The conservation status and population decline of the African penguin deconstructed in space and time
Understanding changes in abundance is crucial for conservation, but population growth rates often vary over space and time. We use 40 years of count data (1979–2019) and Bayesian state‐space models to assess the African penguin Spheniscus demersus population under IUCN Red List Criterion A. We decon...
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Published in | Ecology and evolution Vol. 10; no. 15; pp. 8506 - 8516 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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England
John Wiley & Sons, Inc
01.08.2020
John Wiley and Sons Inc Wiley |
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Abstract | Understanding changes in abundance is crucial for conservation, but population growth rates often vary over space and time. We use 40 years of count data (1979–2019) and Bayesian state‐space models to assess the African penguin Spheniscus demersus population under IUCN Red List Criterion A. We deconstruct the overall decline in time and space to identify where urgent conservation action is needed. The global African penguin population met the threshold for Endangered with a high probability (97%), having declined by almost 65% since 1989. An historical low of ~17,700 pairs bred in 2019. Annual changes were faster in the South African population (−4.2%, highest posterior density interval, HPDI: −7.8 to −0.6%) than the Namibian one (−0.3%, HPDI: −3.3 to +2.6%), and since 1999 were almost −10% at South African colonies north of Cape Town. Over the 40‐year period, the Eastern Cape colonies went from holding ~25% of the total penguin population to ~40% as numbers decreased more rapidly elsewhere. These changes coincided with an altered abundance and availability of the main prey of African penguins. Our results underline the dynamic nature of population declines in space as well as time and highlight which penguin colonies require urgent conservation attention.
Understanding changes in abundance over space and time is crucial for conservation. We use 40 years of count data and Bayesian state‐space models to deconstruct the decline of the African penguin population (almost 65% since 1989) in time and space. Our results underline the dynamic nature of population declines and highlight areas in need of urgent conservation attention, such as the South African colonies north of Cape Town that have declined at nearly 10% per annum since 1999. |
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AbstractList | Understanding changes in abundance is crucial for conservation, but population growth rates often vary over space and time. We use 40 years of count data (1979-2019) and Bayesian state-space models to assess the African penguin Spheniscus demersus population under IUCN Red List Criterion A. We deconstruct the overall decline in time and space to identify where urgent conservation action is needed. The global African penguin population met the threshold for Endangered with a high probability (97%), having declined by almost 65% since 1989. An historical low of ~17,700 pairs bred in 2019. Annual changes were faster in the South African population (-4.2%, highest posterior density interval, HPDI: -7.8 to -0.6%) than the Namibian one (-0.3%, HPDI: -3.3 to +2.6%), and since 1999 were almost -10% at South African colonies north of Cape Town. Over the 40-year period, the Eastern Cape colonies went from holding ~25% of the total penguin population to ~40% as numbers decreased more rapidly elsewhere. These changes coincided with an altered abundance and availability of the main prey of African penguins. Our results underline the dynamic nature of population declines in space as well as time and highlight which penguin colonies require urgent conservation attention. Understanding changes in abundance is crucial for conservation, but population growth rates often vary over space and time. We use 40 years of count data (1979–2019) and Bayesian state‐space models to assess the African penguin Spheniscus demersus population under IUCN Red List Criterion A. We deconstruct the overall decline in time and space to identify where urgent conservation action is needed. The global African penguin population met the threshold for Endangered with a high probability (97%), having declined by almost 65% since 1989. An historical low of ~17,700 pairs bred in 2019. Annual changes were faster in the South African population (−4.2%, highest posterior density interval, HPDI: −7.8 to −0.6%) than the Namibian one (−0.3%, HPDI: −3.3 to +2.6%), and since 1999 were almost −10% at South African colonies north of Cape Town. Over the 40‐year period, the Eastern Cape colonies went from holding ~25% of the total penguin population to ~40% as numbers decreased more rapidly elsewhere. These changes coincided with an altered abundance and availability of the main prey of African penguins. Our results underline the dynamic nature of population declines in space as well as time and highlight which penguin colonies require urgent conservation attention. Understanding changes in abundance is crucial for conservation, but population growth rates often vary over space and time. We use 40 years of count data (1979–2019) and Bayesian state‐space models to assess the African penguin Spheniscus demersus population under IUCN Red List Criterion A. We deconstruct the overall decline in time and space to identify where urgent conservation action is needed. The