Natural history of a bighorn sheep pneumonia epizootic: Source of infection, course of disease, and pathogen clearance
A respiratory disease epizootic at the National Bison Range (NBR) in Montana in 2016–2017 caused an 85% decline in the bighorn sheep population, documented by observations of its unmarked but individually identifiable members, the subjects of an ongoing long‐term study. The index case was likely one...
Saved in:
| Published in | Ecology and evolution Vol. 11; no. 21; pp. 14366 - 14382 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
England
John Wiley & Sons, Inc
01.11.2021
John Wiley and Sons Inc Wiley |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
Cover
Loading…
| Abstract | A respiratory disease epizootic at the National Bison Range (NBR) in Montana in 2016–2017 caused an 85% decline in the bighorn sheep population, documented by observations of its unmarked but individually identifiable members, the subjects of an ongoing long‐term study. The index case was likely one of a small group of young bighorn sheep on a short‐term exploratory foray in early summer of 2016. Disease subsequently spread through the population, with peak mortality in September and October and continuing signs of respiratory disease and sporadic mortality of all age classes through early July 2017. Body condition scores and clinical signs suggested that the disease affected ewe groups before rams, although by the end of the epizootic, ram mortality (90% of 71) exceeded ewe mortality (79% of 84). Microbiological sampling 10 years to 3 months prior to the epizootic had documented no evidence of infection or exposure to Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae at NBR, but during the epizootic, a single genetic strain of M. ovipneumoniae was detected in affected animals. Retrospective screening of domestic sheep flocks near the NBR identified the same genetic strain in one flock, presumptively the source of the epizootic infection. Evidence of fatal lamb pneumonia was observed during the first two lambing seasons following the epizootic but was absent during the third season following the death of the last identified M. ovipneumoniae carrier ewe. Monitoring of life‐history traits prior to the epizootic provided no evidence that environmentally and/or demographically induced nutritional or other stress contributed to the epizootic. Furthermore, the epizootic occurred despite proactive management actions undertaken to reduce risk of disease and increase resilience in this population. This closely observed bighorn sheep epizootic uniquely illustrates the natural history of the disease including the (presumptive) source of spillover, course, severity, and eventual pathogen clearance.
This case report provides unprecedentedly detailed animal observations before, during, and after a severe bighorn sheep pneumonia outbreak and includes molecular detection of the causative primary pathogen, Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae, in its putative source, a nearby domestic sheep operation. As a result, this case report serves to advance our understanding of critical aspects of this important disease. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | A respiratory disease epizootic at the National Bison Range (NBR) in Montana in 2016-2017 caused an 85% decline in the bighorn sheep population, documented by observations of its unmarked but individually identifiable members, the subjects of an ongoing long-term study. The index case was likely one of a small group of young bighorn sheep on a short-term exploratory foray in early summer of 2016. Disease subsequently spread through the population, with peak mortality in September and October and continuing signs of respiratory disease and sporadic mortality of all age classes through early July 2017. Body condition scores and clinical signs suggested that the disease affected ewe groups before rams, although by the end of the epizootic, ram mortality (90% of 71) exceeded ewe mortality (79% of 84). Microbiological sampling 10 years to 3 months prior to the epizootic had documented no evidence of infection or exposure to
at NBR, but during the epizootic, a single genetic strain of
was detected in affected animals. Retrospective screening of domestic sheep flocks near the NBR identified the same genetic strain in one flock, presumptively the source of the epizootic infection. Evidence of fatal lamb pneumonia was observed during the first two lambing seasons following the epizootic but was absent during the third season following the death of the last identified
carrier ewe. Monitoring of life-history traits prior to the epizootic provided no evidence that environmentally and/or demographically induced nutritional or other stress contributed to the epizootic. Furthermore, the epizootic occurred despite proactive management actions undertaken to reduce risk of disease and increase resilience in this population. This closely observed bighorn sheep epizootic uniquely illustrates the natural history of the disease including the (presumptive) source of spillover, course, severity, and eventual pathogen clearance. A respiratory disease epizootic at the National Bison Range (NBR) in Montana in 2016–2017 caused an 85% decline in the bighorn sheep population, documented by observations of its unmarked but individually identifiable members, the subjects of an ongoing long‐term study. The index case was likely one of a small group of young bighorn sheep on a short‐term exploratory foray in early summer of 2016. Disease subsequently spread through the population, with peak mortality in September and October and continuing signs of respiratory disease and sporadic mortality of all age classes through early July 2017. Body condition scores and clinical signs suggested that the disease affected ewe groups before rams, although by the end of the epizootic, ram mortality (90% of 71) exceeded ewe mortality (79% of 84). Microbiological sampling 10 years to 3 months prior to the epizootic had documented no evidence of infection or exposure to Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae at NBR, but during the epizootic, a