] and four irrigation treatments in main plots [I1: recommended irrigation scheduling, I2: at field capacity (20 L m−2), I3: 10% depletion from field capacity (20 L m−2), and I4: 20% depletion from field capacity (20 L m−2). The experiments were replicated three times. The suggested irrigation scheduling treatment (flooded) showed improved growth characteristics, such as plant height, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, tiller count, SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) value, NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) value, leaf relative water content, and yield attributes; however, these were comparable to the application of irrigation water at field capacity. Due to improved plant growth and yield-attributing characteristics, the I1 treatment recorded the highest grain yield of 8.58 t ha−1 and 8.4 t ha−1, although it was comparable to the I2 treatment, which had grain yields of 8.27 t ha−1 and 8.15 t ha−1 in 2021 and 2022. The grain yield reported by the N3 treatment were significantly greater than those of the N2 treatment, IN 2021 and 2022 respectively. Applying nitrogen at 125% RDN (Recommended dose of nitrogen) and irrigation water at field capacity produced the highest benefit–cost ratio (1.64), which was closely followed by the same irrigation regime and 100% RDN application (1.60 BC ratio). Comparable to irrigation at field capacity, the suggested irrigation schedule demonstrated enhanced growth features, yield attributes, productivity, and profitability. The best way to achieve the optimum growth, productivity, and profitability in transplanted rice was to provide irrigation water at field capacity and nitrogen @ 100% RDN. The global scarcity of irrigation water poses a significant challenge to the sustainable production of rice and its availability worldwide. With a growing population driving increased demand for rice, it is crucial to enhance rice production while minimizing water usage. Achieving this requires a comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions between water and nitrogen dynamics and the formulation of strategies to optimize the application of irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizers. This study aims to investigate the impact of varying irrigation regimes and nitrogen application rates on rice growth attributes, yield performance, overall crop productivity, and economic returns. In the 2021 and 2022 rice growing season, two field experiments were carried out in split plot design with four nitrogen levels in sub plots [N0: Control, N1: 75% RDN (Recommended dose of nitrogen; @ 120 kg N ha ), N2: 100% RDN, and N3: 125% RDN] and four irrigation treatments in main plots [I1: recommended irrigation scheduling, I2: at field capacity (20 L m ), I3: 10% depletion from field capacity (20 L m ), and I4: 20% depletion from field capacity (20 L m ). The experiments were replicated three times. The suggested irrigation scheduling treatment (flooded) showed improved growth characteristics, such as plant height, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, tiller count, SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) value, NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) value, leaf relative water content, and yield attributes; however, these were comparable to the application of irrigation water at field capacity. Due to improved plant growth and yield-attributing characteristics, the I1 treatment recorded the highest grain yield of 8.58 t ha and 8.4 t ha , although it was comparable to the I2 treatment, which had grain yields of 8.27 t ha and 8.15 t ha in 2021 and 2022. The grain yield reported by the N3 treatment were significantly greater than those of the N2 treatment, IN 2021 and 2022 respectively. Applying nitrogen at 125% RDN (Recommended dose of nitrogen) and irrigation water at field capacity produced the highest benefit-cost ratio (1.64), which was closely followed by the same irrigation regime and 100% RDN application (1.60 BC ratio). Comparable to irrigation at field capacity, the suggested irrigation schedule demonstrated enhanced growth features, yield attributes, productivity, and profitability. The best way to achieve the optimum growth, productivity, and profitability in transplanted rice was to provide irrigation water at field capacity and nitrogen @ 100% RDN. The global scarcity of irrigation water poses a significant challenge to the sustainable production of rice and its availability worldwide. With a growing population driving increased demand for rice, it is crucial to enhance rice production while minimizing water usage. Achieving this requires a comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions between water and nitrogen dynamics and the formulation of strategies to optimize the application of irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizers. This study aims to investigate the impact of varying irrigation regimes and nitrogen application rates on rice growth attributes, yield performance, overall crop productivity, and economic returns. In the 2021 and 2022 rice growing season, two field experiments were carried out in split plot design with four nitrogen levels in sub plots [N0: Control, N1: 75% RDN (Recommended dose of nitrogen; @ 120 kg N ha-1), N2: 