global African penguin population met the threshold for Endangered with a high probability (97%), having declined by almost 65% since 1989. An historical low of ~17,700 pairs bred in 2019. Annual changes were faster in the South African population (−4.2%, highest posterior density interval, HPDI: −7.8 to −0.6%) than the Namibian one (−0.3%, HPDI: −3.3 to +2.6%), and since 1999 were almost −10% at South African colonies north of Cape Town. Over the 40‐year period, the Eastern Cape colonies went from holding ~25% of the total penguin population to ~40% as numbers decreased more rapidly elsewhere. These changes coincided with an altered abundance and availability of the main prey of African penguins. Our results underline the dynamic nature of population declines in space as well as time and highlight which penguin colonies require urgent conservation attention. Understanding changes in abundance over space and time is crucial for conservation. We use 40 years of count data and Bayesian state‐space models to deconstruct the decline of the African penguin population (almost 65% since 1989) in time and space. Our results underline the dynamic nature of population declines and highlight areas in need of urgent conservation attention, such as the South African colonies north of Cape Town that have declined at nearly 10% per annum since 1999. Abstract Understanding changes in abundance is crucial for conservation, but population growth rates often vary over space and time. We use 40 years of count data (1979–2019) and Bayesian state‐space models to assess the African penguin Spheniscus demersus population under IUCN Red List Criterion A. We deconstruct the overall decline in time and space to identify where urgent conservation action is needed. The global African penguin population met the threshold for Endangered with a high probability (97%), having declined by almost 65% since 1989. An historical low of ~17,700 pairs bred in 2019. Annual changes were faster in the South African population (−4.2%, highest posterior density interval, HPDI: −7.8 to −0.6%) than the Namibian one (−0.3%, HPDI: −3.3 to +2.6%), and since 1999 were almost −10% at South African colonies north of Cape Town. Over the 40‐year period, the Eastern Cape colonies went from holding ~25% of the total penguin population to ~40% as numbers decreased more rapidly elsewhere. These changes coincided with an altered abundance and availability of the main prey of African penguins. Our results underline the dynamic nature of population declines in space as well as time and highlight which penguin colonies require urgent conservation attention. Abstract Understanding changes in abundance is crucial for conservation, but population growth rates often vary over space and time. We use 40 years of count data (1979–2019) and Bayesian state‐space models to assess the African penguin Spheniscus demersus population under IUCN Red List Criterion A. We deconstruct the overall decline in time and space to identify where urgent conservation action is needed. The global African penguin population met the threshold for Endangered with a high probability (97%), having declined by almost 65% since 1989. An historical low of ~17,700 pairs bred in 2019. Annual changes were faster in the South African population (−4.2%, highest posterior density interval, HPDI: −7.8 to −0.6%) than the Namibian one (−0.3%, HPDI: −3.3 to +2.6%), and since 1999 were almost −10% at South African colonies north of Cape Town. Over the 40‐year period, the Eastern Cape colonies went from holding ~25% of the total penguin population to ~40% as numbers decreased more rapidly elsewhere. These changes coincided with an altered abundance and availability of the main prey of African penguins. Our results underline the dynamic nature of population declines in space as well as time and highlight which penguin colonies require urgent conservation attention. Understanding changes in abundance is crucial for conservation, but population growth rates often vary over space and time. We use 40 years of count data (1979–2019) and Bayesian state‐space models to assess the African penguin Spheniscus demersus population under IUCN Red List Criterion A. We deconstruct the overall decline in time and space to identify where urgent conservation action is needed. The global African penguin population met the threshold for Endangered with a high probability (97%), having declined by almost 65% since 1989. An historical low of ~17,700 pairs bred in 2019. Annual changes were faster in the South African population (−4.2%, highest posterior density interval, HPDI: −7.8 to −0.6%) than the Namibian one (−0.3%, HPDI: −3.3 to +2.6%), and since 1999 were almost −10% at South African colonies north of Cape Town. Over the 40‐year period, the Eastern Cape colonies went from holding ~25% of the total penguin population to ~40% as numbers decreased more rapidly elsewhere. These changes coincided with an altered abundance and availability of the main prey of African penguins. Our results underline the dynamic nature of population declines in space as well as time and highlight which penguin colonies require urgent conservation attention. Understanding changes in abundance over space and time is crucial for conservation. We use 40 years of count data and Bayesian state‐space models to deconstruct the decline of the African penguin population (almost 65% since 1989) in time and space. Our results underline the dynamic nature of population declines and highlight areas in need of