The microbiome extends to subepidermal compartments of normal skin
Commensal microbes on the skin surface influence the behaviour of cells below the epidermis. We hypothesized that bacteria or their products exist below the surface epithelium and thus permit physical interaction between microbes and dermal cells. Here to test this hypothesis, we employed multiple i...
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| Published in | Nature communications Vol. 4; no. 1; p. 1431 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
London
Nature Publishing Group UK
2013
Nature Publishing Group |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Commensal microbes on the skin surface influence the behaviour of cells below the epidermis. We hypothesized that bacteria or their products exist below the surface epithelium and thus permit physical interaction between microbes and dermal cells. Here to test this hypothesis, we employed multiple independent detection techniques for bacteria including quantitative PCR, Gram staining, immunofluorescence and
in situ
hybridization. Bacteria were consistently detectable within the dermis and dermal adipose of normal human skin. Sequencing of DNA from dermis and dermal adipose tissue identified bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA reflective of a diverse and partially distinct microbial community in each skin compartment. These results show the microbiota extends within the dermis, therefore, enabling physical contact between bacteria and various cells below the basement membrane. These observations show that normal commensal bacterial communities directly communicate with the host in a tissue previously thought to be sterile.
Microbes living in human skin are known to influence the immune system; however, the deeper layers in which immune cells reside were thought to be largely impervious to bacteria. Nakatsuji
et al.
show that the skin microbiome extends into the dermis, enabling contact with cells below the basement membrane. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Commensal microbes on the skin surface influence the behaviour of cells below the epidermis. We hypothesized that bacteria or their products exist below the surface epithelium and thus permit physical interaction between microbes and dermal cells. Here to test this hypothesis, we employed multiple independent detection techniques for bacteria including quantitative PCR, Gram staining, immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization. Bacteria were consistently detectable within the dermis and dermal adipose of normal human skin. Sequencing of DNA from dermis and dermal adipose tissue identified bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA reflective of a diverse and partially distinct microbial community in each skin compartment. These results show the microbiota extends within the dermis, therefore, enabling physical contact between bacteria and various cells below the basement membrane. These observations show that normal commensal bacterial communities directly communicate with the host in a tissue previously thought to be sterile. Commensal microbes on the skin surface influence the behaviour of cells below the epidermis. We hypothesized that bacteria or their products exist below the surface epithelium and thus permit physical interaction between microbes and dermal cells. Here to test this hypothesis, we employed multiple independent detection techniques for bacteria including quantitative PCR, Gram staining, immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization. Bacteria were consistently detectable within the dermis and dermal adipose of normal human skin. Sequencing of DNA from dermis and dermal adipose tissue identified bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA reflective of a diverse and partially distinct microbial community in each skin compartment. These results show the microbiota extends within the dermis, therefore, enabling physical contact between bacteria and various cells below the basement membrane. These observations show that normal commensal bacterial communities directly communicate with the host in a tissue previously thought to be sterile.Commensal microbes on the skin surface influence the behaviour of cells below the epidermis. We hypothesized that bacteria or their products exist below the surface epithelium and thus permit physical interaction between microbes and dermal cells. Here to test this hypothesis, we employed multiple independent detection techniques for bacteria including quantitative PCR, Gram staining, immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization. Bacteria were consistently detectable within the dermis and dermal adipose of normal human skin. Sequencing of DNA from dermis and dermal adipose tissue identified bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA reflective of a diverse and partially distinct microbial community in each skin compartment. These results show the microbiota extends within the dermis, therefore, enabling physical contact between bacteria and various cells below the basement membrane. These observations show that normal commensal bacterial communities directly communicate with the host in a tissue previously thought to be sterile. Commensal microbes on the skin surface influence the behaviour of cells below the epidermis. We hypothesized that bacteria or their products exist below the surface epithelium and thus permit physical interaction between microbes and dermal cells. Here to test this hypothesis, we employed multiple independent detection techniques for bacteria including quantitative PCR, Gram staining, immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization. Bacteria were consistently detectable within the dermis and dermal adipose of normal human skin. Sequencing of DNA from dermis and dermal adipose tissue identified bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA reflective of a diverse and partially distinct microbial community in each skin compartment. These results show the microbiota extends within the dermis, therefore, enabling physical contact between bacteria and various cells below the basement membrane. These observations show that normal commensal bacterial communities directly communicate with the host in a tissue previously thought to be sterile. Microbes living in human skin are known to influence the immune system; however, the deeper layers in which immune cells reside were thought to be largely impervious to bacteria. Nakatsuji et al. show that the skin microbiome extends into the dermis, enabling contact with cells below the basement membrane. Commensal microbes on the skin surface influence the behavior of cells below the epidermis. We hypothesized that bacteria or their products exist below the surface epithelium and thus permit physical interaction between microbes and dermal cells. Here, to test this hypothesis, we employed multiple independent detection techniques for bacteria including qPCR, Gram-staining, immunofluorescence, and in situ hybridization. Bacteria were consistently detectable within the dermis and dermal adipose of normal human skin. Sequencing of DNA from dermis and dermal adipose tissue identified bacterial 16S rRNA reflective of a diverse and partially distinct microbial community in each skin compartment. These results show the microbiota extends within the dermis, therefore enabling physical contact between bacteria and various cells below the basement membrane. These observations show that normal commensal bacterial communities directly communicate with the host in a tissue previously thought to be sterile. |
| ArticleNumber | 1431 |
| Author | Nakatsuji, Teruaki Zengler, Karsten Gallo, Richard L. Jiang, Shangi B. Nagarajan, Harish Chiang, Hsin-I. |
| AuthorAffiliation | 4 Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego 2 Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego 3 VA San Diego Healthcare Center, San Diego |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego – name: 3 VA San Diego Healthcare Center, San Diego – name: 2 Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego – name: 4 Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Teruaki surname: Nakatsuji fullname: Nakatsuji, Teruaki organization: Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0869, USA, VA San Diego Healthcare Center – sequence: 2 givenname: Hsin-I. surname: Chiang fullname: Chiang, Hsin-I. organization: Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University – sequence: 3 givenname: Shangi B. surname: Jiang fullname: Jiang, Shangi B. organization: Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0869, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Harish surname: Nagarajan fullname: Nagarajan, Harish organization: Department of Bioengineering, University of California – sequence: 5 givenname: Karsten surname: Zengler fullname: Zengler, Karsten organization: Department of Bioengineering, University of California – sequence: 6 givenname: Richard L. surname: Gallo fullname: Gallo, Richard L. email: rgallo@ucsd.edu organization: Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0869, USA, VA San Diego Healthcare Center |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23385576$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Snippet | Commensal microbes on the skin surface influence the behaviour of cells below the epidermis. We hypothesized that bacteria or their products exist below the... Commensal microbes on the skin surface influence the behavior of cells below the epidermis. We hypothesized that bacteria or their products exist below the... |
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| SubjectTerms | 631/250 631/326/2565/2134 Adipose tissue Aged Bacteria Bacteria - genetics DNA, Bacterial - genetics DNA, Bacterial - isolation & purification Epidermis Epidermis - microbiology Face - microbiology Female Humanities and Social Sciences Humans In Situ Hybridization Male Metagenome - genetics Middle Aged multidisciplinary RNA, Ribosomal, 16S - genetics Science Science (multidisciplinary) Sequence Analysis, DNA |
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| Title | The microbiome extends to subepidermal compartments of normal skin |
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