single genetic strain of M. ovipneumoniae was detected in affected animals. Retrospective screening of domestic sheep flocks near the NBR identified the same genetic strain in one flock, presumptively the source of the epizootic infection. Evidence of fatal lamb pneumonia was observed during the first two lambing seasons following the epizootic but was absent during the third season following the death of the last identified M. ovipneumoniae carrier ewe. Monitoring of life‐history traits prior to the epizootic provided no evidence that environmentally and/or demographically induced nutritional or other stress contributed to the epizootic. Furthermore, the epizootic occurred despite proactive management actions undertaken to reduce risk of disease and increase resilience in this population. This closely observed bighorn sheep epizootic uniquely illustrates the natural history of the disease including the (presumptive) source of spillover, course, severity, and eventual pathogen clearance. This case report provides unprecedentedly detailed animal observations before, during, and after a severe bighorn sheep pneumonia outbreak and includes molecular detection of the causative primary pathogen, Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae , in its putative source, a nearby domestic sheep operation. As a result, this case report serves to advance our understanding of critical aspects of this important disease. Abstract A respiratory disease epizootic at the National Bison Range (NBR) in Montana in 2016–2017 caused an 85% decline in the bighorn sheep population, documented by observations of its unmarked but individually identifiable members, the subjects of an ongoing long‐term study. The index case was likely one of a small group of young bighorn sheep on a short‐term exploratory foray in early summer of 2016. Disease subsequently spread through the population, with peak mortality in September and October and continuing signs of respiratory disease and sporadic mortality of all age classes through early July 2017. Body condition scores and clinical signs suggested that the disease affected ewe groups before rams, although by the end of the epizootic, ram mortality (90% of 71) exceeded ewe mortality (79% of 84). Microbiological sampling 10 years to 3 months prior to the epizootic had documented no evidence of infection or exposure to Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae at NBR, but during the epizootic, a single genetic strain of M. ovipneumoniae was detected in affected animals. Retrospective screening of domestic sheep flocks near the NBR identified the same genetic strain in one flock, presumptively the source of the epizootic infection. Evidence of fatal lamb pneumonia was observed during the first two lambing seasons following the epizootic but was absent during the third season following the death of the last identified M. ovipneumoniae carrier ewe. Monitoring of life‐history traits prior to the epizootic provided no evidence that environmentally and/or demographically induced nutritional or other stress contributed to the epizootic. Furthermore, the epizootic occurred despite proactive management actions undertaken to reduce risk of disease and increase resilience in this population. This closely observed bighorn sheep epizootic uniquely illustrates the natural history of the disease including the (presumptive) source of spillover, course, severity, and eventual pathogen clearance. A respiratory disease epizootic at the National Bison Range (NBR) in Montana in 2016–2017 caused an 85% decline in the bighorn sheep population, documented by observations of its unmarked but individually identifiable members, the subjects of an ongoing long‐term study. The index case was likely one of a small group of young bighorn sheep on a short‐term exploratory foray in early summer of 2016. Disease subsequently spread through the population, with peak mortality in September and October and continuing signs of respiratory disease and sporadic mortality of all age classes through early July 2017. Body condition scores and clinical signs suggested that the disease affected ewe groups before rams, although by the end of the epizootic, ram mortality (90% of 71) exceeded ewe mortality (79% of 84). Microbiological sampling 10 years to 3 months prior to the epizootic had documented no evidence of infection or exposure to Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae at NBR, but during the epizootic, a single genetic strain of M. ovipneumoniae was detected in affected animals. Retrospective screening of domestic sheep flocks near the NBR identified the same genetic strain in one flock, presumptively the source of the epizootic infection. Evidence of fatal lamb pneumonia was observed during the first two lambing seasons following the epizootic but was absent during the third season following the death of the last identified M. ovipneumoniae carrier ewe. Monitoring of life‐history traits prior to the epizootic provided no evidence that environmentally and/or demographically induced nutritional or other stress contributed to the epizootic. Furthermore, the epizootic occurred despite proactive management actions undertaken to reduce risk of disease and increase resilience in this population. This closely observed bighorn sheep epizootic uniquely illustrates the natural history of the disease including the (presumptive) source of spillover, course, severity, and eventual pathogen clearance. A respiratory disease epizootic at the National Bison Range (NBR) in Montana in 2016–2017 caused an 85% decline in the bighorn sheep population, documented by observations of its unmarked but individually identifiable members, the subjects of an ongoing long‐term study. The index case was likely one of a small group of young bighorn sheep on a short‐term exploratory foray in early summer of 2016. Disease subsequently spread through the population, with peak mortality in September and October and continuing signs of respiratory disease and sporadic mortality of all age classes through early July 2017. Body condition scores and clinical signs suggested that the disease affected ewe