urgent conservation attention, such as the South African colonies north of Cape Town that have declined at nearly 10% per annum since 1999. Understanding changes in abundance is crucial for conservation, but population growth rates often vary over space and time. We use 40 years of count data (1979-2019) and Bayesian state-space models to assess the African penguin population under IUCN Red List Criterion A. We deconstruct the overall decline in time and space to identify where urgent conservation action is needed. The global African penguin population met the threshold for with a high probability (97%), having declined by almost 65% since 1989. An historical low of ~17,700 pairs bred in 2019. Annual changes were faster in the South African population (-4.2%, highest posterior density interval, HPDI: -7.8 to -0.6%) than the Namibian one (-0.3%, HPDI: -3.3 to +2.6%), and since 1999 were almost -10% at South African colonies north of Cape Town. Over the 40-year period, the Eastern Cape colonies went from holding ~25% of the total penguin population to ~40% as numbers decreased more rapidly elsewhere. These changes coincided with an altered abundance and availability of the main prey of African penguins. Our results underline the dynamic nature of population declines in space as well as time and highlight which penguin colonies require urgent conservation attention. |
Author | Sherley, Richard B. Visagie, Johan Geldenhuys, Deon Crawford, Robert J. M. Tom, Desmond Waller, Lauren J. Makhado, Azwianewi B. Blocq, Andrew D. Upfold, Leshia Winker, Henning Kemper, Jessica Hagen, Christina Dyer, Bruce M. Pichegru, Lorien |
AuthorAffiliation | 8 Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources Lüderitz Namibia 10 Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology University of the Western Cape Bellville South Africa 1 Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn UK 4 Seabird Conservation Programme BirdLife South Africa Cape Town South Africa 6 African Penguin Conservation Project Lüderitz Namibia 2 FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology DST‐NRF Centre of Excellence University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa 3 Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries (DEFF) Cape Town South Africa 7 DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology Institute for Coastal and Marine Research and Department of Zoology Nelson Mandela University Port Elizabeth South Africa 9 Southern African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB) Cape Town South Africa 11 Joint Research Centre of the European Commission Ispra Italy 5 CapeNature PGWC |
AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 5 CapeNature PGWC Shared Services Centre Bridgetown South Africa – name: 4 Seabird Conservation Programme BirdLife South Africa Cape Town South Africa – name: 9 Southern African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB) Cape Town South Africa – name: 2 FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology DST‐NRF Centre of Excellence University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa – name: 11 Joint Research Centre of the European Commission Ispra Italy – name: 3 Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries (DEFF) Cape Town South Africa – name: 8 Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources Lüderitz Namibia – name: 10 Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology University of the Western Cape Bellville South Africa – name: 6 African Penguin Conservation Project Lüderitz Namibia – name: 1 Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn UK – name: 7 DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology Institute for Coastal and Marine Research and Department of Zoology Nelson Mandela University Port Elizabeth South Africa |
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BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32788996$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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Keywords | seabird conservation Benguela ecosystem Bayesian state‐space model IUCN Red List assessment extinction risk population dynamics |
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Snippet | Understanding changes in abundance is crucial for conservation, but population growth rates often vary over space and time. We use 40 years of count data... Abstract Understanding changes in abundance is crucial for conservation, but population growth rates often vary over space and time. We use 40 years of count... Understanding changes in abundance is crucial for conservation, but population growth rates often vary over space and time. We use 40 years of count data... Abstract Understanding changes in abundance is crucial for conservation, but population growth rates often vary over space and time. We use 40 years of count... |
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StartPage | 8506 |
SubjectTerms | Abundance Bayesian analysis Bayesian state‐space model Benguela ecosystem Colonies Conservation Conservation status Eggs extinction risk Fisheries Growth models Growth rate IUCN Red List assessment Mathematical models Original Research Population Population decline population dynamics Population growth Prey seabird conservation Threatened species |
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Title | The conservation status and population decline of the African penguin deconstructed in space and time |
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