Conterminous United States land cover change patterns 2001–2016 from the 2016 National Land Cover Database

[Display omitted] The 2016 National Land Cover Database (NLCD) product suite (available on www.mrlc.gov), includes Landsat-based, 30 m resolution products over the conterminous (CONUS) United States (U.S.) for land cover, urban imperviousness, and tree, shrub, herbaceous and bare ground fractional p...

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Published inISPRS journal of photogrammetry and remote sensing Vol. 162; pp. 184 - 199
Main Authors Homer, Collin, Dewitz, Jon, Jin, Suming, Xian, George, Costello, Catherine, Danielson, Patrick, Gass, Leila, Funk, Michelle, Wickham, James, Stehman, Stephen, Auch, Roger, Riitters, Kurt
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01.04.2020
Subjects
forest decline
forests
grasses
hay
land cover
Land cover change
Landsat
landscapes
monitoring
NLCD
pastures
pests
Remote sensing
shrubs
trees
United States
wetlands
United States
NLCD
United States
Remote sensing
Land cover change
Landsat
Online AccessGet full text

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Abstract [Display omitted] The 2016 National Land Cover Database (NLCD) product suite (available on www.mrlc.gov), includes Landsat-based, 30 m resolution products over the conterminous (CONUS) United States (U.S.) for land cover, urban imperviousness, and tree, shrub, herbaceous and bare ground fractional percentages. The release of NLCD 2016 provides important new information on land change patterns across CONUS from 2001 to 2016. For land cover, seven epochs were concurrently generated for years 2001, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2011, 2013, and 2016. Products reveal that land cover change is significant across most land cover classes and time periods. The land cover product was validated using existing reference data from the legacy NLCD 2011 accuracy assessment, applied to the 2011 epoch of the NLCD 2016 product line. The legacy and new NLCD 2011 overall accuracies were 82% and 83%, respectively, (standard error (SE) was 0.5%), demonstrating a small but significant increase in overall accuracy. Between 2001 and 2016, the CONUS landscape experienced significant change, with almost 8% of the landscape having experienced a land cover change at least once during this period. Nearly 50% of that change involves forest, driven by change agents of harvest, fire, disease and pests that resulted in an overall forest decline, including increasing fragmentation and loss of interior forest. Agricultural change represented 15.9% of the change, with total agricultural spatial extent showing only a slight increase of 4778 km2, however there was a substantial decline (7.94%) in pasture/hay during this time, transitioning mostly to cultivated crop. Water and wetland change comprised 15.2% of change and represent highly dynamic land cover classes from epoch to epoch, heavily influenced by precipitation. Grass and shrub change comprise 14.5% of the total change, with most change resulting from fire. Developed change was the most persistent and permanent land change increase adding almost 29,000 km2 over 15 years (5.6% of total CONUS change), with southern states exhibiting expansion much faster than most of the northern states. Temporal rates of developed change increased in 2001–2006 at twice the rate of 2011–2016, reflecting a slowdown in CONUS economic activity. Future NLCD plans include increasing monitoring frequency, reducing latency time between satellite imaging and product delivery, improving accuracy and expanding the variety of products available in an integrated database.