groups before rams, although by the end of the epizootic, ram mortality (90% of 71) exceeded ewe mortality (79% of 84). Microbiological sampling 10 years to 3 months prior to the epizootic had documented no evidence of infection or exposure to Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae at NBR, but during the epizootic, a single genetic strain of M. ovipneumoniae was detected in affected animals. Retrospective screening of domestic sheep flocks near the NBR identified the same genetic strain in one flock, presumptively the source of the epizootic infection. Evidence of fatal lamb pneumonia was observed during the first two lambing seasons following the epizootic but was absent during the third season following the death of the last identified M. ovipneumoniae carrier ewe. Monitoring of life‐history traits prior to the epizootic provided no evidence that environmentally and/or demographically induced nutritional or other stress contributed to the epizootic. Furthermore, the epizootic occurred despite proactive management actions undertaken to reduce risk of disease and increase resilience in this population. This closely observed bighorn sheep epizootic uniquely illustrates the natural history of the disease including the (presumptive) source of spillover, course, severity, and eventual pathogen clearance. This case report provides unprecedentedly detailed animal observations before, during, and after a severe bighorn sheep pneumonia outbreak and includes molecular detection of the causative primary pathogen, Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae, in its putative source, a nearby domestic sheep operation. As a result, this case report serves to advance our understanding of critical aspects of this important disease. A respiratory disease epizootic at the National Bison Range (NBR) in Montana in 2016–2017 caused an 85% decline in the bighorn sheep population, documented by observations of its unmarked but individually identifiable members, the subjects of an ongoing long‐term study. The index case was likely one of a small group of young bighorn sheep on a short‐term exploratory foray in early summer of 2016. Disease subsequently spread through the population, with peak mortality in September and October and continuing signs of respiratory disease and sporadic mortality of all age classes through early July 2017. Body condition scores and clinical signs suggested that the disease affected ewe groups before rams, although by the end of the epizootic, ram mortality (90% of 71) exceeded ewe mortality (79% of 84). Microbiological sampling 10 years to 3 months prior to the epizootic had documented no evidence of infection or exposure to Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae at NBR, but during the epizootic, a single genetic strain of M. ovipneumoniae was detected in affected animals. Retrospective screening of domestic sheep flocks near the NBR identified the same genetic strain in one flock, presumptively the source of the epizootic infection. Evidence of fatal lamb pneumonia was observed during the first two lambing seasons following the epizootic but was absent during the third season following the death of the last identified M. ovipneumoniae carrier ewe. Monitoring of life‐history traits prior to the epizootic provided no evidence that environmentally and/or demographically induced nutritional or other stress contributed to the epizootic. Furthermore, the epizootic occurred despite proactive management actions undertaken to reduce risk of disease and increase resilience in this population. This closely observed bighorn sheep epizootic uniquely illustrates the natural history of the disease including the (presumptive) source of spillover, course, severity, and eventual pathogen clearance. A respiratory disease epizootic at the National Bison Range (NBR) in Montana in 2016-2017 caused an 85% decline in the bighorn sheep population, documented by observations of its unmarked but individually identifiable members, the subjects of an ongoing long-term study. The index case was likely one of a small group of young bighorn sheep on a short-term exploratory foray in early summer of 2016. Disease subsequently spread through the population, with peak mortality in September and October and continuing signs of respiratory disease and sporadic mortality of all age classes through early July 2017. Body condition scores and clinical signs suggested that the disease affected ewe groups before rams, although by the end of the epizootic, ram mortality (90% of 71) exceeded ewe mortality (79% of 84). Microbiological sampling 10 years to 3 months prior to the epizootic had documented no evidence of infection or exposure to Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae at NBR, but during the epizootic, a single genetic strain of M. ovipneumoniae was detected in affected animals. Retrospective screening of domestic sheep flocks near the NBR identified the same genetic strain in one flock, presumptively the source of the epizootic infection. Evidence of fatal lamb pneumonia was observed during the first two lambing seasons following the epizootic but was absent during the third season following the death of the last identified M. ovipneumoniae carrier ewe. Monitoring of life-history traits prior to the epizootic provided no evidence that environmentally and/or demographically induced nutritional or other stress contributed to the epizootic. Furthermore, the epizootic occurred despite proactive management actions undertaken to reduce risk of disease and increase resilience in this population. This closely observed bighorn sheep epizootic uniquely illustrates the natural history of the disease including the (presumptive) source of spillover, course, severity, and eventual pathogen clearance.A respiratory disease epizootic at the National Bison Range (NBR) in Montana in 2016-2017 caused an 85% decline in the bighorn sheep population, documented by observations of its unmarked but individually identifiable members, the subjects of an ongoing long-term study. The index case was likely one of a small group of young bighorn sheep on a short-term exploratory