The mutualism–antagonism continuum in Neotropical palm–frugivore interactions: from interaction outcomes to ecosystem dynamics

• Published in: Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society Vol. 97; no. 2; pp. 527 - 553
• Main Authors: Dracxler, Caroline, Kissling, W. Daniel
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford, UK Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.04.2022
• Subjects: Animals; Antagonism; Antagonists; Arecaceae; Birds; Caching; Carbon sequestration; Consumers; Defecation; Demography; Dispersion; Dynamics; Eating; Ecological function; Ecosystem; Ecosystem dynamics; ecosystem functioning; Ecosystems; ectozoochory; endozoochory; Feeding Behavior; Frugivory; Fruit; Fruits; Germination; granivory; Humans; Mammals; Mutualism; Original; palm endocarp; Parrots; Plant populations; Plants; Population dynamics; Predation; Pulp; Regeneration; Regurgitation; Reptiles; seed caching; Seed Dispersal; seed dispersal distance; Seed germination; seed predation; Seedlings; Seeds; Species; Symbiosis; Synthesis; Variation; vertebrate; Vertebrates; endozoochory; ecosystem functioning; seed caching; Arecaceae; vertebrate; palm endocarp; ectozoochory; seed dispersal distance; granivory; seed predation

ABSTRACT Frugivory, that is feeding on fruits, pulp or seeds by animals, is usually considered a mutualism when interactions involve seed dispersal, and an antagonism when it results in the predation and destruction of seeds. Nevertheless, most frugivory interactions involve both benefits and disadv...