AbstractList The 2016 National Land Cover Database (NLCD) product suite (available on www.mrlc.gov), includes Landsat-based, 30 m resolution products over the conterminous (CONUS) United States (U.S.) for land cover, urban imperviousness, and tree, shrub, herbaceous and bare ground fractional percentages. The release of NLCD 2016 provides important new information on land change patterns across CONUS from 2001 to 2016. For land cover, seven epochs were concurrently generated for years 2001, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2011, 2013, and 2016. Products reveal that land cover change is significant across most land cover classes and time periods. The land cover product was validated using existing reference data from the legacy NLCD 2011 accuracy assessment, applied to the 2011 epoch of the NLCD 2016 product line. The legacy and new NLCD 2011 overall accuracies were 82% and 83%, respectively, (standard error (SE) was 0.5%), demonstrating a small but significant increase in overall accuracy. Between 2001 and 2016, the CONUS landscape experienced significant change, with almost 8% of the landscape having experienced a land cover change at least once during this period. Nearly 50% of that change involves forest, driven by change agents of harvest, fire, disease and pests that resulted in an overall forest decline, including increasing fragmentation and loss of interior forest. Agricultural change represented 15.9% of the change, with total agricultural spatial extent showing only a slight increase of 4778 km², however there was a substantial decline (7.94%) in pasture/hay during this time, transitioning mostly to cultivated crop. Water and wetland change comprised 15.2% of change and represent highly dynamic land cover classes from epoch to epoch, heavily influenced by precipitation. Grass and shrub change comprise 14.5% of the total change, with most change resulting from fire. Developed change was the most persistent and permanent land change increase adding almost 29,000 km² over 15 years (5.6% of total CONUS change), with southern states exhibiting expansion much faster than most of the northern states. Temporal rates of developed change increased in 2001–2006 at twice the rate of 2011–2016, reflecting a slowdown in CONUS economic activity. Future NLCD plans include increasing monitoring frequency, reducing latency time between satellite imaging and product delivery, improving accuracy and expanding the variety of products available in an integrated database.
The 2016 National Land Cover Database (NLCD) product suite (available on www.mrlc.gov), includes Landsat-based, 30 m resolution products over the conterminous (CONUS) United States (U.S.) for land cover, urban imperviousness, and tree, shrub, herbaceous and bare ground fractional percentages. The release of NLCD 2016 provides important new information on land change patterns across CONUS from 2001 to 2016. For land cover, seven epochs were concurrently generated for years 2001, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2011, 2013, and 2016. Products reveal that land cover change is significant across most land cover classes and time periods. The land cover product was validated using existing reference data from the legacy NLCD 2011 accuracy assessment, applied to the 2011 epoch of the NLCD 2016 product line. The legacy and new NLCD 2011 overall accuracies were 82% and 83%, respectively, (standard error (SE) was 0.5%), demonstrating a small but significant increase in overall accuracy. Between 2001 and 2016, the CONUS landscape experienced significant change, with almost 8% of the landscape having experienced a land cover change at least once during this period. Nearly 50% of that change involves forest, driven by change agents of harvest, fire, disease and pests that resulted in an overall forest decline, including increasing fragmentation and loss of interior forest. Agricultural change represented 15.9% of the change, with total agricultural spatial extent showing only a slight increase of 4778 km , however there was a substantial decline (7.94%) in pasture/hay during this time, transitioning mostly to cultivated crop. Water and wetland change comprised 15.2% of change and represent highly dynamic land cover classes from epoch to epoch, heavily influenced by precipitation. Grass and shrub change comprise 14.5% of the total change, with most change resulting from fire. Developed change was the most persistent and permanent land change increase adding almost 29,000 km over 15 years (5.6% of total CONUS change), with southern states exhibiting expansion much faster than most of the northern states. Temporal rates of developed change increased in 2001-2006 at twice the rate of 2011-2016, reflecting a slowdown in CONUS economic activity. Future NLCD plans include increasing monitoring frequency, reducing latency time between satellite imaging and product delivery, improving accuracy and expanding the variety of products available in an integrated database.
