Clinical Cytogenetics of the Dog: A Review

The dog is an important companion animal and has been recognized as a model in biomedical research. Its karyotype is characterized by a high chromosome number (2n = 78) and by the presence of one-arm autosomes, which are mostly small in size. This makes the dog a difficult subject for cytogenetic st...

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Published inAnimals (Basel) Vol. 11; no. 4; p. 947
Main Authors Szczerbal, Izabela, Switonski, Marek
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland MDPI AG 27.03.2021
MDPI
Subjects
aneuploidy
Artificial chromosomes
autosomes
biomedical research
cancer cytogenetics
centric fusion
chimerism
chromosome number
Clitoris
Cloning
comparative genomic hybridization
Cytogenetics
disorder of sex development
Dogs
droplets
Females
Fetuses
fish
fluorescence
freemartinism
genome
Genomes
hybridization
Infertility
karyotyping
leukocytes
Localization
meiosis
Mutation
Ovaries
Penis
pets
phenotype
Placenta
Review
Sex chromosomes
single nucleotide polymorphism
Testes
Uterus
freemartinism
centric fusion
disorder of sex development
reciprocal translocation
cancer cytogenetics
mosaicism
aneuploidy
chimerism
intersexualism
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN2076-2615
2076-2615
DOI10.3390/ani11040947