foray in early summer of 2016. Disease subsequently spread through the population, with peak mortality in September and October and continuing signs of respiratory disease and sporadic mortality of all age classes through early July 2017. Body condition scores and clinical signs suggested that the disease affected ewe groups before rams, although by the end of the epizootic, ram mortality (90% of 71) exceeded ewe mortality (79% of 84). Microbiological sampling 10 years to 3 months prior to the epizootic had documented no evidence of infection or exposure to Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae at NBR, but during the epizootic, a single genetic strain of M. ovipneumoniae was detected in affected animals. Retrospective screening of domestic sheep flocks near the NBR identified the same genetic strain in one flock, presumptively the source of the epizootic infection. Evidence of fatal lamb pneumonia was observed during the first two lambing seasons following the epizootic but was absent during the third season following the death of the last identified M. ovipneumoniae carrier ewe. Monitoring of life-history traits prior to the epizootic provided no evidence that environmentally and/or demographically induced nutritional or other stress contributed to the epizootic. Furthermore, the epizootic occurred despite proactive management actions undertaken to reduce risk of disease and increase resilience in this population. This closely observed bighorn sheep epizootic uniquely illustrates the natural history of the disease including the (presumptive) source of spillover, course, severity, and eventual pathogen clearance. |
| Author | Besser, Thomas E. Manlove, Kezia R. Cross, Paul C. Hogg, John T. Nelson, Danielle Cassirer, E. Frances Lisk, Amy |
| AuthorAffiliation | 4 Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology Washington State University Pullman Washington USA 6 U. S. Geological Survey Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center Bozeman Montana USA 7 Montana Conservation Science Institute Missoula Montana USA 5 Department of Wildland Resources & Ecology Center Utah State University Logan Utah USA 1 Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology Washington State University Pullman Washington USA 2 Idaho Department of Fish and Game Lewiston Idaho USA 3 US Fish and Wildlife Service Moiese Montana USA |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 1 Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology Washington State University Pullman Washington USA – name: 7 Montana Conservation Science Institute Missoula Montana USA – name: 5 Department of Wildland Resources & Ecology Center Utah State University Logan Utah USA – name: 6 U. S. Geological Survey Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center Bozeman Montana USA – name: 2 Idaho Department of Fish and Game Lewiston Idaho USA – name: 4 Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology Washington State University Pullman Washington USA – name: 3 US Fish and Wildlife Service Moiese Montana USA |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Thomas E. orcidid: 0000-0003-0449-1989 surname: Besser fullname: Besser, Thomas E. email: tbesser@wsu.edu organization: Washington State University – sequence: 2 givenname: E. Frances surname: Cassirer fullname: Cassirer, E. Frances organization: Idaho Department of Fish and Game – sequence: 3 givenname: Amy surname: Lisk fullname: Lisk, Amy organization: US Fish and Wildlife Service – sequence: 4 givenname: Danielle orcidid: 0000-0002-4776-7386 surname: Nelson fullname: Nelson, Danielle organization: Washington State University – sequence: 5 givenname: Kezia R. orcidid: 0000-0002-7200-5236 surname: Manlove fullname: Manlove, Kezia R. organization: Utah State University – sequence: 6 givenname: Paul C. orcidid: 0000-0001-8045-5213 surname: Cross fullname: Cross, Paul C. organization: Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center – sequence: 7 givenname: John T. orcidid: 0000-0003-0586-5663 surname: Hogg fullname: Hogg, John T. organization: Montana Conservation Science Institute |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34765112$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
| BookMark | eNp1kk1v1DAQQCNURD_ogT-ALHGhUre14zhxOCCh1QKVKjgAZ2tiT3a9ytrBToqWX4-zu0VtBb7YGr95Go_nNDty3mGWvWL0ilGaX6NGfiVZWT7LTnJaiFlVCXn04Hycnce4pmmVNC9o9SI75kVVCsbyk-zuCwxjgI6sbBx82BLfEiCNXa58cCSuEHvSOxw33lkg2Nvf3g9WvyPf_Bg0Trh1LerBendJdArGXdDYiBDxkoAzpIdh5ZfoiO4QAjiNL7PnLXQRzw_7Wfbj4-L7_PPs9uunm_mH25kWtC5nQreCNixvtNZSINKqFQyKEpioEduWtoUQULdQUJ6XphS5KA2vJZcABZOSn2U3e6_xsFZ9sBsIW-XBql3Ah6WCkN7ToWK1llznFTaYrA0DbbQxNZiGGl6iSK73e1c_Nhs0Gt2QGvdI-vjG2ZVa-jslRcWEnARvD4Lgf44YB7WxUWPXgUM_RpWLuipkwUua0DdP0HVqrUutmihe1bSQLFGvH1b0t5T7703A9R7QwccYsFXaDjD9VSrQdopRNc2QmmZITTOUMi6eZNxL_8Ue7L9sh9v_g2oxX_Bdxh9Ay9bz |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1002_jwmg_22154 crossref_primary_10_1002_jwmg_22594 crossref_primary_10_1128_jcm_01328_24 crossref_primary_10_1155_2024_3009838 crossref_primary_10_3389_fevo_2023_1083350 crossref_primary_10_1002_jwmg_22715 crossref_primary_10_1002_ece3_9109 crossref_primary_10_1099_mgen_0_001279 crossref_primary_10_7589_JWD_D_22_00057 crossref_primary_10_3390_ani12081029 crossref_primary_10_3390_ani14040526 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1002/ece3.6146 10.3201/eid1803.111554 10.1002/jwmg.21172 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.11.018 10.1038/nature06536 10.1098/rspb.2006.3477 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.04.006 10.2307/2422423 10.1002/jwmg.21914 10.1126/science.287.5452.443 10.1111/1365-2656.12031 10.1371/journal.pone.0095698 10.1002/jwmg.21309 10.1002/ecs2.1766 10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80061.x 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05427.x 10.1371/journal.pone.0207780 10.7717/peerj.10710 10.1002/wsb.387 10.1139/z01-103 10.1002/9780470344880.ch20 10.1002/jwmg.824 10.1155/2012/796527 10.1038/s41598‐019‐51444‐x 10.1142/9789812793584_0010 10.1371/journal.pone.0110039 10.1002/jwmg.21169 10.1016/j.tree.2014.03.002 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00255.x |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2021 The Authors. published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 2021 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 2021. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 2021 The Authors. published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. – notice: 2021 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. – notice: 2021. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. |