The 2016 National Land Cover Database (NLCD) product suite (available on www.mrlc.gov), includes Landsat-based, 30 m resolution products over the conterminous (CONUS) United States (U.S.) for land cover, urban imperviousness, and tree, shrub, herbaceous and bare ground fractional percentages. The release of NLCD 2016 provides important new information on land change patterns across CONUS from 2001 to 2016. For land cover, seven epochs were concurrently generated for years 2001, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2011, 2013, and 2016. Products reveal that land cover change is significant across most land cover classes and time periods. The land cover product was validated using existing reference data from the legacy NLCD 2011 accuracy assessment, applied to the 2011 epoch of the NLCD 2016 product line. The legacy and new NLCD 2011 overall accuracies were 82% and 83%, respectively, (standard error (SE) was 0.5%), demonstrating a small but significant increase in overall accuracy. Between 2001 and 2016, the CONUS landscape experienced significant change, with almost 8% of the landscape having experienced a land cover change at least once during this period. Nearly 50% of that change involves forest, driven by change agents of harvest, fire, disease and pests that resulted in an overall forest decline, including increasing fragmentation and loss of interior forest. Agricultural change represented 15.9% of the change, with total agricultural spatial extent showing only a slight increase of 4778 km2, however there was a substantial decline (7.94%) in pasture/hay during this time, transitioning mostly to cultivated crop. Water and wetland change comprised 15.2% of change and represent highly dynamic land cover classes from epoch to epoch, heavily influenced by precipitation. Grass and shrub change comprise 14.5% of the total change, with most change resulting from fire. Developed change was the most persistent and permanent land change increase adding almost 29,000 km2 over 15 years (5.6% of total CONUS change), with southern states exhibiting expansion much faster than most of the northern states. Temporal rates of developed change increased in 2001-2006 at twice the rate of 2011-2016, reflecting a slowdown in CONUS economic activity. Future NLCD plans include increasing monitoring frequency, reducing latency time between satellite imaging and product delivery, improving accuracy and expanding the variety of products available in an integrated database.The 2016 National Land Cover Database (NLCD) product suite (available on www.mrlc.gov), includes Landsat-based, 30 m resolution products over the conterminous (CONUS) United States (U.S.) for land cover, urban imperviousness, and tree, shrub, herbaceous and bare ground fractional percentages. The release of NLCD 2016 provides important new information on land change patterns across CONUS from 2001 to 2016. For land cover, seven epochs were concurrently generated for years 2001, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2011, 2013, and 2016. Products reveal that land cover change is significant across most land cover classes and time periods. The land cover product was validated using existing reference data from the legacy NLCD 2011 accuracy assessment, applied to the 2011 epoch of the NLCD 2016 product line. The legacy and new NLCD 2011 overall accuracies were 82% and 83%, respectively, (standard error (SE) was 0.5%), demonstrating a small but significant increase in overall accuracy. Between 2001 and 2016, the CONUS landscape experienced significant change, with almost 8% of the landscape having experienced a land cover change at least once during this period. Nearly 50% of that change involves forest, driven by change agents of harvest, fire, disease and pests that resulted in an overall forest decline, including increasing fragmentation and loss of interior forest. Agricultural change represented 15.9% of the change, with total agricultural spatial extent showing only a slight increase of 4778 km2, however there was a substantial decline (7.94%) in pasture/hay during this time, transitioning mostly to cultivated crop. Water and wetland change comprised 15.2% of change and represent highly dynamic land cover classes from epoch to epoch, heavily influenced by precipitation. Grass and shrub change comprise 14.5% of the total change, with most change resulting from fire. Developed change was the most persistent and permanent land change increase adding almost 29,000 km2 over 15 years (5.6% of total CONUS change), with southern states exhibiting expansion much faster than most of the northern states. Temporal rates of developed change increased in 2001-2006 at twice the rate of 2011-2016, reflecting a slowdown in CONUS economic activity. Future NLCD plans include increasing monitoring frequency, reducing latency time between satellite imaging and product delivery, improving accuracy and expanding the variety of products available in an integrated database.
The 2016 National Land Cover Database (NLCD) product suite (available on www.mrlc.gov ), includes Landsat-based, 30 m resolution products over the conterminous (CONUS) United States (U.S.) for land cover, urban imperviousness, and tree, shrub, herbaceous and bare ground fractional percentages. The release of NLCD 2016 provides important new information on land change patterns across CONUS from 2001 to 2016. For land cover, seven epochs were concurrently generated for years 2001, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2011, 2013, and 2016. Products reveal that land cover change is significant across most land cover classes and time periods. The land cover product was validated using existing reference data from the legacy NLCD 2011 accuracy assessment, applied to the 2011 epoch of the NLCD 2016 product line. The legacy and new NLCD 2011 overall accuracies were 82% and 83%, respectively, (standard error (SE) was 0.5%), demonstrating a small but significant increase in overall accuracy. Between 2001 and 2016, the CONUS landscape experienced significant change, with almost 8% of the landscape having experienced a land cover change at least once during this period. Nearly 50% of that change involves forest, driven by change agents of harvest, fire, disease and pests that resulted in an overall forest decline, including increasing fragmentation and loss of interior forest. Agricultural change represented 15.9% of the change, with total agricultural spatial extent showing only a slight increase of 4778 km 2 , however there was a substantial decline (7.94%) in pasture/hay during this time, transitioning mostly to cultivated crop. Water and wetland change comprised 15.2% of change and represent highly dynamic land cover classes from epoch to epoch, heavily influenced by precipitation. Grass and shrub change comprise 14.5% of the total change, with most change resulting from fire. Developed change was the most persistent and permanent land change increase adding almost 29,000 km 2 over 15 years (5.6% of total CONUS change), with southern states exhibiting expansion much faster than most of the northern states. Temporal rates of developed change increased in 2001–2006 at twice the rate of 2011–2016, reflecting a slowdown in CONUS economic activity. Future NLCD plans include increasing monitoring frequency, reducing latency time between satellite imaging and product delivery, improving accuracy and expanding the variety of products available in an integrated database.