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Abstract The dog is an important companion animal and has been recognized as a model in biomedical research. Its karyotype is characterized by a high chromosome number (2n = 78) and by the presence of one-arm autosomes, which are mostly small in size. This makes the dog a difficult subject for cytogenetic studies. However, there are some chromosome abnormalities that can be easily identified, such as sex chromosome aneuploidies, XX/XY leukocyte chimerism, and centric fusions (Robertsonian translocations). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with the use of whole-chromosome painting or locus-specific probes has improved our ability to identify and characterize chromosomal abnormalities, including reciprocal translocations. The evaluation of sex chromosome complement is an important diagnostic step in dogs with disorders of sex development (DSD). In such cases, FISH can detect the copy number variants (CNVs) associated with the DSD phenotype. Since cancers are frequently diagnosed in dogs, cytogenetic evaluation of tumors has also been undertaken and specific chromosome mutations for some cancers have been reported. However, the study of meiotic, gamete, and embryo chromosomes is not very advanced. Knowledge of canine genome organization and new molecular tools, such as aCGH (array comparative genome hybridization), SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) microarray, and ddPCR (droplet digital PCR) allow the identification of chromosomal rearrangements. It is anticipated that the comprehensive use of chromosome banding, FISH, and molecular techniques will substantially improve the diagnosis of chromosome abnormalities in dogs.
AbstractList The dog is an important companion animal and has been recognized as a model in biomedical research. Its karyotype is characterized by a high chromosome number (2n = 78) and by the presence of one-arm autosomes, which are mostly small in size. This makes the dog a difficult subject for cytogenetic studies. However, there are some chromosome abnormalities that can be easily identified, such as sex chromosome aneuploidies, XX/XY leukocyte chimerism, and centric fusions (Robertsonian translocations). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with the use of whole-chromosome painting or locus-specific probes has improved our ability to identify and characterize chromosomal abnormalities, including reciprocal translocations. The evaluation of sex chromosome complement is an important diagnostic step in dogs with disorders of sex development (DSD). In such cases, FISH can detect the copy number variants (CNVs) associated with the DSD phenotype. Since cancers are frequently diagnosed in dogs, cytogenetic evaluation of tumors has also been undertaken and specific chromosome mutations for some cancers have been reported. However, the study of meiotic, gamete, and embryo chromosomes is not very advanced. Knowledge of canine genome organization and new molecular tools, such as aCGH (array comparative genome hybridization), SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) microarray, and ddPCR (droplet digital PCR) allow the identification of chromosomal rearrangements. It is anticipated that the comprehensive use of chromosome banding, FISH, and molecular techniques will substantially improve the diagnosis of chromosome abnormalities in dogs.The dog is an important companion animal and has been recognized as a model in biomedical research. Its karyotype is characterized by a high chromosome number (2n = 78) and by the presence of one-arm autosomes, which are mostly small in size. This makes the dog a difficult subject for cytogenetic studies. However, there are some chromosome abnormalities that can be easily identified, such as sex chromosome aneuploidies, XX/XY leukocyte chimerism, and centric fusions (Robertsonian translocations). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with the use of whole-chromosome painting or locus-specific probes has improved our ability to identify and characterize chromosomal abnormalities, including reciprocal translocations. The evaluation of sex chromosome complement is an important diagnostic step in dogs with disorders of sex development (DSD). In such cases, FISH can detect the copy number variants (CNVs) associated with the DSD phenotype. Since cancers are frequently diagnosed in dogs, cytogenetic evaluation of tumors has also been undertaken and specific chromosome mutations for some cancers have been reported. However, the study of meiotic, gamete, and embryo chromosomes is not very advanced. Knowledge of canine genome organization and new molecular tools, such as aCGH (array comparative genome hybridization), SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) microarray, and ddPCR (droplet digital PCR) allow the identification of chromosomal rearrangements. It is anticipated that the comprehensive use of chromosome banding, FISH, and molecular techniques will substantially improve the diagnosis of chromosome abnormalities in dogs.
The dog is an important companion animal and has been recognized as a model in biomedical research. Its karyotype is characterized by a high chromosome number (2n = 78) and by the presence of one-arm autosomes, which are mostly small in size. This makes the dog a difficult subject for cytogenetic studies. However, there are some chromosome abnormalities that can be easily identified, such as sex chromosome aneuploidies, XX/XY leukocyte chimerism, and centric fusions (Robertsonian translocations). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with the use of whole-chromosome painting or locus-specific probes has improved our ability to identify and characterize chromosomal abnormalities, including reciprocal translocations. The evaluation of sex chromosome complement is an important diagnostic step in dogs with disorders of sex development (DSD). In such cases, FISH can detect the copy number variants (CNVs) associated with the DSD phenotype. Since cancers are frequently diagnosed in dogs, cytogenetic evaluation of tumors has also been undertaken and specific chromosome mutations for some cancers have been reported. However, the study of meiotic, gamete, and embryo chromosomes is not very advanced. Knowledge of canine genome organization and new molecular tools, such as aCGH (array comparative genome hybridization), SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) microarray, and ddPCR (droplet digital PCR) allow the identification of chromosomal rearrangements. It is anticipated that the comprehensive use of chromosome banding, FISH, and molecular techniques will substantially improve the diagnosis of chromosome abnormalities in dogs.
Simple SummaryThe cytogenetic analysis of dogs is mainly focused on the diagnosis of disorders of sex development (DSD) and cancers. Unfortunately, the study of canine chromosomes is a challenging task due a high chromosome number (2n = 78) and the one-arm morphology of all autosomes. For years, the application of conventional cytogenetic techniques, Giemsa staining and G and DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) bandings, allowed the identification of sex chromosome aneuploidies and centric fusions. An advanced clinical cytogenetic diagnosis is also needed due to the fact that the dog is a valuable animal model in biomedical research. The application of hybridization methods, such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and array comparative genome hybridization (aCGH), facilitated the detection of other chromosomal rearrangements. It can be foreseen that a wide use of modern molecular techniques (e.g., SNP microarray and next generation sequencing) will substantially extend the knowledge on canine chromosome mutations.AbstractThe dog is an important companion animal and has been recognized as a model in biomedical research. Its karyotype is characterized by a high chromosome number (2n = 78) and by the presence of one-arm autosomes, which are mostly small in size. This makes the dog a difficult subject for cytogenetic studies. However, there are some chromosome abnormalities that can be easily identified, such as sex chromosome aneuploidies, XX/XY leukocyte chimerism, and centric fusions (Robertsonian translocations). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with the use of whole-chromosome painting or locus-specific probes has improved our ability to identify and characterize chromosomal abnormalities, including reciprocal translocations. The evaluation of sex chromosome complement is an important diagnostic step in dogs with disorders of sex development (DSD). In such cases, FISH can detect the copy number variants (CNVs) associated with the DSD phenotype. Since cancers are frequently diagnosed in dogs, cytogenetic evaluation of tumors has also been undertaken and specific chromosome mutations for some cancers have been reported. However, the study of meiotic, gamete, and embryo chromosomes is not very advanced. Knowledge of canine genome organization and new molecular tools, such as aCGH (array comparative genome hybridization), SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) microarray, and ddPCR (droplet digital PCR) allow the identification of chromosomal rearrangements. It is anticipated that the comprehensive use of chromosome banding, FISH, and molecular techniques will substantially improve the diagnosis of chromosome abnormalities in dogs.
Author Szczerbal, Izabela
Switonski, Marek
AuthorAffiliation Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; izabela.szczerbal@up.poznan.pl
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  surname: Switonski
  fullname: Switonski, Marek
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Keywords freemartinism
centric fusion
disorder of sex development
reciprocal translocation
cancer cytogenetics
mosaicism
aneuploidy
chimerism
intersexualism
Language English
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SecondaryResourceType review_article
Snippet The dog is an important companion animal and has been recognized as a model in biomedical research. Its karyotype is characterized by a high chromosome number...
Simple SummaryThe cytogenetic analysis of dogs is mainly focused on the diagnosis of disorders of sex development (DSD) and cancers. Unfortunately, the study...
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StartPage 947
SubjectTerms aneuploidy
Artificial chromosomes
autosomes
biomedical research
cancer cytogenetics
centric fusion
chimerism
chromosome number
Clitoris
Cloning
comparative genomic hybridization
Cytogenetics
disorder of sex development
Dogs
droplets
Females
Fetuses
fish
fluorescence
freemartinism
genome
Genomes
hybridization
Infertility
karyotyping
leukocytes
Localization
meiosis
Mutation
Ovaries
Penis
pets
phenotype
Placenta
Review
Sex chromosomes
single nucleotide polymorphism
Testes
Uterus
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Title Clinical Cytogenetics of the Dog: A Review
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33801756
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2528298976
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2508560412
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2551989779
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC8066086
https://doaj.org/article/67a637c5c75d4b25aaaadf25f6548698
Volume 11
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