| DBID | 24P AAYXX CITATION NPM 3V. 7SN 7SS 7ST 7X2 8FD 8FE 8FH 8FK ABUWG AEUYN AFKRA ATCPS AZQEC BBNVY BENPR BHPHI C1K CCPQU DWQXO FR3 GNUQQ HCIFZ LK8 M0K M7P P64 PHGZM PHGZT PIMPY PKEHL PQEST PQGLB PQQKQ PQUKI RC3 SOI 7X8 5PM DOA |
| DOI | 10.1002/ece3.8166 |
| DatabaseName | Wiley Online Library Open Access CrossRef PubMed ProQuest Central (Corporate) Ecology Abstracts Entomology Abstracts (Full archive) Environment Abstracts Agricultural Science Collection Technology Research Database ProQuest SciTech Collection ProQuest Natural Science Journals ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016) ProQuest Central (Alumni) ProQuest One Sustainability ProQuest Central UK/Ireland Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection ProQuest Central Essentials Biological Science Collection ProQuest Central Natural Science Collection Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management ProQuest One ProQuest Central Korea Engineering Research Database ProQuest Central Student SciTech Premium Collection Biological Sciences Agriculture Science Database Biological Science Database Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts ProQuest Central Premium ProQuest One Academic (New) Publicly Available Content Database ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE) ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences ProQuest One Academic ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition Genetics Abstracts Environment Abstracts MEDLINE - Academic PubMed Central (Full Participant titles) DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef PubMed Agricultural Science Database Publicly Available Content Database ProQuest Central Student Technology Research Database ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest Central Essentials ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition) SciTech Premium Collection ProQuest One Community College ProQuest Natural Science Collection Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management ProQuest Central ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences ProQuest One Sustainability Genetics Abstracts Natural Science Collection ProQuest Central Korea Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection Biological Science Collection ProQuest Central (New) ProQuest Biological Science Collection ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition Agricultural Science Collection Biological Science Database ProQuest SciTech Collection Ecology Abstracts Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts Entomology Abstracts ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition Engineering Research Database ProQuest One Academic Environment Abstracts ProQuest One Academic (New) ProQuest Central (Alumni) MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitleList | PubMed Agricultural Science Database CrossRef MEDLINE - Academic |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: DOA name: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals url: https://www.doaj.org/ sourceTypes: Open Website – sequence: 2 dbid: 24P name: Wiley Online Library Open Access url: https://authorservices.wiley.com/open-science/open-access/browse-journals.html sourceTypes: Publisher – sequence: 3 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 4 dbid: BENPR name: ProQuest Central url: https://www.proquest.com/central sourceTypes: Aggregation Database |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Ecology |
| DocumentTitleAlternate | BESSER et al |
| EISSN | 2045-7758 |
| EndPage | 14382 |
| ExternalDocumentID | oai_doaj_org_article_19c83c27ebef45b1acdcdd9adb0d36e5 PMC8571585 34765112 10_1002_ece3_8166 ECE38166 |
| Genre | article Journal Article |
| GeographicLocations | United States--US Montana National Bison Range |
| GeographicLocations_xml | – name: National Bison Range – name: United States--US – name: Montana |
| GrantInformation_xml | – fundername: Idaho Department of Fish and Game – fundername: Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife – fundername: USDA Forest Service – fundername: Wild Sheep Foundation ‐ National – fundername: Wild Sheep Foundation ‐ Washington chapter – fundername: ; |
| GroupedDBID | 0R~ 1OC 24P 53G 5VS 7X2 8-0 8-1 8FE 8FH AAFWJ AAHBH AAHHS AAZKR ACCFJ ACCMX ACGFO ACPRK ACXQS ADBBV ADKYN ADRAZ ADZMN ADZOD AEEZP AENEX AEQDE AEUYN AFKRA AFRAH AIAGR AIWBW AJBDE ALAGY ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ALUQN AOIJS ATCPS AVUZU BAWUL BBNVY BCNDV BENPR BHPHI CCPQU D-8 D-9 DIK EBS ECGQY EJD GODZA GROUPED_DOAJ GX1 HCIFZ HYE IAO IEP ITC KQ8 LK8 M0K M48 M7P M~E OK1 PIMPY PROAC RNS ROL RPM SUPJJ WIN AAYXX AFPKN CITATION PHGZM PHGZT NPM 3V. 7SN 7SS 7ST 8FD 8FK AAMMB ABUWG AEFGJ AGXDD AIDQK AIDYY AZQEC C1K DWQXO FR3 GNUQQ P64 PKEHL PQEST PQGLB PQQKQ PQUKI RC3 SOI 7X8 5PM PUEGO |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c5096-5cf50b12bccc85ee07f51a46a159eeff0f455a9fa40326d65256d39838aa41883 |
| IEDL.DBID | M48 |
| ISSN | 2045-7758 |
| IngestDate | Wed Aug 27 01:30:59 EDT 2025 Thu Aug 21 18:43:23 EDT 2025 Thu Jul 10 19:30:30 EDT 2025 Wed Aug 13 07:54:37 EDT 2025 Wed Feb 19 02:10:50 EST 2025 Tue Jul 01 03:04:34 EDT 2025 Thu Apr 24 23:12:10 EDT 2025 Wed Jan 22 16:28:37 EST 2025 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | true |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 21 |
| Keywords | bighorn sheep spillover wildlife–livestock interface Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae domestic sheep respiratory disease |
| Language | English |