[Display omitted] The 2016 National Land Cover Database (NLCD) product suite (available on www.mrlc.gov), includes Landsat-based, 30 m resolution products over the conterminous (CONUS) United States (U.S.) for land cover, urban imperviousness, and tree, shrub, herbaceous and bare ground fractional percentages. The release of NLCD 2016 provides important new information on land change patterns across CONUS from 2001 to 2016. For land cover, seven epochs were concurrently generated for years 2001, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2011, 2013, and 2016. Products reveal that land cover change is significant across most land cover classes and time periods. The land cover product was validated using existing reference data from the legacy NLCD 2011 accuracy assessment, applied to the 2011 epoch of the NLCD 2016 product line. The legacy and new NLCD 2011 overall accuracies were 82% and 83%, respectively, (standard error (SE) was 0.5%), demonstrating a small but significant increase in overall accuracy. Between 2001 and 2016, the CONUS landscape experienced significant change, with almost 8% of the landscape having experienced a land cover change at least once during this period. Nearly 50% of that change involves forest, driven by change agents of harvest, fire, disease and pests that resulted in an overall forest decline, including increasing fragmentation and loss of interior forest. Agricultural change represented 15.9% of the change, with total agricultural spatial extent showing only a slight increase of 4778 km2, however there was a substantial decline (7.94%) in pasture/hay during this time, transitioning mostly to cultivated crop. Water and wetland change comprised 15.2% of change and represent highly dynamic land cover classes from epoch to epoch, heavily influenced by precipitation. Grass and shrub change comprise 14.5% of the total change, with most change resulting from fire. Developed change was the most persistent and permanent land change increase adding almost 29,000 km2 over 15 years (5.6% of total CONUS change), with southern states exhibiting expansion much faster than most of the northern states. Temporal rates of developed change increased in 2001–2006 at twice the rate of 2011–2016, reflecting a slowdown in CONUS economic activity. Future NLCD plans include increasing monitoring frequency, reducing latency time between satellite imaging and product delivery, improving accuracy and expanding the variety of products available in an integrated database.
Author Costello, Catherine
Funk, Michelle
Xian, George
Auch, Roger
Danielson, Patrick
Stehman, Stephen
Gass, Leila
Homer, Collin
Dewitz, Jon
Jin, Suming
Wickham, James
Riitters, Kurt
AuthorAffiliation d Stinger Ghaffarian Technologies, Contractor to the U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center, 47914 252nd Street, Sioux Falls, SD 57198, USA
i Southern Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Research Triangle Park 27709, USA
b ASRC Federal InuTeq, Contractor to the U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Resources and Observation Science (EROS) Center, 47914 252nd St., Sioux Falls, SD 57198, USA
a U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Resources and Observation Science (EROS) Center, 47914 252nd St., Sioux Falls, SD 57198, USA
f U.S. Geological Survey, National Geospatial Technical Operations Center, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr., Reston, VA, USA
c U.S. Geological Survey, Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center, PO Box 25046, DFC, MS 980, Denver, CO 80225, USA
h SUNY-ESF, 1 Forestry Dr., 320 Bray Hall, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
g Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., Researc
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: g Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
– name: i Southern Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Research Triangle Park 27709, USA
– name: a U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Resources and Observation Science (EROS) Center, 47914 252nd St., Sioux Falls, SD 57198, USA
– name: d Stinger Ghaffarian Technologies, Contractor to the U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center, 47914 252nd Street, Sioux Falls, SD 57198, USA
– name: b ASRC Federal InuTeq, Contractor to the U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Resources and Observation Science (EROS) Center, 47914 252nd St., Sioux Falls, SD 57198, USA
– name: f U.S. Geological Survey, National Geospatial Technical Operations Center, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr., Reston, VA, USA