100% RDN, and N3: 125% RDN] and four irrigation treatments in main plots [I1: recommended irrigation scheduling, I2: at field capacity (20 L m-2), I3: 10% depletion from field capacity (20 L m-2), and I4: 20% depletion from field capacity (20 L m-2). The experiments were replicated three times. The suggested irrigation scheduling treatment (flooded) showed improved growth characteristics, such as plant height, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, tiller count, SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) value, NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) value, leaf relative water content, and yield attributes; however, these were comparable to the application of irrigation water at field capacity. Due to improved plant growth and yield-attributing characteristics, the I1 treatment recorded the highest grain yield of 8.58 t ha-1 and 8.4 t ha-1, although it was comparable to the I2 treatment, which had grain yields of 8.27 t ha-1 and 8.15 t ha-1 in 2021 and 2022. The grain yield reported by the N3 treatment were significantly greater than those of the N2 treatment, IN 2021 and 2022 respectively. Applying nitrogen at 125% RDN (Recommended dose of nitrogen) and irrigation water at field capacity produced the highest benefit-cost ratio (1.64), which was closely followed by the same irrigation regime and 100% RDN application (1.60 BC ratio). Comparable to irrigation at field capacity, the suggested irrigation schedule demonstrated enhanced growth features, yield attributes, productivity, and profitability. The best way to achieve the optimum growth, productivity, and profitability in transplanted rice was to provide irrigation water at field capacity and nitrogen @ 100% RDN.The global scarcity of irrigation water poses a significant challenge to the sustainable production of rice and its availability worldwide. With a growing population driving increased demand for rice, it is crucial to enhance rice production while minimizing water usage. Achieving this requires a comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions between water and nitrogen dynamics and the formulation of strategies to optimize the application of irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizers. This study aims to investigate the impact of varying irrigation regimes and nitrogen application rates on rice growth attributes, yield performance, overall crop productivity, and economic returns. In the 2021 and 2022 rice growing season, two field experiments were carried out in split plot design with four nitrogen levels in sub plots [N0: Control, N1: 75% RDN (Recommended dose of nitrogen; @ 120 kg N ha-1), N2: 100% RDN, and N3: 125% RDN] and four irrigation treatments in main plots [I1: recommended irrigation scheduling, I2: at field capacity (20 L m-2), I3: 10% depletion from field capacity (20 L m-2), and I4: 20% depletion from field capacity (20 L m-2). The experiments were replicated three times. The suggested irrigation scheduling treatment (flooded) showed improved growth characteristics, such as plant height, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, tiller count, SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) value, NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) value, leaf relative water content, and yield attributes; however, these were comparable to the application of irrigation water at field capacity. Due to improved plant growth and yield-attributing characteristics, the I1 treatment recorded the highest grain yield of 8.58 t ha-1 and 8.4 t ha-1, although it was comparable to the I2 treatment, which had grain yields of 8.27 t ha-1 and 8.15 t ha-1 in 2021 and 2022. The grain yield reported by the N3 treatment were significantly greater than those of the N2 treatment, IN 2021 and 2022 respectively. Applying nitrogen at 125% RDN (Recommended dose of nitrogen) and irrigation water at field capacity produced the highest benefit-cost ratio (1.64), which was closely followed by the same irrigation regime and 100% RDN application (1.60 BC ratio). Comparable to irrigation at field capacity, the suggested irrigation schedule demonstrated enhanced growth features, yield attributes, productivity, and profitability. The best way to achieve the optimum growth, productivity, and profitability in transplanted rice was to provide irrigation water at field capacity and nitrogen @ 100% RDN. Abstract The global scarcity of irrigation water poses a significant challenge to the sustainable production of rice and its availability worldwide. With a growing population driving increased demand for rice, it is crucial to enhance rice production while minimizing water usage. Achieving this requires a comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions between water and nitrogen dynamics and the formulation of strategies to optimize the application of irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizers. This study aims to investigate the impact of varying irrigation regimes and nitrogen application rates on rice growth attributes, yield performance, overall crop productivity, and economic returns. In the 2021 and 2022 rice growing season, two field experiments were carried out in split plot design with four nitrogen levels in sub plots [N0: Control, N1: 75% RDN (Recommended dose of nitrogen; @ 120 kg N ha−1), N2: 100% RDN, and N3: 125% RDN] and four irrigation treatments in main plots [I1: recommended irrigation scheduling, I2: at field capacity (20 L m−2), I3: 10% depletion from field capacity (20 L m−2), and I4: 20% depletion from field capacity (20 L m−2). The experiments were replicated three times. The suggested irrigation scheduling treatment (flooded) showed improved growth characteristics, such as plant height, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, tiller count, SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) value, NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) value, leaf relative water content, and yield attributes; however, these were comparable to the application of irrigation water at field capacity. Due to improved plant growth and yield-attributing characteristics, the I1 treatment recorded the highest grain yield of 8.58 t ha−1 and 8.4 t ha−1, although it was comparable to the I2 treatment, which had grain yields of 8.27 t ha−1 and 8.15 t ha−1 in 2021 and 2022. The grain yield reported by the N3 treatment were significantly greater than those of the N2 treatment, IN 2021 and 2022 respectively. Applying nitrogen at 125% RDN (Recommended dose of nitrogen) and irrigation water at field capacity produced the highest benefit–cost ratio (1.64), which was closely followed by the same irrigation regime and 100% RDN application (1.60 BC ratio). Comparable to irrigation at field capacity, the suggested irrigation schedule demonstrated enhanced growth features, yield attributes, productivity, and profitability. The best way to achieve the optimum growth, productivity, and profitability in transplanted rice was to provide irrigation water at field capacity and nitrogen @ 100% RDN. The global scarcity of irrigation water poses a significant challenge to the sustainable production of rice and its availability worldwide. With a growing population driving increased demand for rice, it is crucial to enhance rice production while minimizing water usage. Achieving this requires a comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions between water and nitrogen dynamics and the formulation of strategies to optimize the application of irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizers. This study aims to investigate the impact of varying irrigation regimes and nitrogen application rates on rice growth attributes, yield performance, overall crop productivity, and economic returns. In the 2021 and 2022 rice growing season, two field experiments were carried out in split plot design with four nitrogen levels in sub plots [N0: Control, N1: 75% RDN (Recommended dose of nitrogen; @ 120 kg N ha-1), N2: 100% RDN, and N3: 125% RDN] and four irrigation treatments in main plots [I1: recommended irrigation scheduling, I2: at field capacity (20 L m-2), I3: 10% depletion from field capacity (20 L m-2), and I4: 20% depletion from field capacity (20 L m-2). The experiments were replicated three times. The suggested irrigation scheduling treatment (flooded) showed improved growth characteristics, such as plant height, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, tiller count, SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) value, NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) value, leaf relative water content, and yield attributes; however, these were comparable to the application of irrigation water at field capacity. Due to improved plant growth and yield-attributing characteristics, the I1 treatment recorded the highest grain yield of 8.58 t ha-1 and 8.4 t ha-1, although it was comparable to the I2 treatment, which had grain yields of 8.27 t ha-1 and 8.15 t ha-1 in 2021 and 2022. The grain yield reported by the N3 treatment were significantly greater than those of the N2 treatment, IN 2021 and 2022 respectively. Applying nitrogen at 125% RDN (Recommended dose of nitrogen) and irrigation water at field capacity produced the highest benefit-cost ratio (1.64), which was closely followed by the same irrigation regime and 100% RDN application (1.60 BC ratio). Comparable to irrigation at field capacity, the suggested irrigation schedule demonstrated enhanced growth features, yield attributes, productivity, and profitability. The best way to achieve the optimum growth, productivity, and profitability in transplanted rice was to provide irrigation water at field capacity and nitrogen @ 100% RDN. |
| ArticleNumber | 6675 |
| Author | Kanth, Raihana Habib Fayaz, Suhail Bhat, Tauseef A. Salem, Ali Mir, Aamir Hassan Mattar, Mohamed A. Fayaz, Umer Dar, Eajaz Ahmad Bhat, Mohammad Anwar Al‑Ansari, Nadhir Shah, Zahoor Ahmad Bhat, Javid Ahmad Wani, Fehim Jeelani Raja, Waseem Summuna, Baby Bhat, Bilal Ahmad Mir, Mohd Salim |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Mohd Salim surname: Mir fullname: Mir, Mohd Salim organization: Division of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir – sequence: 2 givenname: Waseem surname: Raja fullname: Raja, Waseem organization: Division of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir – sequence: 3 givenname: Raihana Habib surname: Kanth fullname: Kanth, Raihana Habib organization: Division of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir – sequence: 4 givenname: Eajaz Ahmad surname: Dar fullname: Dar, Eajaz Ahmad email: darajaz9@gmail.com organization: Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ganderbal, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, West Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida – sequence: 5 givenname: Zahoor Ahmad surname: Shah fullname: Shah, Zahoor Ahmad email: s.zahoor37@gmail.com organization: Division of Agri. Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir – sequence: 6 givenname: Mohammad Anwar surname: Bhat fullname: Bhat, Mohammad Anwar organization: Faculty of Horticulture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir – sequence: 7 givenname: Aamir Hassan surname: Mir fullname: Mir, Aamir Hassan organization: Research Centre for Residue and Quality Analysis, Faculty of Horticulture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir – sequence: 8 givenname: Fehim Jeelani surname: Wani fullname: Wani, Fehim Jeelani organization: Division of Agri. Statistics, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir – sequence: 9 givenname: Tauseef A. surname: Bhat fullname: Bhat, Tauseef A. organization: Division of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir – sequence: 10 givenname: Javid Ahmad surname: Bhat fullname: Bhat, Javid Ahmad organization: Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir – sequence: 11 givenname: Baby surname: Summuna fullname: Summuna, Baby organization: Directorate of Research, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir – sequence: 12 givenname: Umer surname: Fayaz fullname: Fayaz, Umer organization: Division of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir – sequence: 13 givenname: Suhail surname: Fayaz fullname: Fayaz, Suhail email: bhatsuhailm@gmail.com organization: Division of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir – sequence: 14 givenname: Bilal Ahmad surname: Bhat fullname: Bhat, Bilal Ahmad organization: Division of Agri. Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir – sequence: 15 givenname: Nadhir surname: Al‑Ansari fullname: Al‑Ansari, Nadhir email: nadhir.alansari@ltu.se organization: Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea University of Technology – sequence: 16 givenname: Mohamed A. surname: Mattar fullname: Mattar, Mohamed A. email: mmattar@ksu.edu.sa organization: Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University – sequence: 17 givenname: Ali surname: Salem fullname: Salem, Ali email: salem.ali@mik.pte.hu organization: Structural Diagnostics and Analysis Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Pécs, Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39994262$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-111739$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index |
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| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_3390_agronomy15030623 |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | The Author(s) 2025 2025. The Author(s). Copyright Nature Publishing Group 2025 The Author(s) 2025 2025 |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: The Author(s) 2025 – notice: 2025. The Author(s). – notice: Copyright Nature Publishing Group 2025 – notice: The Author(s) 2025 2025 |
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| DOI | 10.1038/s41598-025-90464-8 |
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| Keywords | Irrigation regime Growth characteristics Nitrogen Grain yield Rice |
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| Snippet | The global scarcity of irrigation water poses a significant challenge to the sustainable production of rice and its availability worldwide. With a growing... Abstract The global scarcity of irrigation water poses a significant challenge to the sustainable production of rice and its availability worldwide. With a... |
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| SubjectTerms | 631/158/2456 704/158/2456 Agricultural Irrigation - economics Agricultural Irrigation - methods Agriculture - methods Crop production Crop Production - economics Crop Production - methods Crop yield Crops, Agricultural - growth & development Dry matter Economics Fertilizers - analysis Field capacity Field tests Geoteknik Grain Grain yield Growing season Growth characteristics Humanities and Social Sciences Irrigation Irrigation regime Irrigation scheduling Irrigation water Leaf area Leaves multidisciplinary Nitrogen Nitrogen - analysis Oryza - growth & development Plant growth Plants Productivity Rice Science Science (multidisciplinary) Soil Mechanics Sustainable production Water Water content Water scarcity Water use |
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| Title | Optimizing irrigation and nitrogen levels to achieve sustainable rice productivity and profitability |
| URI | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/s41598-025-90464-8 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39994262 https://www.proquest.com/docview/3170727521 https://www.proquest.com/docview/3170934170 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC11850893 https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-111739 https://doaj.org/article/1a640b5eed7240428dc7092ff9b1f43b |
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