| License | Attribution 2021 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c5096-5cf50b12bccc85ee07f51a46a159eeff0f455a9fa40326d65256d39838aa41883 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-4776-7386 0000-0003-0586-5663 0000-0001-8045-5213 0000-0002-7200-5236 0000-0003-0449-1989 |
| OpenAccessLink | http://journals.scholarsportal.info/openUrl.xqy?doi=10.1002/ece3.8166 |
| PMID | 34765112 |
| PQID | 2593790481 |
| PQPubID | 2034651 |
| PageCount | 0 |
| ParticipantIDs | doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_19c83c27ebef45b1acdcdd9adb0d36e5 pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_8571585 proquest_miscellaneous_2597484360 proquest_journals_2593790481 pubmed_primary_34765112 crossref_citationtrail_10_1002_ece3_8166 crossref_primary_10_1002_ece3_8166 wiley_primary_10_1002_ece3_8166_ECE38166 |
| ProviderPackageCode | CITATION AAYXX |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | November 2021 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2021-11-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 11 year: 2021 text: November 2021 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationPlace | England |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: England – name: Bognor Regis – name: Hoboken |
| PublicationTitle | Ecology and evolution |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | Ecol Evol |
| PublicationYear | 2021 |
| Publisher | John Wiley & Sons, Inc John Wiley and Sons Inc Wiley |
| Publisher_xml | – name: John Wiley & Sons, Inc – name: John Wiley and Sons Inc – name: Wiley |
| References | 2015; 79 2021; 9 2017; 8 2019; 9 2017; 81 2020; 84 1956; 56 2012; 796527 2000; 8 2006; 273 2019; 168 2012; 18 2014; 29 2018; 82 2020; 10 1996; 10 2012; 108 1999 1992; 8 2005; 19 2001 2000 2014; 38 2013; 82 2000; 287 2014; 9 2008; 451 2001; 79 2012; 21 2018; 13 1937; 2 e_1_2_9_30_1 e_1_2_9_31_1 e_1_2_9_11_1 e_1_2_9_34_1 e_1_2_9_10_1 e_1_2_9_32_1 e_1_2_9_12_1 Dunbar M. R. (e_1_2_9_13_1) 1992; 8 Cassirer E. F. (e_1_2_9_9_1) 1996; 10 Shillinger J. E. (e_1_2_9_29_1) 1937; 2 e_1_2_9_15_1 e_1_2_9_14_1 e_1_2_9_17_1 e_1_2_9_16_1 e_1_2_9_19_1 e_1_2_9_18_1 Woodford M. H. (e_1_2_9_33_1) 1999 e_1_2_9_20_1 e_1_2_9_22_1 e_1_2_9_21_1 e_1_2_9_24_1 e_1_2_9_23_1 e_1_2_9_8_1 e_1_2_9_7_1 e_1_2_9_6_1 e_1_2_9_5_1 e_1_2_9_4_1 e_1_2_9_3_1 e_1_2_9_2_1 e_1_2_9_26_1 e_1_2_9_25_1 e_1_2_9_28_1 e_1_2_9_27_1 |
| References_xml | – volume: 81 start-page: 38 year: 2017 end-page: 45 article-title: Behavioral connectivity among bighorn sheep suggests potential for disease spread publication-title: Journal of Wildlife Management – volume: 18 start-page: 406 year: 2012 end-page: 414 article-title: Causes of pneumonia epizootics among bighorn sheep, Western United States, 2008–2010 publication-title: Emerging Infectious Diseases – volume: 8 year: 2017 article-title: Capital vs. income‐dependent optimal birth date in two North American ungulates publication-title: Ecosphere – volume: 10 start-page: 3491 year: 2020 end-page: 3502 article-title: Removal of chronic carrier ewes eliminates pneumonia in a bighorn sheep population publication-title: Ecology and Evolution – volume: 9 year: 2021 article-title: Impact of on juvenile bighorn sheep ( ) survival in the northern Basin and Range ecosystem publication-title: PeerJ – volume: 2 start-page: 298 year: 1937 end-page: 302 article-title: Disease relationship between domestic animals and wildlife publication-title: Transactions North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference – year: 2001 – volume: 9 year: 2014 article-title: Epizootic pneumonia of bighorn sheep following experimental exposure to publication-title: PLoS One – volume: 81 start-page: 133 year: 2017 end-page: 143 article-title: Evidence for strain‐specific immunity to pneumonia in bighorn sheep publication-title: Journal of Wildlife Management – volume: 82 start-page: 518 year: 2013 end-page: 528 article-title: Spatio‐temporal dynamics of pneumonia in bighorn sheep ( ) publication-title: Journal of Animal Ecology – volume: 8 start-page: 6 year: 2000 end-page: 13 article-title: Translocations as a tool for restoring populations of bighorn sheep publication-title: Restoration Ecology – volume: 9 start-page: 15318 year: 2019 article-title: Genetic structure of informs pathogen spillover dynamics between domestic and wild Caprinae in the western United States publication-title: Scientific Reports – volume: 19 start-page: 1441 year: 2005 end-page: 1448 article-title: The novel and endemic pathogen hypotheses: Competing explanations for the origin of emerging infectious diseases of wildlife publication-title: Conservation Biology – volume: 84 start-page: 1268 year: 2020 end-page: 1282 article-title: Survival of adult female bighorn sheep following a pneumonia epizootic publication-title: Journal of Wildlife Management – volume: 287 start-page: 443 year: 2000 end-page: 449 article-title: Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife – threats to biodiversity and human health publication-title: Science – volume: 21 start-page: 1583 year: 2012 end-page: 1596 article-title: Genomic consequences of genetic rescue in an insular population of bighorn sheep ( ) publication-title: Molecular Ecology – start-page: 214 year: 2000 end-page: 252 – volume: 13 year: 2018 article-title: Respiratory pathogens and their association with population performance in Montana and Wyoming bighorn sheep populations publication-title: PLoS One – volume: 108 start-page: 85 year: 2012 end-page: 93 article-title: Bighorn sheep pneumonia: Sorting out the cause of a polymicrobial disease publication-title: Preventive Veterinary Medicine – volume: 79 start-page: 1423 year: 2001 end-page: 1432 article-title: Ecological correlates of pneumonia epizootics in bighorn sheep herds publication-title: Canadian Journal of Zoology – volume: 8 start-page: 174 year: 1992 end-page: 192 article-title: Theoretical concepts of disease versus nutrition as primary factors in population regulation of wild sheep publication-title: Proceedings Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council – volume: 82 start-page: 32 year: 2018 end-page: 45 article-title: Pneumonia in bighorn sheep: Risk and resilience publication-title: Journal of Wildlife Management – volume: 10 start-page: 78 year: 1996 