– name: h SUNY-ESF, 1 Forestry Dr., 320 Bray Hall, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
– name: e U.S. Geological Survey, Western Geographic Science Center, 520 N. Park Ave., Tucson, AZ 85179, USA
– name: c U.S. Geological Survey, Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center, PO Box 25046, DFC, MS 980, Denver, CO 80225, USA
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  givenname: Collin
  surname: Homer
  fullname: Homer, Collin
  email: homer@usgs.gov
  organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Resources and Observation Science (EROS) Center, 47914 252nd St., Sioux Falls, SD 57198, USA
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  givenname: Jon
  orcidid: 0000-0001-5674-2204
  surname: Dewitz
  fullname: Dewitz, Jon
  organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Resources and Observation Science (EROS) Center, 47914 252nd St., Sioux Falls, SD 57198, USA
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Suming
  surname: Jin
  fullname: Jin, Suming
  organization: ASRC Federal InuTeq, Contractor to the U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Resources and Observation Science (EROS) Center, 47914 252nd St., Sioux Falls, SD 57198, USA
– sequence: 4
  givenname: George
  orcidid: 0000-0002-7409-7365
  surname: Xian
  fullname: Xian, George
  organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Resources and Observation Science (EROS) Center, 47914 252nd St., Sioux Falls, SD 57198, USA
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Catherine
  surname: Costello
  fullname: Costello, Catherine
  organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center, PO Box 25046, DFC, MS 980, Denver, CO 80225, USA
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Patrick
  surname: Danielson
  fullname: Danielson, Patrick
  organization: Stinger Ghaffarian Technologies, Contractor to the U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center, 47914 252nd Street, Sioux Falls, SD 57198, USA
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Leila
  surname: Gass
  fullname: Gass, Leila
  organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Western Geographic Science Center, 520 N. Park Ave., Tucson, AZ 85179, USA
– sequence: 8
  givenname: Michelle
  surname: Funk
  fullname: Funk, Michelle
  organization: U.S. Geological Survey, National Geospatial Technical Operations Center, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr., Reston, VA, USA
– sequence: 9
  givenname: James
  orcidid: 0000-0001-5234-2027
  surname: Wickham
  fullname: Wickham, James
  organization: Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
– sequence: 10
  givenname: Stephen
  surname: Stehman
  fullname: Stehman, Stephen
  organization: SUNY-ESF, 1 Forestry Dr., 320 Bray Hall, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
– sequence: 11
  givenname: Roger
  surname: Auch
  fullname: Auch, Roger
  organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Resources and Observation Science (EROS) Center, 47914 252nd St., Sioux Falls, SD 57198, USA
– sequence: 12
  givenname: Kurt
  surname: Riitters
  fullname: Riitters, Kurt
  organization: Southern Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Research Triangle Park 27709, USA
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35746921$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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United States
Remote sensing
Land cover change
Landsat
Language English
License This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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Snippet [Display omitted] The 2016 National Land Cover Database (NLCD) product suite (available on www.mrlc.gov), includes Landsat-based, 30 m resolution products over...
The 2016 National Land Cover Database (NLCD) product suite (available on www.mrlc.gov), includes Landsat-based, 30 m resolution products over the conterminous...
The 2016 National Land Cover Database (NLCD) product suite (available on www.mrlc.gov ), includes Landsat-based, 30 m resolution products over the conterminous...
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SubjectTerms forest decline
forests
grasses
hay
land cover
Land cover change
Landsat
landscapes
monitoring
NLCD
pastures
pests
Remote sensing
shrubs
trees
United States
wetlands
Title Conterminous United States land cover change patterns 2001–2016 from the 2016 National Land Cover Database
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2020.02.019
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35746921
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC9214659
Volume 162
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