end-page: 86 article-title: Overview and preliminary analysis of a bighorn sheep die‐off, Hells Canyon 1995–1996 publication-title: Proceedings Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council – volume: 796527 start-page: 1 year: 2012 end-page: 19 article-title: A review of hypothesized determinants associated with bighorn sheep ( ) die‐offs publication-title: Veterinary Medicine International – volume: 9 issue: 4 year: 2014 article-title: Safety and immunogenicity of a bacterin for domestic sheep ( ) publication-title: PLoS One – volume: 451 start-page: 990 year: 2008 end-page: 993 article-title: Global trends in emerging infectious disease publication-title: Nature – volume: 79 start-page: 195 issue: 2 year: 2015 end-page: 210 article-title: Modeling risk of pneumonia epizootics in bighorn sheep publication-title: The Journal of Wildlife Management – volume: 29 start-page: 270 year: 2014 end-page: 279 article-title: Assembling evidence for identifying reservoirs of infection publication-title: Trends in Ecology and Evolution – volume: 273 start-page: 1491 year: 2006 end-page: 1499 article-title: Genetic rescue of an insular population of large mammals publication-title: Proceedings of the Royal Society B‐Biological Sciences – volume: 168 start-page: 30 year: 2019 end-page: 38 article-title: Risk factors and productivity losses associated with infection in United States domestic sheep operations publication-title: Preventive Veterinary Medicine – volume: 56 start-page: 297 year: 1956 end-page: 324 article-title: Ecology of the mountain sheep publication-title: The American Midland Naturalist – volume: 38 start-page: 321 year: 2014 end-page: 331 article-title: Incorporating foray behavior into models estimating contact risk between bighorn sheep and areas occupied by domestic sheep publication-title: Wildlife Society Bulletin – year: 1999 – volume: 10 start-page: 78 year: 1996 ident: e_1_2_9_9_1 article-title: Overview and preliminary analysis of a bighorn sheep die‐off, Hells Canyon 1995–1996 publication-title: Proceedings Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council – ident: e_1_2_9_14_1 doi: 10.1002/ece3.6146 – ident: e_1_2_9_4_1 doi: 10.3201/eid1803.111554 – ident: e_1_2_9_8_1 doi: 10.1002/jwmg.21172 – ident: e_1_2_9_2_1 doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.11.018 – ident: e_1_2_9_18_1 doi: 10.1038/nature06536 – ident: e_1_2_9_17_1 doi: 10.1098/rspb.2006.3477 – ident: e_1_2_9_20_1 doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.04.006 – ident: e_1_2_9_21_1 doi: 10.2307/2422423 – ident: e_1_2_9_12_1 doi: 10.1002/jwmg.21914 – ident: e_1_2_9_11_1 doi: 10.1126/science.287.5452.443 – ident: e_1_2_9_10_1 doi: 10.1111/1365-2656.12031 – ident: e_1_2_9_34_1 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095698 – ident: e_1_2_9_7_1 doi: 10.1002/jwmg.21309 – ident: e_1_2_9_16_1 doi: 10.1002/ecs2.1766 – ident: e_1_2_9_30_1 doi: 10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80061.x – ident: e_1_2_9_23_1 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05427.x – ident: e_1_2_9_6_1 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207780 – ident: e_1_2_9_31_1 doi: 10.7717/peerj.10710 – ident: e_1_2_9_26_1 doi: 10.1002/wsb.387 – ident: e_1_2_9_25_1 doi: 10.1139/z01-103 – ident: e_1_2_9_24_1 doi: 10.1002/9780470344880.ch20 – volume-title: Post‐mortem procedures for wildlife veterinarians and field biologists year: 1999 ident: e_1_2_9_33_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_28_1 doi: 10.1002/jwmg.824 – ident: e_1_2_9_22_1 doi: 10.1155/2012/796527 – ident: e_1_2_9_19_1 doi: 10.1038/s41598‐019‐51444‐x – ident: e_1_2_9_15_1 doi: 10.1142/9789812793584_0010 – ident: e_1_2_9_3_1 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110039 – ident: e_1_2_9_5_1 doi: 10.1002/jwmg.21169 – volume: 8 start-page: 174 year: 1992 ident: e_1_2_9_13_1 article-title: Theoretical concepts of disease versus nutrition as primary factors in population regulation of wild sheep publication-title: Proceedings Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council – ident: e_1_2_9_32_1 doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2014.03.002 – ident: e_1_2_9_27_1 doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00255.x – volume: 2 start-page: 298 year: 1937 ident: e_1_2_9_29_1 article-title: Disease relationship between domestic animals and wildlife publication-title: Transactions North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference |
| SSID | ssj0000602407 |
| Score | 2.333083 |
| Snippet | A respiratory disease epizootic at the National Bison Range (NBR) in Montana in 2016–2017 caused an 85% decline in the bighorn sheep population, documented by... A respiratory disease epizootic at the National Bison Range (NBR) in Montana in 2016-2017 caused an 85% decline in the bighorn sheep population, documented by... Abstract A respiratory disease epizootic at the National Bison Range (NBR) in Montana in 2016–2017 caused an 85% decline in the bighorn sheep population,... |
| SourceID | doaj pubmedcentral proquest pubmed crossref wiley |
| SourceType | Open Website Open Access Repository Aggregation Database Index Database Enrichment Source Publisher |
| StartPage | 14366 |
| SubjectTerms | Animal populations Animals Annual reports bighorn sheep Birth weight Buffalo Carrier lifetime Domestic animals domestic sheep Females Fertility Health risks Hypotheses Immigrants Infectious diseases Mortality Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae Natural history Nature Notes Nutrient deficiency Ovis canadensis Pathogens Pneumonia Population Population decline respiratory disease Respiratory diseases Risk assessment Risk management Sheep spillover wildlife–livestock interface |
| SummonAdditionalLinks | – databaseName: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals dbid: DOA link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV1Lb9QwELZQJSQuCCiPQKkM4sChoUn8irmVaqsKiV6gUm-Wn-pKyFm1XaTy65lxsqtdUdQLt8geJc74czyTGX9DyAfwKWK04ORIEWTNfa9r13JRW4-VkrzyUuNp5G9n8vScf70QFxulvjAnbKQHHhV32GrfM98peFjiwrXWBx-CtsE1gclY2Ethz9twpsZvMHJ3qRWVUNMdRh_ZJwySbW1Ahaf_LuPy7xzJTdu1bD4nT8jjyWqkR-Non5IHMT8jD2eFcfp2l_w6s4U-g47swbd0SNRSB373cJXp9WWMC7rIcQmQm1saF_PfwwB3-ky_l1_3KL5KysoH1A-Y2IGNU_TmgNocKNYuHgBu1GOlCQTLc3J-MvtxfFpPBRVqjywvtfBJNK7tnPe-FzE2KonWcmnBpokxpQY0LKxOljdg1QUpwB4KTPest5a3fc9ekJ085PiK0MCc07xL4OBqnoSyycMl-DOuC8kGVZGPKy0bP7GNY9GLn2bkSe4MTojBCanI-7XoYqTYuEvoC07VWgBZsUsDYMVMWDH3YaUie6uJNtNSvTbg_zGlkTanIu_W3bDIMHJicxyWRQY5V5lsKvJyxMV6JIwriVZrRdQWYraGut2T55eFyLsXqgV3DXRVsPXvtzez41mJ8L7-H2p4Qx51mJlTTlTukZ2bq2V8C6bVjdsvq-gPKkUlqQ priority: 102 providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals – databaseName: ProQuest Central dbid: BENPR link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV1Lb9QwELagFRIXxJtAQQZx4NDQJH4lXBCtUlVIrBBQqbfI8YOuhJKw20Uqv54ZxwmsKNwiexTZmbH9jWfyDSEvwadwToOTI4WVKTdllbY5F6k2WCnJKCMr_Bv5w0KenPL3Z-IsXritY1rltCeGjdr2Bu_IDwCmM1Uhu8nb4XuKVaMwuhpLaFwnu7AFl-B87R7Wi4-f5luWTCKHl5oohbLiwBnHXmOwbOsgCnz9V4HMv3Ml_8Sw4RA6vk1uRfRI343qvkOuue4uuVEH5unLe-THQgcaDTqyCF_S3lNNW_C_-1VH1-fODXTo3AbmstTUDcuffQ9vekM_hyt8FJ-Ss7p9anpM8MDGGMXZp7qzFGsY92B21GDFCTSa--T0uP5ydJLGwgqpQbaXVBgvsjYvWmNMKZzLlBe55lIDtnHO-8xzIXTlNc8A3VkpABdZVpWs1JrnZckekJ2u79wjQi1r24oXHhzdinuhtDfwCH5NW1ivrUrIq-krNyayjmPxi2_NyJdcNKiQBhWSkBez6DBSbVwldIiqmgWQHTs09KuvTVxsTV6ZkplCgYHCTNpcG2usrbRtM8ukEwnZmxTdxCW7bn4bWEKez92w2DCCojvXb4IMcq8ymSXk4WgX80gYVxLRa0LUlsVsDXW7p1ueB0LvUqgc3Db4VsG2_j37pj6qQ6T38f9n8ITcLDD3JvwzuUd2LlYb9xTA00X7LK6QXxS9HE4 priority: 102 providerName: ProQuest – databaseName: Wiley Online Library Open Access dbid: 24P link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjZ3da9RAEMCHWhF8kdbPaJVVfPChsUn2I0l9quVKESyCFvoW9rM9kOS46wn1r3dm86GHFXwLySQkmZlkZnfnNwBvMafwXmOSo6RTqbBVnZpcyFRb6pRkS6tqqkb-fKZOz8WnC3mxBR_GWpieDzENuJFnxO81Obg2q4Pf0FBvPX9Ps1534C6V1hI4vxBfpgGWTBG-i8qlibiOUaSsRrJQVhxMZ2_8jyK2_7ZY8-8lk3-GsvFfdLIDD4Ygkh31Wt-FLd8-hHuzCKC-eQQ_znSkabAeJnzDusA0M5iGd8uWra68X7BF69dogXPN_GL-s-vwSofsaxzJJ_FxjVa7z2xH6zxo5zCZs8906xi1Mu7Q-pilxhNkO4_h_GT27fg0HforpJagL6m0QWYmL4y1tpLeZ2WQuRZKY4jjfQhZEFLqOmiRYZDnlMTwyPG64pXWIq8q_gS22671z4A5bkwtioD5bi2CLHWwuInpjSlc0K5M4N34lhs7wMepB8b3pscmFw0ppCGFJPBmEl30xI3bhD6SqiYBgmTHHd3yshl8rslrW3FblGin-CQm19ZZ52rtTOa48jKBvVHRzeC5qwbTQV7WRNFJ4PV0GH2OJlJ067t1lCEEK1dZAk97u5juhItSURCbQLlhMRu3unmknV9FrnclyxyzN3xX0bb-_fTN7HgWJ3yf_7_oC7hf0HKcWEa5B9vXy7V_ifHUtXkV_eYXa0gcpQ priority: 102 providerName: Wiley-Blackwell |
| Title | Natural history of a bighorn sheep pneumonia epizootic: Source of infection, course of disease, and pathogen clearance |
| URI | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002%2Fece3.8166 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34765112 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2593790481 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2597484360 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC8571585 https://doaj.org/article/19c83c27ebef45b1acdcdd9adb0d36e5 |
| Volume | 11 |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjV3ra9RAEB_6QPCL-Da1Hqv4wQ9NTbK7eQgitqQUoUdRD_otbPZhD0pyXnvF8693ZpMcPTzBb2F3EnZ3ZrK_2cdvAN5iTGGtwiAnlSYNhc6LsI6FDJWmTEk602lBt5HPxunpRHy5kBdbMOTY7AfwemNoR_mkJvOrw18_l5_Q4T_2BKLvrbb8kPa_tmEXJ6SM_POsR_ndD5mIvOjiNHGvI56U-cAxdPfttZnJE_hvQp1_H568C2r9rHTyEB70cJJ97vT_CLZs8xjulZ6KevkEbsfK82qwjlZ4yVrHFKsxIG_nDbu-tHbGZo1doC1OFbOz6e-2xS99YN_8mj6JD6e1mgOmWzrxQYX9ts4BU41hlNS4RTtkmlJQkBU9hclJ-f34NOwzLYSa6F9CqZ2M6jiptda5tDbKnIyVSBWCHWudi5yQUhVOiQjhnkklAiXDi5znSok4z_kz2Gnaxr4AZnhdFyJxGPkWwslMOY2PGOjUiXHKZAG8G0a50j0NOWXDuKo6AuWkIoVUpJAA3qxEZx33xiahI1LVSoDosn1BO_9R9d5XxYXOuU4ytFjsSR0rbbQxhTJ1ZHhqZQD7g6KrwQQrDAx5VhCfTgCvV9XofbSlohrbLrwMkbHyNArgeWcXq5ZwkaUEZwPI1ixmranrNc300jN85zKLMY7DsfK29e_eV-Vx6bd-9_5f9CXcT-hgjr9QuQ87N_OFfYXI6qYewXYizkewe1SOz7-O_PrEyPvSHw4UJL4 |
| linkProvider | Scholars Portal |
| linkToHtml | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV1Lb9NAEB6VVAguiDeGAgsCiUPd-rHrBxJCtKRKaRshaKXezHofbaTKDkkDCj-K38jM2g5EFG69WfbI8u58szvjmf0G4AXGFMZIDHISoROfqyz3y5ALXyrqlKRSleR0GvlgmAyO-IdjcbwCP7uzMFRW2a2JbqHWtaJ_5JvopsdpTuwmb8dffeoaRdnVroVGA4s9M_-OIdv0ze571O_LKNrpH24P_LargK-I6sQXyoqgDKNSKZUJY4LUilDyROLGboy1geVCyNxKHqBroxOBToGO8yzOpORhlsX43iuwymMMZXqwutUffvy0-KsTJMQZlnYURkG0aZSJNyg5t7Txuf4AFzm1f9dm_ukzu01v5ybcaL1V9q6B1y1YMdVtuNp3TNfzO_BtKB1tB2tYi-estkyyEuP9elKx6akxYzauzAznbiSZGY9-1DW-6TX77FIGJN4Vg1XrTNVUUEI326zROpOVZtQzuUaYM0UdLgikd-HoUqb8HvSqujIPgOm4LHMeWQysc25FKq3CS4yjykhbqVMPXnWzXKiW5ZyabZwVDT9zVJBCClKIB88XouOG2uMioS1S1UKA2LjdjXpyUrTGXYS5ymIVpWgQOJIylEorrXOpy0DHiREerHWKLtolYlr8BrQHzxaP0bgpYyMrU8-cDHG9ItQ8uN_gYvElMU8T8pY9SJcQs_Spy0-q0akjEM9EGmKYiHPlsPXv0Rf97b7LLD_8_wiewrXB4cF-sb873HsE1yOq-3HnNdegdz6ZmcfouJ2XT1prYfDlsg30F3OFWH8 |
| linkToPdf | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV3db9MwED-NTiBeEN8EBhgEEg8LzZfjBAkhtrXaGFQTMGlvwfHHVmlKSruCyp_GX8edkxQqBm97i5yTZfvu7Dvf-XcAz9CnMEaik5NynfqJynK_DBPuS0WVkpRQaU6vkT-M0t3D5N0RP1qDn91bGEqr7PZEt1HrWtEdeR_N9FjkhG7St21axMHO8M3kq08VpCjS2pXTaERk3yy-o_s2e723g7x-HkXDweftXb-tMOArgj3xubI8KMOoVEpl3JhAWB7KJJV4yBtjbWATzmVuZRKgmaNTjgaCjvMszqRMwiyLsd9LsC7QKwp6sL41GB18XN7wBCnhh4kOziiI-kaZ-CUF6lYOQVcr4DwD9-88zT_tZ3cADq_DtdZyZW8bUbsBa6a6CZcHDvV6cQu-jaSD8GANgvGC1ZZJVqLvX08rNjsxZsImlZnj2o0lM5Pxj7rGnl6xTy58QORdYli1yVRNySXU2EaQNpmsNKP6yTWKPFNU7YIE9jYcXsiS34FeVVfmHjAdl2WeRBad7DyxXEir8BN9qjLSVmrhwYtulQvVIp5T4Y3TosFqjgpiSEEM8eDpknTSwHycR7RFrFoSEDK3a6inx0Wr6EWYqyxWkUDlwJmUoVRaaZ1LXQY6Tg33YKNjdNFuF7Pit3B78GT5GxWdojeyMvXc0RDua5wGHtxt5GI5kjgRKVnOHogViVkZ6uqfanziwMQzLkJ0GXGtnGz9e_bFYHvgosz3_z-Dx3AFFbN4vzfafwBXI0oBck83N6B3Np2bh2jDnZWPWmVh8OWi9fMXWkdctA |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Natural+history+of+a+bighorn+sheep+pneumonia+epizootic%3A+Source+of+infection%2C+course+of+disease%2C+and+pathogen+clearance&rft.jtitle=Ecology+and+evolution&rft.au=Besser%2C+Thomas+E.&rft.au=Cassirer%2C+E.+Frances&rft.au=Lisk%2C+Amy&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Danielle&rft.date=2021-11-01&rft.issn=2045-7758&rft.eissn=2045-7758&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=21&rft.spage=14366&rft.epage=14382&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fece3.8166&rft.externalDBID=10.1002%252Fece3.8166&rft.externalDocID=ECE38166 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2045-7758&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2045-7758&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2045-7758&client=summon |